How to see past your own perspective and find truth | Michael Patrick Lynch

220,445 views ใƒป 2017-07-10

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
So, imagine that you had your smartphone miniaturized
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ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืฉื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื›ื ืฉืœื›ื ืขื‘ืจ ืžื™ื–ืขื•ืจ
00:16
and hooked up directly to your brain.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืืœ ืžื•ื—ื›ื.
00:19
If you had this sort of brain chip,
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ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ืฉื‘ื‘ ืžื•ื— ื›ื–ื”,
00:21
you'd be able to upload and download to the internet
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ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื•ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืžืžื ื•
ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”.
00:24
at the speed of thought.
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00:25
Accessing social media or Wikipedia would be a lot like --
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ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืžื“ื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืื• ืœื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืื“ --
ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืจื’ืฉื” --
00:29
well, from the inside at least --
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00:30
like consulting your own memory.
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ืœืคื ื™ื” ืœื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ.
00:33
It would be as easy and as intimate as thinking.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืงืœ ื•ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ ื›ืžื• ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”.
00:37
But would it make it easier for you to know what's true?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืงืœ ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
00:40
Just because a way of accessing information is faster
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ื–ื” ืฉื’ื™ืฉื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืœืžื™ื“ืข ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
00:43
it doesn't mean it's more reliable, of course,
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ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืืžื™ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
ื•ื’ื ืœื ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื ืคืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื–ื”ื”.
00:46
and it doesn't mean that we would all interpret it the same way.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื ื“ืข ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืื•ืชื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:49
And it doesn't mean that you would be any better at evaluating it.
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00:52
In fact, you might even be worse,
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ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ืื•ืœื™ ืืฃ ื’ืจื•ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ,
00:54
because, you know, more data, less time for evaluation.
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ื›ื™, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื - ืคื—ื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืขืจื›ื”.
00:58
Something like this is already happening to us right now.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
01:01
We already carry a world of information around in our pockets,
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ืื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืก ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข,
01:05
but it seems as if the more information we share and access online,
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ืื‘ืœ ื ืจืื” ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื• ืžืฉื™ื’ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืชืคื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื“ืข,
01:09
the more difficult it can be for us to tell the difference
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ื›ืš ืื ื• ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื” ืฉืžื–ื•ื™ืฃ.
01:12
between what's real and what's fake.
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01:15
It's as if we know more but understand less.
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ื–ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช.
ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉื–ื” ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื,
01:20
Now, it's a feature of modern life, I suppose,
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ืฉื—ืœืงื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข.
01:23
that large swaths of the public live in isolated information bubbles.
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01:27
We're polarized: not just over values, but over the facts.
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ืื ื• ืžืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื: ืœื ืจืง ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืจื›ื™ื ืืœื ื’ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช.
01:32
One reason for that is, the data analytics that drive the internet
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ืกื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืžื ืชื—ื™ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
ืœื ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืœื ื• ืกืชื ืขื•ื“ ืžื™ื“ืข,
01:36
get us not just more information,
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01:38
but more of the information that we want.
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ืืœื ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืื ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื•.
01:40
Our online life is personalized;
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ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืžืงื•ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืชืืžื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช;
ื”ื›ืœ, ืžื”ืคืจืกื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื
01:43
everything from the ads we read
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01:44
to the news that comes down our Facebook feed
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ื•ืขื“ ืœื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื ื•ืช ืืœื™ื ื• ื‘"ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง",
01:47
is tailored to satisfy our preferences.
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ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ืืช ื”ืขื“ืคื•ืชื™ื ื•.
ืื– ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžื™ื“ืข,
01:51
And so while we get more information,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืฉืงืฃ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•
01:53
a lot of that information ends up reflecting ourselves
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉืงืฃ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
01:56
as much as it does reality.
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ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”, ื ืจืื” ืœื™,
01:59
It ends up, I suppose,
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02:01
inflating our bubbles rather than bursting them.
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ื–ื” ืžื ืคื— ืืช ื”ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืคื•ืฆืฅ ืื•ืชืŸ.
02:05
And so maybe it's no surprise
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื•ืœื™ ืื™ืŸ ืคืœื
02:07
that we're in a situation, a paradoxical situation,
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ืฉืื ื• ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘, ืžืฆื‘ ืคืจื“ื•ืงืกืœื™,
02:10
of thinking that we know so much more,
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ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:12
and yet not agreeing on what it is we know.
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืžื” ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื.
02:17
So how are we going to solve this problem of knowledge polarization?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื ืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ืงื™ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ืืช?
02:20
One obvious tactic is to try to fix our technology,
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ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžื•ื‘ื ืช ืžืืœื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
02:25
to redesign our digital platforms,
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02:26
so as to make them less susceptible to polarization.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืœืงื™ื˜ื•ื‘.
02:30
And I'm happy to report
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ื•ืื ื™ ืฉืžื— ืœื“ื•ื•ื— ื‘ื–ืืช
ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘"ื’ื•ื’ืœ" ื•ื‘"ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง"
02:32
that many smart people at Google and Facebook are working on just that.
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืขืœ ื–ื”.
02:36
And these projects are vital.
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ื•ืืœื” ืžื™ื–ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื.
02:39
I think that fixing technology is obviously really important,
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ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื“ ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
02:42
but I don't think technology alone, fixing it, is going to solve the problem
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื™ืคืชื•ืจ ืœื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”
02:47
of knowledge polarization.
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ืฉืœ ืงื™ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื“ืข.
ื•ืื™ื ื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืš ื›ื™ ืื™ื ื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืœืืžื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ
02:49
I don't think that because I don't think, at the end of the day,
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ื–ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
02:52
it is a technological problem.
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02:53
I think it's a human problem,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช
02:55
having to do with how we think and what we value.
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ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ืชื ื• ื•ื‘ืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ื•.
03:00
In order to solve it, I think we're going to need help.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืื•ืชื”, ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉื ื–ื“ืงืง ืœืขื–ืจื”.
ื ื–ื“ืงืง ืœืขื–ืจืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
03:02
We're going to need help from psychology and political science.
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03:05
But we're also going to need help, I think, from philosophy.
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื–ื“ืงืง, ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื’ื ืœืขื–ืจืช ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”.
03:10
Because to solve the problem of knowledge polarization,
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ื›ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื‘ืขื™ืช ืงื™ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื“ืข,
03:15
we're going to need to reconnect
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ
03:18
with one fundamental, philosophical idea:
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ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ-ื™ืกื•ื“ ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ ืื—ื“:
ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช.
03:23
that we live in a common reality.
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03:26
The idea of a common reality is like, I suppose,
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ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช, ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื—,
03:30
a lot of philosophical concepts:
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ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื:
ืงืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“
03:32
easy to state
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืฉื•ื-ืžื” ืงืฉื” ืœื‘ืฆืข.
03:33
but mysteriously difficult to put into practice.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ืืžืช,
03:37
To really accept it,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
03:38
I think we need to do three things,
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03:40
each of which is a challenge right now.
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ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืืชื’ืจ.
03:44
First, we need to believe in truth.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช.
ืื•ืœื™ ืฉืžืชื ืœื‘ ืฉืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ืžืขื™ืŸ
03:48
You might have noticed
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03:49
that our culture is having something of a troubled relationship
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืขื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
03:52
with that concept right now.
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ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื ื• ื—ืœื•ืงื™ื ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš,
03:55
It seems as if we disagree so much that,
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ืฉื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ืกื— ื–ืืช ืœื ืžื–ืžืŸ ืคืจืฉืŸ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืื—ื“,
03:58
as one political commentator put it not long ago,
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ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช.
04:01
it's as if there are no facts anymore.
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04:04
But that thought is actually an expression
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™
04:09
of a sort of seductive line of argument that's in the air.
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ืœืงื• ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืคืชื” ืฉืฉื•ืจืจ ื›ื™ื•ื.
04:13
It goes like this:
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš ื›ื›ื”:
04:16
we just can't step outside of our own perspectives;
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ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืจื•ื’ ืžื”ื”ืฉืงืคื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•;
ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืžื•ืง ืžื”ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
04:19
we can't step outside of our biases.
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04:21
Every time we try,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ื–ืืช,
ืื ื• ืจืง ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื”ื•ืœื ืืช ื”ืฉืงืคื•ืชื™ื ื•.
04:23
we just get more information from our perspective.
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04:27
So, this line of thought goes,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ืœืคื™ ืงื• ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื–ื”,
ื›ื“ืื™ ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืืžืช ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืืฉืœื™ื”,
04:31
we might as well admit that objective truth is an illusion,
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04:34
or it doesn't matter,
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ืื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื” ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช,
04:35
because either we'll never know what it is,
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ื›ื™ ืื• ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ื›ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื”,
ืื• ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžืช.
04:39
or it doesn't exist in the first place.
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ื–ืืช ืื™ื ื ื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” --
04:43
That's not a new philosophical thought --
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ื”ืกืคืงื ื•ืช ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืืžืช.
04:46
skepticism about truth.
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04:49
During the end of the last century, as some of you know,
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ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ืžืื“ ื‘ื—ื•ื’ื™ื ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื.
04:52
it was very popular in certain academic circles.
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04:55
But it really goes back all the way to the Greek philosopher Protagoras,
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ืคืจื•ืชื’ื•ืจืืก,
05:00
if not farther back.
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ืื ืœื ืœืคื ื™ื•.
05:02
Protagoras said that objective truth was an illusion
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ืคืจื•ืชื’ื•ืจืืก ืืžืจ ืฉื”ืืžืช ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืืฉืœื™ื”
05:04
because "man is the measure of all things."
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ื›ื™ "ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื“ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื."
05:07
Man is the measure of all things.
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ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื“ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
ื–ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืื—ื™ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœืžืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื—,
05:10
That can seem like a bracing bit of realpolitik to people,
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ืื• ื’ื•ืจื ืžืฉื—ืจืจ,
05:13
or liberating,
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ืช ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืžืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช,
05:14
because it allows each of us to discover or make our own truth.
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05:20
But actually, I think it's a bit of self-serving rationalization
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขืฆื ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื”ื• ืฆื™ื“ื•ืง ืขืฆืžื™
05:24
disguised as philosophy.
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ื‘ืžืกื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”.
05:27
It confuses the difficulty of being certain
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ื–ื” ืžื‘ืœื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—
05:30
with the impossibility of truth.
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ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™-ื”ื™ืชื›ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืžืช.
05:34
Look --
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• --
05:36
of course it's difficult to be certain about anything;
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืžืฉื”ื•;
05:40
we might all be living in "The Matrix."
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ืื•ืœื™ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘"ืžื˜ืจื™ืงืก",
ืื•ืœื™ ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ืฉื‘ื‘ ื‘ืžื•ื—
05:44
You might have a brain chip in your head
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ืฉืžื–ื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื’ื•ื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
05:46
feeding you all the wrong information.
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05:49
But in practice, we do agree on all sorts of facts.
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ืืš ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื• ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช.
05:53
We agree that bullets can kill people.
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ืื ื• ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืงืœื™ืขื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืื ืฉื™ื.
05:57
We agree that you can't flap your arms and fly.
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ืื ื• ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื•ืคืฃ ื‘ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื•ืœืขื•ืฃ.
ืื ื• ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื -- ืื• ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœื ื• ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื --
06:02
We agree -- or we should --
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ืฉื™ืฉื ื” ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช
06:05
that there is an external reality
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06:07
and ignoring it can get you hurt.
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ื•ืฉื”ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ืžืžื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื–ื™ืง ืœื›ื.
06:11
Nonetheless, skepticism about truth can be tempting,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื’ื™ืฉื” ืกืคืงื ื™ืช ืœืืžืช ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืคืชื”,
06:15
because it allows us to rationalize away our own biases.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ื• ืœืคื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื›ืœืชื ื™ ืืช ื”ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
06:18
When we do that, we're sort of like the guy in the movie
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ื‘ื›ืš ืื ื• ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืื™ืฉ ื”ื”ื•ื ืžื”ืกืจื˜
06:21
who knew he was living in "The Matrix"
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ืฉื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ ื‘"ืžื˜ืจื™ืงืก",
06:24
but decided he liked it there, anyway.
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ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช ื–ื” ืžื•ืฆื ื—ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื•.
ื–ื• ื”ืจื™ ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื.
06:29
After all, getting what you want feels good.
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06:32
Being right all the time feels good.
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ื–ื• ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชืžื™ื“ ืฆื•ื“ืง.
06:34
So, often it's easier for us
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ืื– ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืœ ืœื ื•
06:37
to wrap ourselves in our cozy information bubbles,
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ืœื”ืชืขื˜ืฃ ื‘ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ืชื•ื-ืœื‘,
06:42
live in bad faith,
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06:43
and take those bubbles as the measure of reality.
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ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžื“ื“ ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
06:48
An example, I think, of how this bad faith gets into our action
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืื™ืš ื—ื•ืกืจ ืชื•ื ื”ืœื‘ ื—ื•ื“ืจ ืœืžืขืฉื™ื ื•,
06:54
is our reaction to the phenomenon of fake news.
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ื”ื•ื ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื ื• ืœืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ื™ืคื•ืช.
06:59
The fake news that spread on the internet
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ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ื™ืคื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื• ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
07:02
during the American presidential election of 2016
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืฉื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ 2016
07:07
was designed to feed into our biases,
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ืขื•ืฆื‘ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
ืขื•ืฆื‘ื• ืœื ืคื— ืืช ื”ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
07:10
designed to inflate our bubbles.
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07:12
But what was really striking about it
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื‘ื›ืš
07:14
was not just that it fooled so many people.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืง ืฉื–ื” ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš.
07:17
What was really striking to me about fake news,
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ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžื–ื•ื™ืคื•ืช,
07:20
the phenomenon,
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ื›ืชื•ืคืขื”,
07:21
is how quickly it itself became the subject of knowledge polarization;
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืขืฆืžืŸ ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืœื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ืงื™ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื™ื“ืข;
07:27
so much so, that the very term -- the very term -- "fake news"
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ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉืขืฆื ื”ืžื•ื ื—, ื”ืžื•ื ื— "ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžื–ื•ื™ืคื•ืช" ืขืฆืžื•,
07:31
now just means: "news story I don't like."
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ืื•ืžืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืจืง: "ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘."
07:35
That's an example of the bad faith towards the truth that I'm talking about.
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ื–ืืช ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ืชื•ื ื”ืœื‘ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืืžืช ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ.
07:43
But the really, I think, dangerous thing
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช, ืœื“ืขืชื™,
07:47
about skepticism with regard to truth
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ื‘ืกืคืงื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืืžืช,
07:51
is that it leads to despotism.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืขืจื™ืฆื•ืช.
07:54
"Man is the measure of all things"
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"ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื“ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื"
07:57
inevitably becomes "The Man is the measure of all things."
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ื”ื•ืคืš ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืœ"ื”ื’ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื“ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื."
08:01
Just as "every man for himself"
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ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืฉ"ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืคืฉื•"
08:04
always seems to turn out to be "only the strong survive."
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ื”ื•ืคืš ื›ื ืจืื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืœ"ืจืง ื”ื—ื–ืง ืฉื•ืจื“."
08:08
At the end of Orwell's "1984,"
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ "1984" ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื•ื•ืœ,
ืฉื•ื˜ืจ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืื•'ื‘ืจื™ืืŸ ืžืขื ื” ืืช ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืกืžื™ืช
08:12
the thought policeman O'Brien is torturing the protagonist Winston Smith
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08:16
into believing two plus two equals five.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืฉืชื™ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื”ื ื—ืžืฉ.
08:20
What O'Brien says is the point,
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ืžื” ืฉืื•'ื‘ืจื™ืืŸ ืื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ื ืชืžืฆื™ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ,
08:25
is that he wants to convince Smith that whatever the party says is the truth,
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ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ืกืžื™ืช ืฉืžื” ืฉื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ืื•ืžืจืช ื”ื•ื ื”ืืžืช
08:29
and the truth is whatever the party says.
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uavtn, vht nv avnpkdv tunr,/
08:33
And what O'Brien knows is that once this thought is accepted,
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ื•ืื•'ื‘ืจื™ืืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืžืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืžืชืงื‘ืœืช,
08:38
critical dissent is impossible.
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ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ืช ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ืช.
08:41
You can't speak truth to power
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ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืืžืช
ืื ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจื”, ืื•ืžืจ ืืช ื”ืืžืช.
08:44
if the power speaks truth by definition.
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08:48
I said that in order to accept that we really live in a common reality,
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ืืžืจืชื™ ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืื ื• ืื›ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช,
ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
08:53
we have to do three things.
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08:54
The first thing is to believe in truth.
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช.
ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืกื›ื
08:56
The second thing can be summed up
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ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ ืฉืงืื ื˜ ืื™ืžืฅ ื›ืžื•ื˜ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืื•ืจื•ืช:
08:58
by the Latin phrase that Kant took as the motto for the Enlightenment:
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09:03
"Sapere aude,"
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(ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช) "ืœื”ืขื– ืœื“ืขืช",
09:04
or "dare to know."
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09:06
Or as Kant wants, "to dare to know for yourself."
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ืื• ื›ืคื™ ืฉืงืื ื˜ ืžื‘ืงืฉ, "ืœื”ืขื– ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ืขืฆืžืš."
09:10
I think in the early days of the internet,
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ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื—ืฉื‘ื•
09:12
a lot of us thought
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09:13
that information technology was always going to make it easier
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ืฉื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืชืงืœ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื•,
09:17
for us to know for ourselves,
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืš ื”ื™ื”,
09:19
and of course in many ways, it has.
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09:21
But as the internet has become more and more a part of our lives,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ืคืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ืœืง ืžื—ื™ื™ื ื•,
09:25
our reliance on it, our use of it,
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ื”ื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœื™ื•, ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื•,
09:27
has become often more passive.
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ื”ืœืš ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื‘ื™ืœ.
09:30
Much of what we know today we Google-know.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืžื” ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ื™ื“ืข ืฉื ืฉืื‘ ืž"ื’ื•ื’ืœ".
09:33
We download prepackaged sets of facts
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ืื ื• ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื ื—ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืืจื•ื–ื•ืช ืžืจืืฉ ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช
ื•ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืงืจืื™ ืœืงื• ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช.
09:37
and sort of shuffle them along the assembly line of social media.
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09:41
Now, Google-knowing is useful
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"ื™ื“ืข-ื’ื•ื’ืœ" ืžื•ืขื™ืœ
09:42
precisely because it involves a sort of intellectual outsourcing.
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ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ืžืขื™ืŸ ืžื™ืงื•ืจ-ื—ื•ืฅ ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™.
ืื ื• ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืžืืžืฆื™ื ื• ืœืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ืฉืœ ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื.
09:46
We offload our effort onto a network of others and algorithms.
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09:51
And that allows us, of course, to not clutter our minds
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืœืฆื•ืคืฃ ื‘ืžื•ื—
09:54
with all sorts of facts.
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ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช.
09:56
We can just download them when we need them.
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ื ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช ืœื ื•.
09:58
And that's awesome.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืขื•ืœื”.
10:01
But there's a difference between downloading a set of facts
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืจื“ื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช
10:06
and really understanding how or why those facts are as they are.
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ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืื™ืš ืื• ืžื“ื•ืข ืื•ืชืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืŸ.
10:13
Understanding why a particular disease spreads,
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ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืžื“ื•ืข ืžื—ืœื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืžืชืคืฉื˜ืช,
10:17
or how a mathematical proof works,
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ืื• ืื™ืš ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช,
10:19
or why your friend is depressed,
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ืื• ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœืš ื‘ื“ื›ืื•ืŸ,
10:21
involves more than just downloading.
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ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืกืชื ื”ื•ืจื“ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื”ืจืฉืช.
10:25
It's going to require, most likely,
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ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžืื“ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช:
10:27
doing some work for yourself:
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10:30
having a little creative insight;
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ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช;
10:32
using your imagination;
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ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ;
10:33
getting out into the field;
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ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœืฉื˜ื—;
10:34
doing the experiment;
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ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ;
ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื”ื•ื›ื—ื”;
10:36
working through the proof;
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10:37
talking to someone.
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ืฉื™ื—ื” ืขื ืžื™ืฉื”ื•.
10:43
Now, I'm not saying, of course, that we should stop Google-knowing.
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ืื ื™ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœื“ืขืช ื“ืจืš "ื’ื•ื’ืœ".
10:48
I'm just saying
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ืื ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื ื›ื“ืื™ ืฉื ื’ื–ื™ื ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื™ื“ืข ื›ื–ื”.
10:49
we shouldn't overvalue it, either.
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10:51
We need to find ways of encouraging forms of knowing that are more active,
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื™ื“ืข,
10:56
and don't always involve passing off our effort into our bubble.
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ืฉืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื›ืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืืฆืœืช ืžืืžืฆื™ื ื• ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื•ืขื” ืฉืœื ื•.
11:02
Because the thing about Google-knowing is that too often it ends up
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ื›ื™ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื "ื™ื“ืข-ื’ื•ื’ืœ" ื”ื•ื ืฉืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš
11:05
being bubble-knowing.
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ืœื™ื“ืข-ื‘ื•ืขื”.
11:07
And bubble-knowing means always being right.
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ื•ื™ื“ืข-ื‘ื•ืขื” ืžืฉืžืขื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชืžื™ื“ ืฆื•ื“ืง.
11:11
But daring to know,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืžืขื–ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช,
11:13
daring to understand,
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ื›ืฉืžืขื–ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ,
ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืŸ ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื˜ืขื•ืช.
11:16
means risking the possibility that you could be wrong.
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11:19
It means risking the possibility
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืŸ ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืช
11:22
that what you want and what's true are different things.
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ืฉืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื•ืžื” ืฉื ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
ื•ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื“ืขืชื™ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช
11:28
Which brings me to the third thing that I think we need to do
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11:31
if we want to accept that we live in a common reality.
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ืื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื ื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช.
11:34
That third thing is: have a little humility.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ื•ื: ืงืฆืช ืขื ื•ื•ื”.
11:38
By humility here, I mean epistemic humility,
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ื‘"ืขื ื•ื•ื”" ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™ ืœืขื ื•ื•ื” ืืคื™ืกื˜ืžื™ืช,
11:40
which means, in a sense,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื,
11:43
knowing that you don't know it all.
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ืœื“ืขืช ืฉืื™ื ืš ื™ื•ื“ืข ื”ื›ืœ.
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื’ื ืื•ืžืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืš.
11:46
But it also means something more than that.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ืฉืงืคืชืš ื›ืคืชื•ื—ื” ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ
11:48
It means seeing your worldview as open to improvement
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11:52
by the evidence and experience of others.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื•ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื.
11:54
Seeing your worldview as open to improvement
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ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ืฉืงืคืชืš ื›ืคืชื•ื—ื” ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ
11:56
by the evidence and experience of others.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื•ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื.
ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
12:00
That's more than just being open to change.
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ-ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
12:02
It's more than just being open to self-improvement.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืคืจ ืื• ืœื”ืชืขืฉืจ
12:04
It means seeing your knowledge as capable of enhancing
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12:08
or being enriched by what others contribute.
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ืžืžื” ืฉืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืš ืื—ืจื™ื.
12:12
That's part of what is involved
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ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืžืžื” ืฉื›ืจื•ืš
12:14
in recognizing there's a common reality
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ื‘ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช
ืฉื’ื ืืชื” ืื—ืจืื™ ืœื”.
12:18
that you, too, are responsible to.
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12:21
I don't think it's much of a stretch to say
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ืœื ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉืžื•ื’ื–ื ืœื•ืžืจ
12:23
that our society is not particularly great at enhancing or encouraging
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ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืœื—ื–ืง ืื• ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื•ื•ื” ื›ื–ืืช.
12:28
that sort of humility.
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ื—ืœืงื™ืช, ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ
12:30
That's partly because,
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12:32
well, we tend to confuse arrogance and confidence.
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ืฉืื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื‘ืœื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื—ืฆื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™.
12:36
And it's partly because, well, you know,
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ื•ื—ืœืงื™ืช, ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ
12:39
arrogance is just easier.
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ืฉืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื—ืฆืŸ.
12:40
It's just easier to think of yourself as knowing it all.
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ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ื”ื›ืœ.
12:43
It's just easier to think of yourself as having it all figured out.
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ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ื›ืœ.
12:48
But that's another example of the bad faith towards the truth
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ืืช ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ืชื•ื-ืœื‘ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืืžืช
12:51
that I've been talking about.
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ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™.
12:55
So the concept of a common reality,
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช,
12:57
like a lot of philosophical concepts,
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ื›ืžื• ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื,
13:00
can seem so obvious,
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ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื›ื” ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื•,
13:02
that we can look right past it
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ืฉืื ื• ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืœืจืื•ืชื•
13:05
and forget why it's important.
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ื•ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
13:09
Democracies can't function if their citizens don't strive,
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ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืชืคืงื“ ืื ืื–ืจื—ื™ื”ืŸ ืื™ื ื ืžืฉืชื“ืœื™ื,
13:14
at least some of the time,
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ,
13:15
to inhabit a common space,
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ืœืื›ืœืก ืžืจื—ื‘ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ,
13:17
a space where they can pass ideas back and forth
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ืžืจื—ื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช
ื›ืืฉืจ - ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืืฉืจ --
13:22
when -- and especially when --
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13:23
they disagree.
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ื”ื ื—ืœื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื“ืขื•ืชื™ื”ื.
13:25
But you can't strive to inhabit that space
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœืื›ืœืก ืžืจื—ื‘ ื›ื–ื”
13:29
if you don't already accept that you live in the same reality.
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ืื ืœื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื–ืืช, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช,
13:35
To accept that, we've got to believe in truth,
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื™ื“ืข.
13:37
we've got to encourage more active ways of knowing.
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13:41
And we've got to have the humility
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ื•ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื• ื”ืขื ื•ื•ื”
13:44
to realize that we're not the measure of all things.
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืžื™ื“ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืื•ืœื™ ื ืžืžืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ,
13:49
We may yet one day realize the vision
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13:52
of having the internet in our brains.
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ื•ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื ื•.
13:56
But if we want that to be liberating and not terrifying,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื ื• ืฉื–ื” ื™ืฉื—ืจืจ ืื•ืชื ื•, ื•ืœื ื™ืคื—ื™ื“ ืื•ืชื ื•,
14:00
if we want it to expand our understanding
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ืื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื ื• ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื‘ื ืชื ื•
ื•ืœื ืจืง ืืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ืœื” ืฉืœื ื•,
14:03
and not just our passive knowing,
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14:06
we need to remember that our perspectives,
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœื ื•,
ื ืคืœืื•ืช ื•ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืช ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืชื”ื™ื™ื ื”,
14:10
as wondrous, as beautiful as they are,
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ื”ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื–ื” --
14:14
are just that --
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14:15
perspectives on one reality.
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ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืขืœ ืื•ืชื” ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
14:19
Thank you.
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
14:20
(Applause)
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ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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