Anil Ananthaswamy: What it takes to do extreme astrophysics

33,936 views ใƒป 2011-04-26

TED


ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ.

ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…: khalid marbou ุงู„ู…ุฏู‚ู‘ู‚: Mahmoud Aghiorly
00:15
I would like to talk today
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ุฃูˆุฏ ุฃู† ุฃุชุญุฏุซ ุงู„ูŠูˆู…
00:17
about what I think is one of the greatest adventures
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ุญูˆู„ ู…ุง ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุฅุญุฏู‰ ุฃุนุธู… ุงู„ู…ุบุงู…ุฑุงุช
00:19
human beings have embarked upon,
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุดุฑุน ุงู„ุจุดุฑ ููŠู‡ุงุŒ
00:21
which is the quest to understand the universe
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุณุนูŠ ู†ุญูˆ ูู‡ู… ุงู„ูƒูˆู†
00:24
and our place in it.
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ูˆู…ูƒุงู†ู†ุง ููŠู‡.
00:26
My own interest in this subject, and my passion for it,
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ุงู‡ุชู…ุงู…ูŠ ุงู„ุฎุงุต ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆุถูˆุนุŒ ูˆุดุบููŠ ุจู‡ุŒ
00:29
began rather accidentally.
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ุจุฏุฃ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุตุฏูุฉ.
00:31
I had bought a copy of this book,
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ูƒู†ุช ู‚ุฏ ุงุดุชุฑูŠุช ู†ุณุฎุฉ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจ ุŒ
00:34
"The Universe and Dr. Einstein" --
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"ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ูˆ... ุฏ. ุฃูŠู†ุดุชุงูŠู†" --
00:36
a used paperback from a secondhand bookstore in Seattle.
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ูƒุชุงุจ ูˆุฑู‚ูŠ ุงู„ุบู„ุงู ู…ู† ู…ุญู„ ูƒุชุจ ู…ุณุชุนู…ู„ุฉ ููŠ ุณูŠุงุชู„.
00:39
A few years after that, in Bangalore,
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ุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒ ุณู†ูˆุงุช ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุฉุŒ ููŠ ุจุงู†ุบู„ูˆุฑุŒ
00:42
I was finding it hard to fall asleep one night,
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ูƒู†ุช ุฃุฌุฏ ุตุนูˆุจุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู†ูˆู… ููŠ ุฅุญุฏู‰ ุงู„ู„ูŠุงู„ูŠุŒ
00:44
and I picked up this book,
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ูุงู„ุชู‚ุทุช ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจุŒ
00:46
thinking it would put me to sleep in 10 minutes.
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ู…ุนุชู‚ุฏุง ุฃู†ู‡ ุณูŠุฌุนู„ู†ูŠ ุฃู†ุงู… ููŠ ุบุถูˆู† 10 ุฏู‚ุงุฆู‚.
00:48
And as it happened,
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ูˆูƒู…ุง ุญุฏุซุŒ
00:50
I read it from midnight to five in the morning in one shot.
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ู‚ุฑุฃุชู‡ ู…ู† ู…ู†ุชุตู ุงู„ู„ูŠู„ ุญุชู‰ ุงู„ุฎุงู…ุณุฉ ุตุจุงุญุง ุฏูุนุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ.
00:53
And I was left with this intense feeling
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ูˆู„ู‚ุฏ ุชุฑูƒู†ูŠ ุจุดุนูˆุฑ ู…ูƒุซู
00:56
of awe and exhilaration
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ู…ู† ุงู„ุฑู‡ุจุฉ ูˆุงู„ุจู‡ุฌุฉ
00:58
at the universe
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ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒูˆู†
01:00
and our own ability to understand as much as we do.
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ูˆู‚ุฏุฑุชู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูู‡ู… ุจู‚ุฏุฑ ู…ุง ู†ูุนู„.
01:03
And that feeling hasn't left me yet.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดุนูˆุฑ ู„ู… ูŠูุงุฑู‚ู†ูŠ ุญุชู‰ ุงู„ุงู†.
01:06
That feeling was the trigger for me
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ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดุนูˆุฑ ูƒุงู† ุจู…ุซุงุจุฉ ุญุงูุฒ
01:08
to actually change my career --
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ุฌุนู„ู†ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุฃุบูŠุฑ ู…ุณูŠุฑุชูŠ--
01:10
from being a software engineer to become a science writer --
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ู…ู† ู…ู‡ู†ุฏุณ ุจุฑู…ุฌูŠุงุช ุฅู„ู‰ ูƒุงุชุจ ุนู„ูˆู… --
01:13
so that I could partake in the joy of science,
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ุญุชู‰ ุฃุณุชุทูŠุน ุงู„ู…ุดุงุฑูƒุฉ ููŠ ูุฑุญุฉ ู„ู„ุนู„ูˆู… ุŒ
01:16
and also the joy of communicating it to others.
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ูˆูุฑุญุฉ ุงุจู„ุงุบู‡ุง ู„ู„ุขุฎุฑูŠู† ูƒุฐู„ูƒ.
01:19
And that feeling also led me
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดุนูˆุฑ ุฃูŠุถุง ู‚ุงุฏู†ูŠ
01:21
to a pilgrimage of sorts,
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ุฅู„ู‰ ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุญุฌุŒ
01:23
to go literally to the ends of the earth
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ู„ู„ุฐู‡ุงุจ ุญุฑููŠุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃู‚ุงุตูŠ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ
01:25
to see telescopes, detectors,
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ู„ุฑุคูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชู„ุณูƒูˆุจุงุชุŒ ูˆุงู„ูƒุงุดูุงุชุŒ
01:28
instruments that people are building, or have built,
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ุขู„ุงุช ูŠุจู†ูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ู†ุงุณุŒ ุฃูˆ ู‚ุฏ ุจู†ูˆู‡ุงุŒ
01:31
in order to probe the cosmos
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ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุงุณุชูƒุดุงู ุงู„ูƒูˆู†
01:33
in greater and greater detail.
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ุจุชูุตูŠู„ ุฃูƒุจุฑ ูˆุฃูƒุจุฑ.
01:35
So it took me from places like Chile --
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ุฃุฎุฐุชู†ูŠ ุงู„ุฑุญู„ุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃู…ุงูƒู† ู…ุซู„ ุชุดูŠู„ูŠ --
01:37
the Atacama Desert in Chile --
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ุตุญุฑุงุก ุงุชุงูƒุงู…ุง ููŠ ุชุดูŠู„ูŠ --
01:39
to Siberia,
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ุฅู„ู‰ ุณูŠุจูŠุฑูŠุง ุŒ
01:41
to underground mines
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ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ู†ุงุฌู… ุชุญุช ุงู„ุฃุฑุถุŒ
01:43
in the Japanese Alps, in Northern America,
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ููŠ ุฌุจุงู„ ุงู„ุฃู„ุจ ุงู„ูŠุงุจุงู†ูŠุฉุŒ ูˆููŠ ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒุง ุงู„ุดู…ุงู„ูŠุฉุŒ
01:45
all the way to Antarctica
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ุนู„ู‰ ุทูˆู„ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุทุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฌู†ูˆุจูŠุฉ
01:47
and even to the South Pole.
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ูˆุญุชู‰ ุงู„ู‚ุทุจ ุงู„ุฌู†ูˆุจูŠ.
01:49
And today I would like to share with you
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ูˆุงู„ูŠูˆู… ุฃูˆุฏ ุฃู† ุฃุดุงุฑูƒูƒู…
01:51
some images, some stories of these trips.
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ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑ ูˆุจุนุถ ุงู„ู‚ุตุต ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฑุญู„ุงุช.
01:54
I have been basically spending the last few years
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ู‚ุถูŠุช ุงู„ุณู†ูˆุงุช ุงู„ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠุฉ ุฃุณุงุณุง
01:56
documenting the efforts
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ููŠ ุชูˆุซูŠู‚ ุฌู‡ูˆุฏ
01:58
of some extremely intrepid men and women
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ุฑุฌุงู„ ูˆู†ุณุงุก ุบุงูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฅู‚ุฏุงู…
02:01
who are putting,
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ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠุถุนูˆู† ุŒ
02:03
literally at times, their lives at stake
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ุฃุญูŠุงู†ุง ุญุฑููŠุงุŒ ุญูŠุงุชู‡ู… ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุญูƒ
02:05
working in some very remote and very hostile places
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ุจุงู„ุนู…ู„ ููŠ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃู…ุงูƒู† ุงู„ู†ุงุฆูŠุฉ ุฌุฏุง ูˆุบุงูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุฏุงุฆูŠุฉ
02:08
so that they may gather the faintest signals from the cosmos
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ุญุชู‰ ูŠุชุณู†ู‰ ู„ู‡ู… ุฌู…ุน ุฃุถุนู ุงู„ุงุดุงุฑุงุช ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒูˆู†
02:12
in order for us to understand this universe.
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ู„ูŠุชุณู†ู‰ ู„ู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ูู‡ู… ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒูˆู†.
02:15
And I first begin with a pie chart --
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ูˆุฃุจุฏุฃ ุฃูˆู„ุง ู…ุน ู…ุฎุทุท ุฏุงุฆุฑูŠ.
02:17
and I promise this is the only pie chart
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ูˆุฃุนุฏูƒู… ุฃู†ู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฎุทุท ุงู„ุฏุงุฆุฑูŠ ุงู„ูˆุญูŠุฏ
02:19
in the whole presentation --
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ููŠ ุงู„ุนุฑุถ ูƒู„ู‡.
02:21
but it sets up the state of our knowledge of the cosmos.
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ู„ูƒู†ู‡ ุฃุณุงุณ ูˆุถุนูŠุฉ ู…ุนุฑูุชู†ุง ู„ู„ูƒูˆู†.
02:25
All the theories in physics that we have today
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ูƒู„ ู†ุธุฑูŠุงุช ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุงู„ูŠูˆู…
02:28
properly explain what is called normal matter --
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ุชุดุฑุญ ุจุดูƒู„ ุตุญูŠุญ ู…ุง ูŠุณู…ู‰ ุจุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠุฉ --
02:30
the stuff that we're all made of --
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ุงู„ุงุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชูƒูˆู†ู†ุง ุฌู…ูŠุนุง --
02:32
and that's four percent of the universe.
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ูˆุชุดูƒู„ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฆุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒูˆู†.
02:34
Astronomers and cosmologists and physicists think
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ุนู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ูู„ูƒ ูˆุนู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ูƒูˆู†ูŠุงุช ูˆุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุฆูŠูˆู† ูŠุนุชู‚ุฏูˆู†
02:37
that there is something called dark matter in the universe,
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ุฃู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุดูŠุก ูŠุณู…ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ู…ุธู„ู…ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†ุŒ
02:40
which makes up 23 percent of the universe,
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุดูƒู„ 23 ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฆุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ุŒ
02:42
and something called dark energy,
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ูˆุดูŠุก ูŠุฏุนู‰ ุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุธู„ู…ุฉุŒ
02:44
which permeates the fabric of space-time,
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชุชุฎู„ู„ ู†ุณูŠุฌ ุงู„ุฒู…ูƒุงู† ุŒ
02:46
that makes up another 73 percent.
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ู…ุง ูŠุดูƒู„ 73 ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฆุฉ.
02:48
So if you look at this pie chart, 96 percent of the universe,
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ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุฅุฐุง ู†ุธุฑุชู… ุงู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฑุณู… ุงู„ุจูŠุงู†ูŠุŒ 96 ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฆุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒูˆู†ุŒ
02:51
at this point in our exploration of it,
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ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ ู…ู† ุงุณุชูƒุดุงูู†ุง ู„ู‡ุŒ
02:53
is unknown or not well understood.
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ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุนุฑูˆูุฉ ุฃูˆ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ูู‡ูˆู…ุฉ ุฌูŠุฏุง.
02:56
And most of the experiments, telescopes that I went to see
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ูˆู…ุนุธู… ุงู„ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุชู„ุณูƒูˆุจุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฐู‡ุจุช ู„ุฑุคูŠุชู‡ุง
02:59
are in some way addressing this question,
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ุชุนุงู„ุฌ ู†ูˆุนุง ู…ุง ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ุŒ
03:02
these two twin mysteries of dark matter and dark energy.
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ู‡ุฐูŠู† ุงู„ุชูˆุฃู…ูŠู† ุงู„ุบุงู…ุถูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ ูˆุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ู…ุธู„ู…ุชูŠู†.
03:05
I will take you first to an underground mine
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ุณุขุฎุฐูƒ ุฃูˆู„ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ู†ุฌู… ุชุญุช ุงู„ุงุฑุถ
03:07
in Northern Minnesota
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ููŠ ุดู…ุงู„ ูˆู„ุงูŠุฉ ู…ูŠู†ูŠุณูˆุชุง
03:09
where people are looking
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ุญูŠุซ ูŠุจุญุซ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ
03:11
for something called dark matter.
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ุนู† ุดูŠุก ูŠุณู…ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ู…ุธู„ู…ุฉ.
03:13
And the idea here is that they are looking for a sign
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ูˆุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ ู‡ู†ุง ู‡ูŠ ุฃู†ู‡ู… ูŠุจุญุซูˆู† ุนู† ุฅุดุงุฑุฉ
03:16
of a dark matter particle hitting one of their detectors.
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ู…ู† ุฌุณูŠู…ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ู…ุธู„ู…ุฉ ุชุถุฑุจ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุฃุฌู‡ุฒุฉ ุงู„ูƒุดู.
03:19
And the reason why they have to go underground
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ูˆุงู„ุณุจุจ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฏุนุงู‡ู… ู„ู„ุฐู‡ุงุจ ุชุญุช ุงู„ุงุฑุถ
03:21
is that, if you did this experiment on the surface of the Earth,
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ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ู‡ ุŒ ุฅู† ู‚ู…ุช ุจู‡ุงุชู‡ ุงู„ุชุฌุฑุจุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุณุทุญ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถุŒ
03:24
the same experiment would be swamped by signals
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ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุชุฌุฑุจุฉ ุณุชูƒูˆู† ู…ุบู…ูˆุฑุฉ ุจุฅุดุงุฑุงุช
03:26
that could be created by things like cosmic rays,
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ู‚ุฏ ุชุณุจุจู‡ุง ุฃุดูŠุงุก ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุฃุดุนุฉ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†ูŠุฉุŒ
03:28
ambient radio activity,
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ุงู„ู†ุดุงุท ุงู„ุฅุดุนุงุนูŠ ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุทุŒ
03:30
even our own bodies. You might not believe it,
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ูˆุญุชู‰ ุฃุฌุณุงู…ู†ุง. ู‚ุฏ ู„ุง ุชุตุฏู‚ูˆู† ุฐู„ูƒุŒ
03:33
but even our own bodies are radioactive enough to disturb this experiment.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุญุชู‰ ุฃุฌุณุงู…ู†ุง ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ุดุนุฉ ุจู…ุง ูŠูƒููŠ ู„ู„ุชุดูˆูŠุด ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุชุฌุฑุจุฉ.
03:36
So they go deep inside mines
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ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ูŠุฐู‡ุจูˆู† ุนู…ูŠู‚ุง ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุฌู…
03:39
to find a kind of environmental silence
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ู„ุฅูŠุฌุงุฏ ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุตู…ุช ุงู„ุจูŠุฆูŠ
03:41
that will allow them to hear
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุณูŠุณู…ุญ ู„ู‡ู… ุจุงู„ุงุณุชู…ุงุน
03:43
the ping of a dark matter particle hitting their detector.
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ุฑู†ูŠู† ุฌุณูŠู…ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ู…ุธู„ู…ุฉ ูˆู‡ูŠ ุชุถุฑุจ ุฃุฌู‡ุฒุฉ ุงู„ูƒุดู.
03:46
And I went to see one of these experiments,
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ูˆุฐู‡ุจุช ู„ุฑุคูŠุฉ ุฅุญุฏู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุŒ
03:48
and this is actually -- you can barely see it,
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน -- ุชุณุชุทูŠุน ุจุงู„ูƒุงุฏ ุฑุคูŠุชู‡ุงุŒ
03:50
and the reason for that is it's entirely dark in there --
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ูˆุงู„ุณุจุจ ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ู‡ูˆ ุงู† ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ู…ุธู„ู… ุชู…ุงู…ุง ู‡ู†ุงูƒ.
03:53
this is a cavern that was left behind by the miners
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ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ูƒู‡ู ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชุฑูƒู‡ ุนู…ุงู„ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุฌู…
03:56
who left this mine in 1960.
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ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุชุฑูƒูˆุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุฌู… ููŠ 1960.
03:58
And physicists came and started using it
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ูˆุฌุงุก ุนู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ูˆุจุฏุคูˆุง ููŠ ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู…ู‡
04:00
sometime in the 1980s.
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ููŠ ูˆู‚ุช ู…ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุซู…ุงู†ูŠู†ูŠุงุช.
04:02
And the miners in the early part of the last century
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ูˆุนู…ุงู„ ุงู„ู…ู†ุฌู… ููŠ ุฃูˆุงุฆู„ ุงู„ู‚ุฑู† ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠ
04:05
worked, literally, in candlelight.
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ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ูŠุนู…ู„ูˆู†ุŒ ุจุถูˆุก ุงู„ุดู…ูˆุนุŒ ุญุฑููŠุง.
04:07
And today, you would see this inside the mine,
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ูˆุงู„ูŠูˆู… ุŒ ุณุชุฑูˆู† ู‡ุฐุง ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ู…ู†ุฌู…ุŒ
04:09
half a mile underground.
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ู†ุตู ู…ูŠู„ ุชุญุช ุงู„ุงุฑุถ.
04:11
This is one of the largest underground labs in the world.
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ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุฃูƒุจุฑ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชุจุฑุงุช ุงู„ุชุญุช ุฃุฑุถูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู….
04:13
And, among other things, they're looking for dark matter.
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ูˆู…ู† ุจูŠู† ุฃู…ูˆุฑ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ุŒ ูŠุจุญุซูˆู† ุนู† ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ู…ุธู„ู…ุฉ.
04:16
There is another way to search for dark matter,
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ู„ู„ุจุญุซ ุนู† ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ู…ุธู„ู…ุฉุŒ
04:18
which is indirectly.
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุจุงุดุฑุฉ.
04:20
If dark matter exists in our universe,
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ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ู…ุธู„ู…ุฉ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ ุนุงู„ู…ู†ุงุŒ
04:22
in our galaxy,
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ููŠ ู…ุฌุฑุชู†ุงุŒ
04:24
then these particles should be smashing together
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ุซู… ูŠู†ุจุบูŠ ุฃู† ุชุญุทู… ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฌุฒูŠุฆุงุช ู…ุนุง
04:26
and producing other particles that we know about --
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ูˆุชู†ุชุฌ ุงู„ุฌุฒูŠุฆุงุช ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุนุฑูู‡ุง --
04:29
one of them being neutrinos.
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ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู†ูŠูˆุชุฑูˆู†ุงุช.
04:31
And neutrinos you can detect
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ูˆูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงู„ูƒุดู ุนู† ุงู„ู†ูŠูˆุชุฑูˆู†ุงุช
04:33
by the signature they leave
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ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ุชูˆู‚ูŠุน ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชุชุฑูƒู‡
04:35
when they hit water molecules.
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ุญูŠู† ุชุถุฑุจ ุฌุฒูŠุฆุงุช ุงู„ู…ุงุก.
04:37
When a neutrino hits a water molecule
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠุถุฑุจ ู†ูŠูˆุชุฑูŠู†ูˆ ุฌุฒูŠุฆุฉ ุงู„ู…ุงุก
04:39
it emits a kind of blue light,
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ูŠู†ุจุนุซ ู…ู†ู‡ ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุถูˆุก ุงู„ุฃุฒุฑู‚ุŒ
04:41
a flash of blue light,
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ูˆู…ุถุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุถูˆุก ุงู„ุฃุฒุฑู‚ุŒ
04:43
and by looking for this blue light,
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ูˆุจุงู„ุจุญุซ ุนู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุถูˆุก ุงู„ุฃุฒุฑู‚ุŒ
04:45
you can essentially understand something about the neutrino
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุฃุณุงุณุง ูู‡ู… ุดูŠุก ุนู† ุงู„ู†ูŠูˆุชุฑูŠู†ูˆ
04:47
and then, indirectly, something about the dark matter
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ุซู…ุŒ ูˆุจุดูƒู„ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุจุงุดุฑุŒ ุฃู…ุฑ ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ู…ุธู„ู…ุฉ
04:50
that might have created this neutrino.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‚ุฏ ุชูƒูˆู† ุฃู†ุดุฃุช ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ูŠูˆุชุฑูŠู†ูˆ.
04:52
But you need very, very large volumes of water
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ูƒู… ููŠ ุญุงุฌุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃุญุฌุงู… ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ุฌุฏุง ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡
04:55
in order to do this.
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ูˆู„ูƒูŠ ู†ูุนู„ ู‡ุฐุง.
04:57
You need something like tens of megatons of water --
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ูƒู†ุช ุจุญุงุฌุฉ ุงู„ู‰ ู…ุง ูŠู‚ุงุฑุจ ุนุดุฑุงุช ุงู„ู…ูŠุบุง ุฃุทู†ุงู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุงุก --
04:59
almost a gigaton of water --
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ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุง ุบูŠุบุงุทู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุงุก --
05:01
in order to have any chance of catching this neutrino.
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ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุฃุฏู†ู‰ ูุฑุตุฉ ู„ุงู„ุชู‚ุงุท ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ูŠูˆุชุฑูŠู†ูˆ.
05:04
And where in the world would you find such water?
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ูˆุฃูŠู† ู‚ุฏ ุชุฌุฏ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ุŸ
05:06
Well the Russians have a tank in their own backyard.
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ุญุณู†ุง ุงู„ุฑูˆุณ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ุฎุฒุงู† ููŠ ูู†ุงุฆู‡ู… ุงู„ุฎู„ููŠ.
05:09
This is Lake Baikal.
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุจุญูŠุฑุฉ ุจุงูŠูƒุงู„.
05:11
It is the largest lake in the world. It's 800 km long.
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ุฃูƒุจุฑ ุจุญูŠุฑุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุจุทูˆู„ 800 ูƒู….
05:14
It's about 40 to 50 km wide
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ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ 40 ุฅู„ู‰ 50 ูƒู„ู… ูƒุนุฑุถ
05:16
in most places,
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ููŠ ู…ุนุธู… ุงู„ุฃู…ุงูƒู†ุŒ
05:18
and one to two kilometers deep.
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ูˆู…ุง ุจูŠู† 1-2 ูƒู„ู… ููŠ ุงู„ุนู…ู‚.
05:20
And what the Russians are doing
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ูˆู…ุง ูŠูุนู„ู‡ ุงู„ุฑูˆุณ
05:22
is they're building these detectors
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ู‡ูˆ ุงู†ู‡ู… ูŠุจู†ูˆู† ุฃุฌู‡ุฒุฉ ูƒุดู
05:24
and immersing them about a kilometer beneath the surface of the lake
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ูˆูŠุบู…ุฑูˆู†ู‡ุง ุจุญูˆุงู„ูŠ ูƒูŠู„ูˆู…ุชุฑ ุชุญุช ุณุทุญ ุงู„ุจุญูŠุฑุฉ
05:27
so that they can watch for these flashes of blue light.
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ุญุชู‰ ูŠุชู…ูƒู†ูˆุง ู…ู† ู…ุฑุงู‚ุจุฉ ูˆู…ุถุงุช ู…ู† ุงู„ุถูˆุก ุงู„ุฃุฒุฑู‚.
05:30
And this is the scene that greeted me when I landed there.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู…ุดู‡ุฏ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุตุงุฏูุชู‡ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู‡ุจุทุช ู‡ู†ุงูƒ.
05:33
This is Lake Baikal
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุจุญูŠุฑุฉ ุจุงูŠูƒุงู„
05:35
in the peak of the Siberian winter.
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ููŠ ุฐุฑูˆุฉ ูุตู„ ุงู„ุดุชุงุก ููŠ ุณูŠุจูŠุฑูŠุง.
05:37
The lake is entirely frozen.
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุจุญูŠุฑุฉ ู…ุชุฌู…ุฏุฉ ูƒู„ูŠุง.
05:39
And the line of black dots
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ูˆุฎุท ุงู„ู†ู‚ุงุท ุงู„ุณูˆุฏุงุก
05:42
that you see in the background,
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฑูˆู† ููŠ ุงู„ุฎู„ููŠุฉุŒ
05:44
that's the ice camp where the physicists are working.
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ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ู…ุฎูŠู… ุงู„ุฌู„ูŠุฏ ุญูŠุซ ูŠุนู…ู„ ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุฆูŠูˆู†.
05:46
The reason why they have to work in winter
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ุงู„ุณุจุจ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฌุนู„ู‡ู… ูŠุนู…ู„ูˆู† ููŠ ูุตู„ ุงู„ุดุชุงุก
05:48
is because they don't have the money to work in summer and spring,
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ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ู‡ู… ู„ุง ูŠู…ู„ูƒูˆู† ู…ุง ูŠูƒููŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุงู„ ู„ู„ุนู…ู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุตูŠู ูˆุงู„ุฑุจูŠุนุŒ
05:51
which, if they did that,
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ุจุญูŠุซุŒ ุฅู† ูุนู„ูˆุง ุฐู„ูƒุŒ
05:53
they would need ships and submersibles to do their work.
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ูุฅู†ู‡ู… ุณูŠุญุชุงุฌูˆู† ุณูู†ุง ูˆุบูˆุงุตุงุช ู„ู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุนู…ู„ู‡ู….
05:55
So they wait until winter --
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ุซู… ูŠู†ุชุธุฑูˆู† ุญุชู‰ ูุตู„ ุงู„ุดุชุงุก --
05:57
the lake is completely frozen over --
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ุงู„ุจุญูŠุฑุฉ ุชุชุฌู…ุฏ ุชู…ุงู…ุง --
05:59
and they use this meter-thick ice
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ูˆูŠุณุชุฎุฏู…ูˆู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฌู„ูŠุฏ ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุจู„ุบ ุณู…ูƒู‡ ู…ุชุฑุง
06:01
as a platform on which to establish their ice camp and do their work.
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ูƒู…ู†ุตุฉ ู„ุฅู‚ุงู…ุฉ ู…ุนุณูƒุฑู‡ู… ุงู„ุฌู„ูŠุฏูŠ ูˆุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุนู…ู„ู‡ู….
06:04
So this is the Russians working on the ice
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ูˆู‡ูƒุฐุง ู‡ุคู„ุงุก ู‡ู… ุงู„ุฑูˆุณ ูŠุนู…ู„ูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌู„ูŠุฏ
06:08
in the peak of the Siberian winter.
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ููŠ ุฐุฑูˆุฉ ูุตู„ ุงู„ุดุชุงุก ููŠ ุณูŠุจูŠุฑูŠุง.
06:10
They have to drill holes in the ice,
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ุนู„ูŠู‡ู… ุญูุฑ ุซู‚ูˆุจ ููŠ ุงู„ุฌู„ูŠุฏุŒ
06:12
dive down into the water -- cold, cold water --
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ุงู„ุบูˆุต ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ -- ุงู„ุจุงุฑุฏุฉ ุŒ ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุงู„ุจุงุฑุฏุฉ --
06:14
to get hold of the instrument, bring it up,
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ู„ุงู„ุชู‚ุงุท ุงู„ุฌู‡ุงุฒุŒ ูˆุฑูุนู‡ ู†ุญูˆ ุงู„ุณุทุญุŒ
06:17
do any repairs and maintenance that they need to do,
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ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุฃูŠ ุนู…ู„ูŠุงุช ุฅุตู„ุงุญ ูˆุตูŠุงู†ุฉ ูŠุชุนูŠู† ุนู„ูŠู‡ู… ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู‡ุงุŒ
06:20
put it back and get out before the ice melts.
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ุฅุนุงุฏุชู‡ ุซู… ุงู„ุฎุฑูˆุฌ ู‚ุจู„ ุงู† ูŠุฐูˆุจ ุงู„ุฌู„ูŠุฏ.
06:22
Because that phase of solid ice lasts for two months
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ู„ุฃู† ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฌู„ูŠุฏ ุงู„ุตู„ุจ ุชู„ูƒ ุชุณุชู…ุฑ ู„ู…ุฏุฉ ุดู‡ุฑูŠู†
06:24
and it's full of cracks.
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ูˆูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ู„ูŠุฆุง ุจุงู„ุดู‚ูˆู‚.
06:26
And you have to imagine, there's an entire sea-like lake
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ูˆุนู„ูŠูƒู… ุฃู† ุชุชุฎูŠู„ูˆุงุŒ ุฃู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุจุญูŠุฑุฉ ุชุดุจู‡ ุงู„ุจุญุฑ ุจุฃูƒู…ู„ู‡ุง
06:29
underneath, moving.
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ุชุญุชู‡ุง ุŒ ุชุชุญุฑูƒ.
06:31
I still don't understand this one Russian man
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ู…ุง ุฒู„ุช ู„ุง ุฃูู‡ู… ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฑุฌู„ ุงู„ุฑูˆุณูŠ
06:34
working in his bare chest,
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ูŠุดุชุบู„ ุจุตุฏุฑ ุนุงุฑุŒ
06:36
but that tells you how hard he was working.
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ู„ูƒู† ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠุฎุจุฑูƒู… ูƒูŠู ูƒุงู† ูŠุนู…ู„ ุจุฌุฏ.
06:39
And these people, a handful of people,
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ูˆู‡ุคู„ุงุก ุงู„ู†ุงุณุŒ ุญูู†ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณุŒ
06:41
have been working for 20 years,
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ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ูŠุดุชุบู„ูˆู† ู„ุนุดุฑูŠู† ุณู†ุฉุŒ
06:43
looking for particles that may or may not exist.
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ุจุงุญุซูŠู† ุนู† ุฌุฒูŠุฆุงุช ู‚ุฏ ุชูˆุฌุฏ ุฃูˆ ู‚ุฏ ู„ุง ุชูˆุฌุฏ.
06:45
And they have dedicated their lives to it.
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ูƒุฑุณูˆุง ุญูŠุงุชู‡ู… ู„ุฐู„ูƒ.
06:48
And just to give you an idea,
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ูˆูู‚ุท ู„ุฅุนุทุงุฆูƒู… ููƒุฑุฉุŒ
06:50
they have spent 20 million over 20 years.
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ู‚ุฏ ุตุฑู ู‡ุคู„ุงุก 20 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุฏู‰ 20 ุนุงู…ุง.
06:53
It's very harsh conditions.
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ุงู†ู‡ุง ุธุฑูˆู ู‚ุงุณูŠุฉ ุฌุฏุง.
06:55
They work on a shoestring budget.
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ูˆูŠุนู…ู„ูˆู† ุจู…ูŠุฒุงู†ูŠุฉ ุถุฆูŠู„ุฉ.
06:57
The toilets there are literally holes in the ground
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ุงู„ู…ุฑุงุญูŠุถ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู‡ูŠ ุญุฑููŠุง ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ุซู‚ูˆุจ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ
06:59
covered with a wooden shack.
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ู…ุบุทุงุฉ ุจูƒูˆุฎ ุฎุดุจูŠ.
07:02
And it's that basic,
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ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุจุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุจุณุงุทุฉุŒ
07:04
but they do this every year.
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ู„ูƒู†ู‡ู… ูŠู‚ูˆู…ูˆู† ุจุฐู„ูƒ ูƒู„ ุนุงู….
07:06
From Siberia to the Atacama Desert in Chile,
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ูˆู…ู† ุณูŠุจูŠุฑูŠุง ุงู„ู‰ ุตุญุฑุงุก ุฃุชุงูƒุงู…ุง ููŠ ุดูŠู„ูŠุŒ
07:09
to see something called The Very Large Telescope.
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ู„ู†ุฑู‰ ู…ุง ูŠุณู…ู‰ ุจุงู„ุชู„ุณูƒูˆุจ ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑ ุฌุฏุง.
07:11
The Very Large Telescope
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ุงู„ุชู„ุณูƒูˆุจ ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑ ุฌุฏุง
07:13
is one of these things that astronomers do --
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ู‡ูˆ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุณู…ูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ูู„ูƒูŠูŠู† --
07:15
they name their telescopes rather unimaginatively.
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ูŠุณู…ูˆู† ุชู„ุณูƒูˆุจุงุชู‡ู… ุจุงู„ุง ุฎูŠุงู„.
07:17
I can tell you for a fact,
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ุงุณุชุทูŠุน ุงู† ุฃุคูƒุฏ ู„ูƒู… ุฃู†ู‡ู…ุŒ
07:19
that the next one that they're planning is called The Extremely Large Telescope.
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ูŠุฎุทุทูˆู† ู„ุชุณู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชู„ุณูƒูˆุจ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฏู… ุจุงู„ุชู„ุณูƒูˆุจ ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑ ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ.
07:22
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
07:24
And you wouldn't believe it,
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ู„ู† ุชุตุฏู‚ูˆุง ุฐู„ูƒุŒ
07:26
but the one after that is going to be called The Overwhelmingly Large Telescope.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุจุนุฏู‡ ุณูŠุณู…ู‰ ุจุงู„ุชู„ุณูƒูˆุจ ุงู„ู‡ุงุฆู„ ุงู„ุถุฎุงู…ุฉ.
07:29
But nonetheless,
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ู„ูƒู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฑุบู… ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒุŒ
07:31
it's an extraordinary piece of engineering.
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ุงู†ู‡ุง ู‚ุทุนุฉ ู‡ู†ุฏุณูŠุฉ ู…ุฐู‡ู„ุฉ.
07:33
These are four 8.2 meter telescopes.
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุฃุฑุจุน ุชู„ุณูƒูˆุจุงุช ุจุนู„ูˆ 8.2 ู…ุชุฑ.
07:36
And these telescopes, among other things,
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ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุชู„ุณูƒูˆุจุงุช ุŒ ู…ู† ุจูŠู† ุฃู…ูˆุฑ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ุŒ
07:38
they're being used to study
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ูŠุชู… ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู…ู‡ุง ู„ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ
07:40
how the expansion of the universe is changing with time.
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ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ูŠุชุบูŠุฑ ุชูˆุณุน ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ุจู…ุฑูˆุฑ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช.
07:43
And the more you understand that,
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ูˆุจู‚ุฏุฑ ู…ุง ุชูู‡ู… ุฐู„ูƒุŒ
07:45
the better you would understand
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ุจู‚ุฏุฑ ู…ุง ุชูู‡ู…
07:47
what this dark energy that the universe is made of is all about.
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ู…ุงู‡ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุธู„ู…ุฉ -- ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุดูƒู„ ุงู„ูƒูˆู† --
07:50
And one piece of engineering that I want to leave you with
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ูˆุงู„ู‚ุทุนุฉ ุงู„ู‡ู†ุฏุณูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฃูˆุฏ ุฃู† ุฃุชุฑูƒูƒู… ู…ุนู‡ุง
07:53
as regards this telescope
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ููŠู…ุง ูŠุชุนู„ู‚ ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชู„ุณูƒูˆุจ
07:55
is the mirror.
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ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุฑุขุฉ.
07:57
Each mirror, there are four of them,
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ูƒู„ ู…ุฑุขุฉุŒ ูˆู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ู…ู†ู‡ุงุŒ
07:59
is made of a single piece of glass,
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ู…ุตู†ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู† ู‚ุทุนุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฒุฌุงุฌุŒ
08:01
a monolithic piece of high-tech ceramic,
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ู‚ุทุนุฉ ู…ุชุฌุงู†ุณุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุณูŠุฑุงู…ูŠูƒ ุฐูŠ ุงู„ุชูƒู†ูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง ุงู„ุนุงู„ูŠุฉุŒ
08:03
that has been ground down and polished to such accuracy
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู… ุชู…ุณูŠุฏู‡ ูˆุตู‚ู„ู‡ ู„ุฏู‚ุฉ
08:06
that the only way to understand what that is
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ุฅู„ู‰ ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุฃู† ุงู„ุณุจูŠู„ ู„ูู‡ู…ู‡ ุฐู„ูƒ ู‡ูˆ
08:09
is [to] imagine a city like Paris,
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ู‡ูˆ ุชุตูˆุฑ ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ู…ุซู„ ุจุงุฑูŠุณุŒ
08:11
with all its buildings and the Eiffel Tower,
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ู…ุน ูƒู„ ู…ุจุงู†ูŠู‡ุง ูˆุจุฑุฌ ุงูŠูู„ุŒ
08:14
if you grind down Paris to that kind of accuracy,
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ูˆู…ู† ุซู… ุชุณูˆูŠุฉ ุจุงุฑูŠุณ ุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฏู‚ุฉุŒ
08:17
you would be left with bumps that are one millimeter high.
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ุณูˆู ู†ุฌุฏ ู…ุทุจุงุช ุจุนู„ูˆ ู…ู„ูŠู…ุชุฑ ูˆุงุญุฏ.
08:21
And that's the kind of polishing that these mirrors have endured.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุชู„ู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุนุฑุถุช ู„ู‡ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฑุงูŠุง.
08:24
An extraordinary set of telescopes.
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ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุบูŠุฑ ุนุงุฏูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชู„ุณูƒูˆุจุงุช.
08:26
Here's another view of the same.
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ูˆู‡ู†ุง ู…ุดู‡ุฏ ุขุฎุฑ ู„ู‡ุง.
08:28
The reason why you have to build these telescopes
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ุงู„ุณุจุจ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฌุนู„ู†ุง ู†ุจู†ูŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุชู„ุณูƒูˆุจุงุช
08:30
in places like the Atacama Desert
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ููŠ ุฃู…ุงูƒู† ู…ุซู„ ุตุญุฑุงุก ุฃุชุงูƒุงู…ุง
08:32
is because of the high altitude desert.
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ู‡ูˆ ุจุณุจุจ ุนู„ูˆ ุงุฑุชูุงุน ุงู„ุตุญุฑุงุก.
08:35
The dry air is really good for telescopes,
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ูˆุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุก ุงู„ุฌุงู ู…ู†ุงุณุจ ุฌุฏุง ู„ู„ุชู„ุณูƒูˆุจุงุชุŒ
08:38
and also, the cloud cover is below the summit of these mountains
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ูˆูƒุฐู„ูƒุŒ ุบุทุงุก ุงู„ุณุญุจ ู‡ูˆ ุฃุฏู†ู‰ ู…ู† ู‚ู…ุฉ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฌุจู„
08:40
so that the telescopes have
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ุจุญูŠุซ ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ู„ุชู„ุณูƒูˆุจุงุช
08:42
about 300 days of clear skies.
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ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ 300 ูŠูˆู…ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุณู…ุงุก ุงู„ุตุงููŠุฉ.
08:44
Finally, I want to take you to Antarctica.
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ูˆุฃุฎูŠุฑุงุŒ ุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุฃุฎุฐูƒู… ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุทุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฌู†ูˆุจูŠุฉ.
08:46
I want to spend most of my time on this part of the world.
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ุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ุฃู‚ุถูŠ ู…ุนุธู… ูˆู‚ุชูŠ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุนุงู„ู….
08:50
This is cosmology's final frontier.
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุญุฏ ุงู„ุฃู‚ุตู‰ ู„ุนู„ู… ุงู„ูƒูˆู†ูŠุงุช.
08:52
Some of the most amazing experiments,
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ุจุนุถ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุงู„ู…ุฏู‡ุดุฉ ุŒ
08:54
some of the most extreme experiments,
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ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุชุทุฑูุงุŒ
08:56
are being done in Antarctica.
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ุชุฌุฑู‰ ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุทุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฌู†ูˆุจูŠุฉ.
08:58
I was there to view something called a long-duration balloon flight,
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ูƒู†ุช ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู„ุนุฑุถ ู…ุง ูŠุณู…ู‰ ุงู„ุฑุญู„ุฉ-ุงู„ุทูˆูŠู„ุฉ ู„ู„ุจุงู„ูˆู†ุŒ
09:01
which basically takes telescopes and instruments
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุฃุฎุฐ ุฃุณุงุณุง ุงู„ุชู„ุณูƒูˆุจุงุช ูˆุงู„ุชุฌู‡ูŠุฒุงุช
09:04
all the way to the upper atmosphere,
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ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃุนุงู„ูŠ ุงู„ุบู„ุงู ุงู„ุฌูˆูŠุŒ
09:06
the upper stratosphere, 40 km up.
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ุงู„ุทุจู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุนู„ูŠุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุณุชุฑุงุชูˆุณููŠุฑุŒ ุจุนู„ูˆ 40 ูƒู….
09:09
And that's where they do their experiments,
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ูˆู‡ู†ุงูƒ ูŠุฌุฑูˆู† ุชุฌุงุฑุจู‡ู…ุŒ
09:11
and then the balloon, the payload, is brought down.
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ูˆู…ู† ุซู… ูŠุชู… ุณุญุจ ุงู„ุจุงู„ูˆู† ูˆุงู„ุญู…ูˆู„ุฉุŒ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุณูู„.
09:14
So this is us landing on the Ross Ice Shelf in Antarctica.
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ู‡ุฐุง ู†ุญู† ู„ุญุธุฉ ุงู„ู‡ุจูˆุท ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌุฑู ุงู„ุฌู„ูŠุฏูŠ ุฑูˆุณ ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุทุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฌู†ูˆุจูŠุฉ.
09:17
That's an American C-17 cargo plane
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ุชู„ูƒ ุทุงุฆุฑุฉ ุดุญู† ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠุฉ ู…ู† ู†ูˆุน C-17
09:19
that flew us from New Zealand
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ุทุงุฑุช ุจู†ุง ู…ู† ู†ูŠูˆุฒูŠู„ู†ุฏุง
09:21
to McMurdo in Antarctica.
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ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุงูƒู…ูˆุฑุฏูˆ ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ุทุจ ุงู„ุฌู†ูˆุจูŠ.
09:23
And here we are about to board our bus.
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ูˆู‡ู†ุง ู†ุญู† ุจุตุฏุฏ ุฑูƒูˆุจ ุญุงูู„ุชู†ุง.
09:25
And I don't know if you can read the lettering,
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ูˆู„ุง ุฃุนุฑู ุฅู† ูƒุงู† ุจุฅู…ูƒุงู†ูƒู… ู‚ุฑุงุกุฉ ุงู„ู…ู†ู‚ูˆุดุŒ
09:27
but it says, "Ivan the Terribus."
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ู„ูƒู†ู‡ ูŠู‚ูˆู„ "ุฅูŠูุงู† ุงู„ุชูŠุฑูŠุจูˆุณ".
09:30
And that's taking us to McMurdo.
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ุฃุฎุฐู†ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุงูƒู…ูˆุฑุฏูˆ.
09:33
And this is the scene that greets you in McMurdo.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู…ุดู‡ุฏ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุฅุณุชู‚ุจุงู„ ููŠ ู…ุงูƒู…ูˆุฑุฏูˆ.
09:36
And you barely might be able to make out
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ูˆุชุณุชุทูŠุน ุจุงู„ูƒุงุฏ ุชู…ูŠูŠุฒ
09:38
this hut here.
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ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒูˆุฎ ู‡ู†ุง.
09:40
This hut was built by Robert Falcon Scott and his men
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ู‚ุฏ ุจู†ูŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒูˆุฎ ู…ู† ุทุฑู ุฑูˆุจุฑุช ูุงู„ูƒูˆู† ุณูƒูˆุช ูˆุฑุฌุงู„ู‡
09:43
when they first came to Antarctica
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุฌุงุคูˆุง ุงูˆู„ุง ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุทุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฌู†ูˆุจูŠุฉ
09:45
on their first expedition to go to the South Pole.
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ููŠ ุฑุญู„ุชู‡ู… ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‚ุทุจ ุงู„ุฌู†ูˆุจูŠ.
09:47
Because it's so cold,
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุจุงุฑุฏ ุฌุฏุงุŒ
09:49
the entire contents of that hut is still as they left it,
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ู…ุญุชูˆูŠุงุช ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒูˆุฎ ู„ุง ุชุฒุงู„ ูƒู…ุง ุชุฑูƒูˆู‡ุงุŒ
09:52
with the remnants of the last meal they cooked still there.
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ู…ุน ุจู‚ุงูŠุง ุขุฎุฑ ูˆุฌุจุฉ ุทุจุฎูˆู‡ุง ู‡ู†ุงูƒ
09:55
It's an extraordinary place.
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ุงู†ู‡ ู…ูƒุงู† ุบูŠุฑ ุนุงุฏูŠ.
09:57
This is McMurdo itself. About a thousand people work here in summer,
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ู…ุงูƒู…ูˆุฑุฏูˆ ู†ูุณู‡ุง. ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ ุฃู„ู ุดุฎุต ูŠุนู…ู„ูˆู† ู‡ู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุตูŠูุŒ
10:00
and about 200 in winter
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ูˆุญูˆุงู„ูŠ 200 ููŠ ูุตู„ ุงู„ุดุชุงุก
10:02
when it's completely dark for six months.
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ุธู„ู…ุฉ ุชู…ุงู…ุง ุทูŠู„ุฉ ุณุชุฉ ุฃุดู‡ุฑ.
10:04
I was here to see the launch
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ูƒู†ุช ู‡ู†ุง ู„ุฑุคูŠุฉ ุงุทู„ุงู‚
10:06
of this particular type of instrument.
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ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ุจุนูŠู†ู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุฌู‡ูŠุฒุงุช.
10:08
This is a cosmic ray experiment
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุชุฌุฑุจุฉ ุฃุดุนุฉ ูƒูˆู†ูŠุฉ
10:10
that has been launched all the way to the upper-stratosphere
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ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู… ุฅุทู„ุงู‚ู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุทูˆู„ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุณุชุฑุงุชูˆุณููŠุฑ ุงู„ุนู„ูˆูŠ
10:13
to an altitude of 40 km.
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ุงู„ู‰ ุนู„ูˆ 40 ูƒูŠู„ูˆู…ุชุฑุง.
10:15
What I want you to imagine is this is two tons in weight.
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ู…ุง ุฃุฑูŠุฏูƒู… ุฃู† ุชุชุฎูŠู„ูˆู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุฃุทู†ุงู† ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุฒู†.
10:18
So you're using a balloon
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠุณุชุฎุฏู… ุจุงู„ูˆู†
10:20
to carry something that is two tons
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ู„ุฑูุน ู…ุง ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ุทู†ูŠู†
10:22
all the way to an altitude of 40 km.
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ุนู„ู‰ ุทูˆู„ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ู‰ ุงุฑุชูุงุน 40 ูƒูŠู„ูˆู…ุชุฑุง.
10:25
And the engineers, the technicians, the physicists
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ูˆุงู„ู…ู‡ู†ุฏุณูˆู† ูˆุงู„ูู†ูŠูˆู† ูˆุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุฆูŠูˆู†
10:28
have all got to assemble on the Ross Ice Shelf,
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ุนู„ูŠู‡ู… ุฌู…ูŠุนุง ุงู„ุชุฌู…ุน ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌุฑู ุงู„ุฌู„ูŠุฏูŠ ุฑูˆุณุŒ
10:31
because Antarctica -- I won't go into the reasons why --
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ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ู‚ุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุทุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฌู†ูˆุจูŠุฉ -- ูˆุฃู†ุง ู„ู† ุฃุฎูˆุถ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุณุจุงุจ --
10:34
but it's one of the most favorable places for doing these balloon launches,
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ู„ูƒู†ู‡ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุงู„ุฃู…ุงูƒู† ุงู„ู…ู„ุงุฆู…ุฉ ู„ุฅุทู„ุงู‚ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุจุงู„ูˆู†ุงุชุŒ
10:36
except for the weather.
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ููŠู…ุง ุนุฏุง ุงู„ุงุญูˆุงู„ ุงู„ุฌูˆูŠุฉ.
10:38
The weather, as you can imagine,
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ุงู„ุทู‚ุณุŒ ูƒู…ุง ู‚ุฏ ุชุชุฎูŠู„ูˆู†ุŒ
10:40
this is summer, and you're standing on 200 ft of ice.
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ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุตูŠู ุŒ ูˆูƒู†ุช ูˆุงู‚ูุง ุนู„ู‰ 200 ู‚ุฏู… ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌู„ูŠุฏ.
10:42
And there's a volcano behind,
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ูˆู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุจุฑูƒุงู† ููŠ ุงู„ุฎู„ูุŒ
10:44
which has glaciers at the very top.
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ุจุฃู†ู‡ุงุฑ ุฌู„ูŠุฏูŠุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‚ู…ุฉ.
10:46
And what they have to do
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ูˆู…ุง ูŠุชุนูŠู† ุนู„ูŠู‡ู… ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู‡
10:48
is they have to assemble the entire balloon --
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ู‡ูˆ ุชุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุจุงู„ูˆู† ุจุงู„ูƒุงู…ู„ --
10:50
the fabric, parachute and everything -- on the ice
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ุงู„ู†ุณูŠุฌ ูˆุงู„ู…ุธู„ุฉ ูˆูƒู„ ุดูŠุก -- ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌู„ูŠุฏ
10:53
and then fill it up with helium.
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ูˆู†ูุฎู‡ ุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒ ุจุงู„ู‡ูŠู„ูŠูˆู….
10:55
And that process takes about two hours.
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ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุชุณุชุบุฑู‚ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ ุงู„ุณุงุนุชูŠู†.
10:57
And the weather can change as they're putting together this whole assembly.
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ูˆูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠุชุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ุทู‚ุณ ูˆู‡ู… ูŠุฌู…ุนูˆู† ุงู„ุชุดูƒูŠู„ุฉ ุจุฃูƒู…ู„ู‡ุง.
11:00
For instance, here they are laying down the balloon fabric behind,
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ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ุŒ ู‡ุง ู‡ู… ู‚ุฏ ูˆุถุนูˆุง ู†ุณูŠุฌ ุงู„ุจุงู„ูˆู† ููŠ ุงู„ุฎู„ูุŒ
11:03
which is eventually going to be filled up with helium.
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ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ุณูŠุชู… ููŠ ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุทุงู ู†ูุฎู‡ ุจุงู„ู‡ู„ูŠูˆู….
11:06
Those two trucks you see at the very end
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ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุดุงุญู†ุชุงู† ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฑูˆู† ููŠ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ุจุนูŠุฏุฉ
11:08
carry 12 tanks each of compressed helium.
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ุชุญู…ู„ 12 ุฎุฒุงู†ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ู‡ูŠู„ูŠูˆู… ุงู„ู…ุถุบูˆุท.
11:11
Now, in case the weather changes before the launch,
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ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ุชุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ุทู‚ุณ ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ุงุทู„ุงู‚ุŒ
11:14
they have to actually pack everything back up into their boxes
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ุนู„ูŠู‡ู… ุญุฒู… ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก ู…ุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ูˆุฅุนุงุฏุชู‡ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุฏูŠู‚
11:17
and take it out back to McMurdo Station.
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ูˆุฅุฎุฑุงุฌู‡ ู…ุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุญุทุฉ ู…ุงูƒู…ูˆุฑุฏูˆ.
11:20
And this particular balloon,
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุจุงู„ูˆู† ุจุฐุงุชู‡ุŒ
11:22
because it has to launch two tons of weight,
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ู„ุฃู† ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุญู…ู„ ุทู†ูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุฒู†ุŒ
11:24
is an extremely huge balloon.
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ู‡ูˆ ุจุงู„ูˆู† ุจุงู„ุบ ุงู„ุถุฎุงู…ุฉ.
11:27
The fabric alone weighs two tons.
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ุงู„ู†ุณูŠุฌ ู„ูˆุญุฏู‡ ูŠุฒู† ุทู†ูŠู†.
11:29
In order to minimize the weight,
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ูˆู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุชู‚ู„ูŠู„ ุงู„ูˆุฒู†ุŒ
11:32
it's very thin, it's as thin as a sandwich wrapper.
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ุฌุนู„ูˆู‡ ุฑู‚ูŠู‚ ุฌุฏุงุŒ ุงู†ู‡ุง ุฑู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ุซู„ ุบู„ุงู ุดุทูŠุฑุฉ.
11:34
And if they have to pack it back,
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ูˆุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุนู„ูŠู‡ู… ุญุฒู…ู‡ ู…ุฌุฏุฏุงุŒ
11:36
they have to put it into boxes
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ุนู„ูŠู‡ู… ูˆุถุนู‡ ููŠ ุตู†ุงุฏูŠู‚
11:38
and stamp on it so that it fits into the box again --
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ูˆุงู„ุถุบุท ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุจุญูŠุซ ุชู„ุงุฆู… ุงู„ุตู†ุฏูˆู‚ ู…ุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ --
11:41
except, when they did it first,
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ุจุงุณุชุซู†ุงุก ุฃู†ู‡ุŒ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูุนู„ูˆุง ุฐู„ูƒ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ุŒ
11:43
it would have been done in Texas.
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ู‚ุงู…ูˆุง ุจู‡ ููŠ ูˆู„ุงูŠุฉ ุชูƒุณุงุณ.
11:45
Here, they can't do it with the kind shoes they're wearing,
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ูˆู‡ู†ุงุŒ ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ู… ุฃู† ูŠูุนู„ูˆุง ุฐู„ูƒ ุจู†ูˆุน ุงู„ุฃุญุฐูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุฑุชุฏูˆู†ู‡ุŒ
11:48
so they have to take their shoes off,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠุชูˆุฌุจ ุนู„ูŠู‡ู… ุฎู„ุน ุฃุฎุฐูŠุชู‡ู…ุŒ
11:50
get barefoot into the boxes, in this cold,
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ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ุญุงููŠ ุงู„ู‚ุฏู…ูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุฏูŠู‚ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุจุฑุฏ
11:52
and do that kind of work.
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ูˆุฃุฏุงุก ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู…ู„.
11:54
That's the kind of dedication these people have.
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ูˆุชู„ูƒ ู‡ูŠ ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุชูุงู†ูŠ ู„ุฏู‰ ู‡ุคู„ุงุก ุงู„ู†ุงุณ.
11:56
Here's the balloon being filled up with helium,
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ูˆู‡ู†ุง ุงู„ุจุงู„ูˆู† ูŠุชู… ู†ูุฎู‡ ุจุงู„ู‡ูŠู„ูŠูˆู…ุŒ
11:58
and you can see it's a gorgeous sight.
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ูˆูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงู† ุชุฑูˆุง ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ุดู‡ุฏ ุฑุงุฆุน.
12:00
Here's a scene
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ู‡ู†ุง ู…ู‚ุทุน
12:02
that shows you the balloon and the payload end-to-end.
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ูŠุนุฑุถ ุงู„ุจุงู„ูˆู† ูˆุญู…ูˆู„ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ.
12:04
So the balloon is being filled up with helium on the left-hand side,
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ุจุญูŠุซ ูŠุชู… ู…ู„ุก ุงู„ุจุงู„ูˆู† ุจุงู„ู‡ูŠู„ูŠูˆู… ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌุงู†ุจ ุงู„ุฃูŠู…ู†ุŒ
12:07
and the fabric actually runs all the way to the middle
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ูˆุงู„ู†ุณูŠุฌ ูŠุณุชู…ุฑ ูุนู„ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุทูˆู„ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ูˆุณุท
12:10
where there's a piece of electronics and explosives
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ุญูŠุซ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู‚ุทุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุงู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠุงุช ูˆุงู„ู…ุชูุฌุฑุงุช
12:13
being connected to a parachute,
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ู…ุชุตู„ุฉ ุจุงู„ู…ุธู„ุฉุŒ
12:15
and then the parachute is then connected to the payload.
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ูˆู…ู† ุซู… ูŠุชู… ุชูˆุตูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุธู„ุฉ ุจุงู„ุญู…ูˆู„ุฉ.
12:17
And remember, all this wiring is being done
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ูˆุชุฐูƒุฑูˆุงุŒ ุฃู† ุฑุจุท ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุณู„ุงูƒ ูŠุชู…
12:19
by people in extreme cold, in sub-zero temperatures.
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ู…ู† ุทุฑู ุฃู†ุงุณ ููŠ ุงู„ุจุฑุฏ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฑุณุŒ ููŠ ุฏุฑุฌุงุช ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุฏูˆู† ุงู„ุตูุฑ.
12:22
They're wearing about 15 kg of clothing and stuff,
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ูŠุฑุชุฏูˆู† ู†ุญูˆ 15 ูƒู„ุบ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู„ุงุจุณ ูˆุงู„ุงุดูŠุงุกุŒ
12:25
but they have to take their gloves off in order to do that.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุนู„ูŠู‡ู… ู†ุฒุน ู‚ูุงุฒุงุชู‡ู… ู„ู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุฐู„ูƒ.
12:28
And I would like to share with you a launch.
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ูˆุฃูˆุฏ ุฃู† ุฃุดุงุฑูƒูƒู… ุงู„ุงุทู„ุงู‚.
12:31
(Video) Radio: Okay, release the balloon,
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(ููŠุฏูŠูˆ) ุฑุงุฏูŠูˆ: ุญุณู†ุงุŒ ุฃุทู„ู‚ูˆุง ุงู„ุจุงู„ูˆู†ุŒ
12:33
release the balloon, release the balloon.
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ุฃุทู„ู‚ูˆุง ุงู„ุจุงู„ูˆู†ุŒ ุฃุทู„ู‚ูˆุง ุงู„ุจุงู„ูˆู†.
13:04
Anil Ananthaswamy: And I'll finally like to leave you with two images.
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ุฃู†ูŠู„ ุฃู†ุงู†ุซุงุณูˆุงู…ูŠ: ูˆุฃูˆุฏ ุฃู† ุฃุชุฑูƒูƒู… ุฃุฎูŠุฑุง ู…ุน ุตูˆุฑุชูŠู†.
13:07
This is an observatory in the Himalayas, in Ladakh in India.
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ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุฑุตุฏ ููŠ ุฌุจุงู„ ุงู„ู‡ูŠู…ุงู„ุงูŠุงุŒ ููŠ ู„ุงุฏุงุฎ ููŠ ุงู„ู‡ู†ุฏ.
13:10
And the thing I want you to look at here
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ูˆู…ุง ุฃุฑูŠุฏ ู…ู†ูƒู… ุฃู† ุชู†ู†ุธุฑูˆุง ุฅู„ูŠู‡ ู‡ู†ุง
13:12
is the telescope on the right-hand side.
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ู‡ูˆ ุชู„ุณูƒูˆุจ ููŠ ุงู„ุฌุงู†ุจ ุงู„ุฃูŠู…ู†.
13:14
And on the far left there
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ูˆุนู„ู‰ ุฃู‚ุตู‰ ุงู„ูŠุณุงุฑ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ
13:16
is a 400 year-old Buddhist monastery.
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ู‡ูˆ ุฏูŠุฑ ุจูˆุฐูŠ ุนู…ุฑู‡ 400 ุนุงู…ุง.
13:18
This is a close-up of the Buddhist monastery.
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ู…ู‚ุฑุจุฉ ู„ู„ุฏูŠุฑ ุงู„ุจูˆุฐูŠ.
13:20
And I was struck by the juxtaposition
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ุฃุฏู‡ุดู†ูŠ ุชุฌุงูˆุฑ
13:23
of these two enormous disciplines that humanity has.
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ู‡ุฐูŠู† ุงู„ุชุฎุตุตูŠู† ุงู„ุนุธูŠู…ูŠู† ู„ุฏู‰ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†ูŠุฉ.
13:26
One is exploring the cosmos on the outside,
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ูˆุงุญุฏ ู‡ูˆ ุงุณุชูƒุดุงู ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌูŠุŒ
13:29
and the other one is exploring our interior being.
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ูˆุงู„ุขุฎุฑ ู‡ูˆ ุงุณุชูƒุดุงู ุฐูˆุงุชู†ุง ุงู„ุฏุงุฎู„ูŠุฉ.
13:31
And both require silence of some sort.
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ูˆูƒู„ุงู‡ู…ุง ูŠุชุทู„ุจ ู†ูˆุนุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุตู…ุช.
13:34
And what struck me was
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ูˆู…ุง ุฃุฏู‡ุดู†ูŠ ู‡ูˆ
13:36
every place that I went to to see these telescopes,
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ููŠ ูƒู„ ู…ูƒุงู† ุฐู‡ุจุช ุฅู„ูŠู‡ ู„ุฑุคูŠุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุชู„ุณูƒูˆุจุงุชุŒ
13:38
the astronomers and cosmologists
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ุนู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ูู„ูƒ ูˆุนู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ูƒูˆู†
13:40
are in search of a certain kind of silence,
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ููŠ ุจุญุซ ุนู† ู†ูˆุน ู…ุนูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุตู…ุชุŒ
13:42
whether it's silence from radio pollution
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ุณูˆุงุก ูƒุงู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุตู…ุช ู…ู† ุงู„ุชู„ูˆุซ ุจู…ูˆุฌุงุช ุงู„ุฑุงุฏูŠูˆ
13:44
or light pollution or whatever.
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ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุชู„ูˆุซ ุงู„ุถูˆุฆูŠ ุฃูˆ ุฃูŠุง ูƒุงู†.
13:47
And it was very obvious
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ูˆูƒุงู† ูˆุงุถุญุง ุฌุฏุง
13:49
that, if we destroy these silent places on Earth,
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ุฃู†ู‡ุŒ ุฅู† ุฏู…ุฑู†ุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃู…ุงูƒู† ุงู„ุตุงู…ุชุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถุŒ
13:51
we will be stuck on a planet without the ability to look outwards,
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ุณูˆู ู†ูƒูˆู† ุนุงู„ู‚ูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ูƒูˆูƒุจ ู…ู† ุฏูˆู† ุงู„ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุŒ
13:54
because we will not be able to understand the signals that come from outer space.
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ู„ุฃู†ู†ุง ู„ู† ู†ูƒูˆู† ู‚ุงุฏุฑูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ูู‡ู… ุงู„ุงุดุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฃุชูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ูุถุงุก ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌูŠ.
13:57
Thank you.
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ุดูƒุฑุง ู„ูƒ.
13:59
(Applause)
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(ุชุตููŠู‚)
ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

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