Anil Ananthaswamy: What it takes to do extreme astrophysics

33,832 views ใƒป 2011-04-26

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yubal Masalker ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:15
I would like to talk today
0
15330
2000
ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืœื“ืขืชื™
00:17
about what I think is one of the greatest adventures
1
17330
2000
ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ื”ืจืคืชืงืื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
00:19
human beings have embarked upon,
2
19330
2000
ืฉื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ืื™-ืคืขื ื™ืฆืื• ืœืžืกืข ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื”,
00:21
which is the quest to understand the universe
3
21330
3000
ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื
00:24
and our place in it.
4
24330
2000
ื•ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื ื• ื‘ื•.
00:26
My own interest in this subject, and my passion for it,
5
26330
3000
ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื, ื•ืชืฉื•ืงืชื™ ืืœื™ื•,
00:29
began rather accidentally.
6
29330
2000
ื”ื—ืœื• ื“ื™ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื•ืช.
00:31
I had bought a copy of this book,
7
31330
3000
ืงื ื™ืชื™ ืขื•ืชืง ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจ,
00:34
"The Universe and Dr. Einstein" --
8
34330
2000
"ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื•ื“"ืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ" --
00:36
a used paperback from a secondhand bookstore in Seattle.
9
36330
3000
ื‘ืขืœ ื›ืจื™ื›ื” ืจื›ื” ืžื—ื ื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ ื™ื“-ืฉื ื™ื” ื‘ืกื™ืื˜ืœ.
00:39
A few years after that, in Bangalore,
10
39330
3000
ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ-ืžื›ืŸ, ื‘ื‘ื ื’ืœื•ืจ,
00:42
I was finding it hard to fall asleep one night,
11
42330
2000
ื”ืชืงืฉืชื™ ืœื”ื™ืจื“ื ืœื™ืœื” ืื—ื“,
00:44
and I picked up this book,
12
44330
2000
ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ื˜ืœืชื™ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ,
00:46
thinking it would put me to sleep in 10 minutes.
13
46330
2000
ื‘ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ืจื“ื ืชื•ืš 10 ื“ืงื•ืช.
00:48
And as it happened,
14
48330
2000
ื•ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืงืจืืชื™ ืื•ืชื•
00:50
I read it from midnight to five in the morning in one shot.
15
50330
3000
ืžื—ืฆื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉืขื” 5:00 ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื‘ืจืฆืฃ ืื—ื“.
00:53
And I was left with this intense feeling
16
53330
3000
ื•ื ื•ืชืจืชื™ ืขื ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ื—ื–ืงื”
00:56
of awe and exhilaration
17
56330
2000
ืฉืœ ื™ืจืืช-ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื”ืชืจื•ืžืžื•ืช-ืจื•ื—
00:58
at the universe
18
58330
2000
ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื™ืงื•ื
01:00
and our own ability to understand as much as we do.
19
60330
3000
ื•ืžื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืฉืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื.
01:03
And that feeling hasn't left me yet.
20
63330
3000
ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื–ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืขื–ื‘ื” ืื•ืชื™.
01:06
That feeling was the trigger for me
21
66330
2000
ืื•ืชื” ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื’ื™ืจืชื” ืื•ืชื™
01:08
to actually change my career --
22
68330
2000
ื‘ืขืฆื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื™ --
01:10
from being a software engineer to become a science writer --
23
70330
3000
ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืžืžื”ื ื“ืก ืชื•ื›ื ื” ืœื›ื•ืชื‘-ืžื“ืขื™ --
01:13
so that I could partake in the joy of science,
24
73330
3000
ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ื—ืœืง ื‘ื”ื ืื” ืฉื”ืžื“ืข ืžืขื ื™ืง,
01:16
and also the joy of communicating it to others.
25
76330
3000
ื•ื‘ื”ื ืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืœืื—ืจื™ื.
01:19
And that feeling also led me
26
79330
2000
ื•ืื•ืชื” ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื’ื ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืื•ืชื™
01:21
to a pilgrimage of sorts,
27
81330
2000
ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืžืกืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ื•ืช-ืœืจื’ืœ,
01:23
to go literally to the ends of the earth
28
83330
2000
ืœืœื›ืช ืžืžืฉ ืœืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื
01:25
to see telescopes, detectors,
29
85330
3000
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื, ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื,
01:28
instruments that people are building, or have built,
30
88330
3000
ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืื• ื‘ื ื•,
01:31
in order to probe the cosmos
31
91330
2000
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื
01:33
in greater and greater detail.
32
93330
2000
ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื’ื“ืœ.
01:35
So it took me from places like Chile --
33
95330
2000
ื–ื” ืœืงื— ืื•ืชื™ ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฆ'ื™ืœื™ --
01:37
the Atacama Desert in Chile --
34
97330
2000
ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืื˜ืงืืžื” ื‘ืฆ'ื™ืœื™ --
01:39
to Siberia,
35
99330
2000
ืœืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ,
01:41
to underground mines
36
101330
2000
ืœืžื›ืจื•ืช ืชืช-ืงืจืงืขื™ื™ื,
01:43
in the Japanese Alps, in Northern America,
37
103330
2000
ื‘ืืœืคื™ื ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื, ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช,
01:45
all the way to Antarctica
38
105330
2000
ื•ืขื“ ืœืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”
01:47
and even to the South Pole.
39
107330
2000
ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™.
01:49
And today I would like to share with you
40
109330
2000
ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืืชื›ื
01:51
some images, some stories of these trips.
41
111330
3000
ื›ืžื” ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืžืกืขื•ืช ืืœื”.
01:54
I have been basically spending the last few years
42
114330
2000
ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ, ื”ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
01:56
documenting the efforts
43
116330
2000
ื‘ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžืืžืฆื™ื
01:58
of some extremely intrepid men and women
44
118330
3000
ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื ืืžื™ืฆื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช-ื“ื•ืคืŸ
02:01
who are putting,
45
121330
2000
ืืฉืจ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืฉืžื™ื ืžืžืฉ
02:03
literally at times, their lives at stake
46
123330
2000
ืืช ื ืคืฉื ื‘ื›ืคื
02:05
working in some very remote and very hostile places
47
125330
3000
ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื›ื•ื—ื™-ืืœ ื•ืขื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื
02:08
so that they may gather the faintest signals from the cosmos
48
128330
4000
ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ืืช ื”ืื•ืชื•ืช ื”ื—ืœืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื—ืœืœ,
02:12
in order for us to understand this universe.
49
132330
3000
ื•ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื ื• ื ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
02:15
And I first begin with a pie chart --
50
135330
2000
ืืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืชืจืฉื™ื ืขื•ื’ื”.
02:17
and I promise this is the only pie chart
51
137330
2000
ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื–ื”ื• ืชืจืฉื™ื ื”ืขื•ื’ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“
02:19
in the whole presentation --
52
139330
2000
ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืจืฆืื”.
02:21
but it sets up the state of our knowledge of the cosmos.
53
141330
4000
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
02:25
All the theories in physics that we have today
54
145330
3000
ื›ืœ ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ื™ื•ื
02:28
properly explain what is called normal matter --
55
148330
2000
ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ --
02:30
the stuff that we're all made of --
56
150330
2000
ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืžืžื ื• ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื --
02:32
and that's four percent of the universe.
57
152330
2000
ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” 4 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ื™ืงื•ื.
02:34
Astronomers and cosmologists and physicists think
58
154330
3000
ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืงื•ืกืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื•ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื
02:37
that there is something called dark matter in the universe,
59
157330
3000
ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืคืœ,
02:40
which makes up 23 percent of the universe,
60
160330
2000
ืฉืžื”ื•ื•ื” 23 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ื™ืงื•ื,
02:42
and something called dark energy,
61
162330
2000
ื•ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื”,
02:44
which permeates the fabric of space-time,
62
164330
2000
ืืฉืจ ื—ื•ื“ืจืช ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืืจื’ ืฉืœ ื—ืœืœ-ื–ืžืŸ,
02:46
that makes up another 73 percent.
63
166330
2000
ื•ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื” 73 ืื—ื•ื– ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
02:48
So if you look at this pie chart, 96 percent of the universe,
64
168330
3000
ืœื›ืŸ ืื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืชืจืฉื™ื ืขื•ื’ื” ื–ื”, 96 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ื™ืงื•ื,
02:51
at this point in our exploration of it,
65
171330
2000
ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ืช-ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื ื•,
02:53
is unknown or not well understood.
66
173330
3000
ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื›ืจ ืื• ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื›ืจืื•ื™.
02:56
And most of the experiments, telescopes that I went to see
67
176330
3000
ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื, ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ืฉืจืื™ืชื™
02:59
are in some way addressing this question,
68
179330
3000
ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืฉื”ื™,
03:02
these two twin mysteries of dark matter and dark energy.
69
182330
3000
ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืชืขืœื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืคืœ ื•ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื”.
03:05
I will take you first to an underground mine
70
185330
2000
ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืงื— ืืชื›ื ืœืžื›ืจื” ืชืช-ืงืจืงืขื™
03:07
in Northern Minnesota
71
187330
2000
ื‘ืžื™ื ืกื•ื˜ื” ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช
03:09
where people are looking
72
189330
2000
ืฉืฉื ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื
03:11
for something called dark matter.
73
191330
2000
ืื—ืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืคืœ.
03:13
And the idea here is that they are looking for a sign
74
193330
3000
ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืกื™ืžืŸ
03:16
of a dark matter particle hitting one of their detectors.
75
196330
3000
ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืง ืžื—ื•ืžืจ ืืคืœ ื”ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
03:19
And the reason why they have to go underground
76
199330
2000
ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืจื“ืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™-ื”ืงืจืงืข
03:21
is that, if you did this experiment on the surface of the Earth,
77
201330
3000
ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื–ื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™-ื”ืงืจืงืข,
03:24
the same experiment would be swamped by signals
78
204330
2000
ืื•ืชื• ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืฆืฃ ื‘ืื•ืชื•ืช
03:26
that could be created by things like cosmic rays,
79
206330
2000
ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื’ืจื ืžื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ืงืจื ื™ื™ื ืงื•ืกืžื™ื•ืช,
03:28
ambient radio activity,
80
208330
2000
ื’ืœื™-ืจื“ื™ื• ืžื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
03:30
even our own bodies. You might not believe it,
81
210330
3000
ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื”ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืขืฆืžื ื•. ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ,
03:33
but even our own bodies are radioactive enough to disturb this experiment.
82
213330
3000
ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื• ืคื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืงืจื™ื ืช ืจื“ื™ื• ืฉื“ื™ ื‘ื” ืœื”ืคืจื™ืข ืœื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื–ื”.
03:36
So they go deep inside mines
83
216330
3000
ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืขืžื•ืง ืœืชื•ืš ืžื›ืจื•ืช
03:39
to find a kind of environmental silence
84
219330
2000
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืชืจ ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืงื˜ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™
03:41
that will allow them to hear
85
221330
2000
ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœื”ืื–ื™ืŸ
03:43
the ping of a dark matter particle hitting their detector.
86
223330
3000
ืœืฆืœื™ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืง ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืคืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื.
03:46
And I went to see one of these experiments,
87
226330
2000
ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
03:48
and this is actually -- you can barely see it,
88
228330
2000
ื•ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” -- ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื–ืืช,
03:50
and the reason for that is it's entirely dark in there --
89
230330
3000
ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืฉื—ืฉื•ืš ืฉื ืœื’ืžืจื™.
03:53
this is a cavern that was left behind by the miners
90
233330
3000
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžืขืจื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉื›ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืื•ืชื” ืžืื—ื•ืจ
03:56
who left this mine in 1960.
91
236330
2000
ื›ืืฉืจ ืขื–ื‘ื• ืื•ืชื” ื‘-1960.
03:58
And physicists came and started using it
92
238330
2000
ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ืื• ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”
04:00
sometime in the 1980s.
93
240330
2000
ืื™ืคื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80.
04:02
And the miners in the early part of the last century
94
242330
3000
ื”ื›ื•ืจื™ื, ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช,
04:05
worked, literally, in candlelight.
95
245330
2000
ืขื‘ื“ื• ืœืื•ืจ ื ืจื•ืช.
04:07
And today, you would see this inside the mine,
96
247330
2000
ื•ื”ื™ื•ื, ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืขืจื”,
04:09
half a mile underground.
97
249330
2000
ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืฆื™ ืง"ืž ืžืชื—ืช ืœืื“ืžื”.
04:11
This is one of the largest underground labs in the world.
98
251330
2000
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืื—ืช ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืช-ืงืจืงืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
04:13
And, among other things, they're looking for dark matter.
99
253330
3000
ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ, ื”ื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืคืœ.
04:16
There is another way to search for dark matter,
100
256330
2000
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœื—ืคืฉ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืคืœ,
04:18
which is indirectly.
101
258330
2000
ื“ืจืš ืขืงื™ืคื”.
04:20
If dark matter exists in our universe,
102
260330
2000
ืื ืงื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืคืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื,
04:22
in our galaxy,
103
262330
2000
ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
04:24
then these particles should be smashing together
104
264330
2000
ืื– ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืืœื” ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ืชื ื’ืฉ ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื”
04:26
and producing other particles that we know about --
105
266330
3000
ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื --
04:29
one of them being neutrinos.
106
269330
2000
ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื•ื ื ื™ื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื•.
04:31
And neutrinos you can detect
107
271330
2000
ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื ื™ื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื•
04:33
by the signature they leave
108
273330
2000
ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื
04:35
when they hit water molecules.
109
275330
2000
ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžื™ื.
04:37
When a neutrino hits a water molecule
110
277330
2000
ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื™ื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื• ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ืžื™ื,
04:39
it emits a kind of blue light,
111
279330
2000
ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืœื˜ ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ืจ ื›ื—ื•ืœ,
04:41
a flash of blue light,
112
281330
2000
ื”ื‘ื–ืง ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ื›ื—ื•ืœ,
04:43
and by looking for this blue light,
113
283330
2000
ื•ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืื•ืจ ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื–ื”,
04:45
you can essentially understand something about the neutrino
114
285330
2000
ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื•
04:47
and then, indirectly, something about the dark matter
115
287330
3000
ื•ืื–, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืงื™ืฃ, ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืืคืœ
04:50
that might have created this neutrino.
116
290330
2000
ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ื ื™ื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื•.
04:52
But you need very, very large volumes of water
117
292330
3000
ืื‘ืœ ื“ืจื•ืฉ ื ืคื— ืžืื•ื“, ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื
04:55
in order to do this.
118
295330
2000
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื–ืืช.
04:57
You need something like tens of megatons of water --
119
297330
2000
ืฆืจื™ืš ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื --
04:59
almost a gigaton of water --
120
299330
2000
ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื˜ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื --
05:01
in order to have any chance of catching this neutrino.
121
301330
3000
ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ื ื™ื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื•.
05:04
And where in the world would you find such water?
122
304330
2000
ื•ืื™ืคื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื?
05:06
Well the Russians have a tank in their own backyard.
123
306330
3000
ืœืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื›ืœ ื›ื–ื” ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
05:09
This is Lake Baikal.
124
309330
2000
ื–ื”ื• ืื’ื ื‘ืื™ืงืœ.
05:11
It is the largest lake in the world. It's 800 km long.
125
311330
3000
ื–ื”ื• ื”ืื’ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ืื•ืจื›ื• 800 ืง"ืž.
05:14
It's about 40 to 50 km wide
126
314330
2000
ืจื•ื—ื‘ื• ื›-40 ืขื“ 50 ืง"ืž
05:16
in most places,
127
316330
2000
ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช,
05:18
and one to two kilometers deep.
128
318330
2000
ื•ืขื•ืžืงื• 1 ืขื“ 2 ืง"ืž.
05:20
And what the Russians are doing
129
320330
2000
ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ืจื•ืกื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื
05:22
is they're building these detectors
130
322330
2000
ื–ื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื
05:24
and immersing them about a kilometer beneath the surface of the lake
131
324330
3000
ื•ืœืฉืงืข ืื•ืชื ื›ืง"ืž ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืื’ื
05:27
so that they can watch for these flashes of blue light.
132
327330
3000
ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ื‘ื–ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ื›ื—ื•ืœ.
05:30
And this is the scene that greeted me when I landed there.
133
330330
3000
ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžืจืื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ืคื ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืฉื.
05:33
This is Lake Baikal
134
333330
2000
ื–ื”ื• ืื’ื ื‘ืื™ืงืœ
05:35
in the peak of the Siberian winter.
135
335330
2000
ื‘ืฉื™ืื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจื™.
05:37
The lake is entirely frozen.
136
337330
2000
ื”ืื’ื ื›ื•ืœื• ืงืคื•ื.
05:39
And the line of black dots
137
339330
3000
ื•ืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช
05:42
that you see in the background,
138
342330
2000
ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืจืงืข,
05:44
that's the ice camp where the physicists are working.
139
344330
2000
ื–ื”ื• ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืงืจื— ื‘ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ื.
05:46
The reason why they have to work in winter
140
346330
2000
ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ
05:48
is because they don't have the money to work in summer and spring,
141
348330
3000
ื”ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ื•ืื‘ื™ื‘,
05:51
which, if they did that,
142
351330
2000
ืฉืื ื”ื ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช,
05:53
they would need ships and submersibles to do their work.
143
353330
2000
ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืชืื™-ืฆืœื™ืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื.
05:55
So they wait until winter --
144
355330
2000
ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ืžืžืชื™ื ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืจืฃ --
05:57
the lake is completely frozen over --
145
357330
2000
ืขื“ ืฉื”ืื’ื ืงืคื•ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ --
05:59
and they use this meter-thick ice
146
359330
2000
ื•ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืงืจื— ื–ื” ืฉืขื•ื‘ื™ื• ืžื˜ืจ
06:01
as a platform on which to establish their ice camp and do their work.
147
361330
3000
ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžืฉื˜ื— ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื ืžืงื™ืžื™ื ืืช ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืงืจื— ื•ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื.
06:04
So this is the Russians working on the ice
148
364330
4000
ืื– ืืœื” ื”ื ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืงืจื—
06:08
in the peak of the Siberian winter.
149
368330
2000
ื‘ืฉื™ืื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจื™.
06:10
They have to drill holes in the ice,
150
370330
2000
ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืงื“ื•ื— ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืงืจื—,
06:12
dive down into the water -- cold, cold water --
151
372330
2000
ืœืฆืœื•ืœ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžื™ื -- ืžื™ื ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ --
06:14
to get hold of the instrument, bring it up,
152
374330
3000
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืคื•ืก ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื•ืœื”ืขืœื•ืชื•,
06:17
do any repairs and maintenance that they need to do,
153
377330
3000
ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื• ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ื•ืื—ื–ืงื” ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื,
06:20
put it back and get out before the ice melts.
154
380330
2000
ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื• ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ื•ืœื”ืกืชืœืง ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืงืจื— ื ืžืก.
06:22
Because that phase of solid ice lasts for two months
155
382330
2000
ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืงืจื— ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืžื•ืฆืง ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื
06:24
and it's full of cracks.
156
384330
2000
ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืœื ืกื“ืงื™ื.
06:26
And you have to imagine, there's an entire sea-like lake
157
386330
3000
ื•ืชื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืžืชื—ืช ื™ืฉ ืื’ื ืฉืœื
06:29
underneath, moving.
158
389330
2000
ื›ืžื• ื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜, ื–ืข ื•ื ืข.
06:31
I still don't understand this one Russian man
159
391330
3000
ืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ืจื•ืกื™ ื”ื–ื”
06:34
working in his bare chest,
160
394330
2000
ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ื—ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ืฃ,
06:36
but that tells you how hard he was working.
161
396330
3000
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ื›ืžื” ืงืฉื” ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“.
06:39
And these people, a handful of people,
162
399330
2000
ื•ืงื•ืžืฅ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
06:41
have been working for 20 years,
163
401330
2000
ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ืš 20 ืฉื ื”,
06:43
looking for particles that may or may not exist.
164
403330
2000
ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืœื.
06:45
And they have dedicated their lives to it.
165
405330
3000
ื•ื”ื ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉื• ืœื›ืš ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื.
06:48
And just to give you an idea,
166
408330
2000
ื•ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื•ืฉื’,
06:50
they have spent 20 million over 20 years.
167
410330
3000
ื”ื ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• 20 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืš 20 ืฉื ื”.
06:53
It's very harsh conditions.
168
413330
2000
ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื™ื.
06:55
They work on a shoestring budget.
169
415330
2000
ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื–ืขื•ื.
06:57
The toilets there are literally holes in the ground
170
417330
2000
ื‘ืชื™-ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉื ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืื“ืžื”
06:59
covered with a wooden shack.
171
419330
3000
ื”ืžื›ื•ืกื™ื ืขื ืงืจืฉ ืขืฅ.
07:02
And it's that basic,
172
422330
2000
ื”ื›ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™,
07:04
but they do this every year.
173
424330
2000
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”.
07:06
From Siberia to the Atacama Desert in Chile,
174
426330
3000
ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ ืœืžื“ื‘ืจ ืื˜ืงืืžื” ื‘ืฆ'ื™ืœื™,
07:09
to see something called The Very Large Telescope.
175
429330
2000
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
07:11
The Very Large Telescope
176
431330
2000
ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ --
07:13
is one of these things that astronomers do --
177
433330
2000
ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื --
07:15
they name their telescopes rather unimaginatively.
178
435330
2000
ื”ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื—ืกืจื™-ืžืขื•ืฃ ืœื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
07:17
I can tell you for a fact,
179
437330
2000
ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื
07:19
that the next one that they're planning is called The Extremely Large Telescope.
180
439330
3000
ืฉืœื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ื‘ื ื”ื ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™.
07:22
(Laughter)
181
442330
2000
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:24
And you wouldn't believe it,
182
444330
2000
ื•ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ,
07:26
but the one after that is going to be called The Overwhelmingly Large Telescope.
183
446330
3000
ืื‘ืœ ืœื–ื” ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื ืื—ืจื™ื• ื”ื ื™ืงืจืื• ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื›ืจืขืช.
07:29
But nonetheless,
184
449330
2000
ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ,
07:31
it's an extraordinary piece of engineering.
185
451330
2000
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื—ืชื™ื›ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื ื“ืกื™ืช ื™ื•ืฆืืช-ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
07:33
These are four 8.2 meter telescopes.
186
453330
3000
ืืœื” ื”ื 4 ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืงื•ื˜ืจ 8.2 ืžื˜ืจ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“.
07:36
And these telescopes, among other things,
187
456330
2000
ื•ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืชืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
07:38
they're being used to study
188
458330
2000
ื™ืฉืžืฉื• ืœื—ืงื•ืจ
07:40
how the expansion of the universe is changing with time.
189
460330
3000
ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืžืฉืชื ื” ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
07:43
And the more you understand that,
190
463330
2000
ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘,
07:45
the better you would understand
191
465330
2000
ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘
07:47
what this dark energy that the universe is made of is all about.
192
467330
3000
ืžื” ื–ื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ืฉืžืžื ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
07:50
And one piece of engineering that I want to leave you with
193
470330
3000
ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื ื“ืกื™ืช ืื—ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื
07:53
as regards this telescope
194
473330
2000
ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื–ื”
07:55
is the mirror.
195
475330
2000
ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืจืื”.
07:57
Each mirror, there are four of them,
196
477330
2000
ื›ืœ ืžืจืื”, ื™ืฉื ืŸ 4 ื›ืืœื”,
07:59
is made of a single piece of glass,
197
479330
2000
ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืžื—ืชื™ื›ื” ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช,
08:01
a monolithic piece of high-tech ceramic,
198
481330
2000
ืงืจืžื™ืงื” ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช-ืขื™ืœื™ืช ื•ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ื›ืžืงืฉื” ืื—ืช,
08:03
that has been ground down and polished to such accuracy
199
483330
3000
ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ืฉื™ื•ืฃ ื•ืœื™ื˜ื•ืฉ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ื–ื”
08:06
that the only way to understand what that is
200
486330
3000
ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื
08:09
is [to] imagine a city like Paris,
201
489330
2000
ื”ื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืขื™ืจ ื›ืžื• ืคืจื™ืก,
08:11
with all its buildings and the Eiffel Tower,
202
491330
3000
ืขื ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื” ื•ืžื’ื“ืœ ืื™ื™ืคืœ,
08:14
if you grind down Paris to that kind of accuracy,
203
494330
3000
ืื ื ืฉื™ื™ืฃ ืืช ืคืจื™ื– ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื“ื™ื•ืง,
08:17
you would be left with bumps that are one millimeter high.
204
497330
4000
ื™ื™ืฉืืจื• ืžืžื ื” ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉื’ื•ื‘ื”ืŸ ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืž"ืž.
08:21
And that's the kind of polishing that these mirrors have endured.
205
501330
3000
ื”ืžืจืื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื• ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืจืžืช ืœื™ื˜ื•ืฉ.
08:24
An extraordinary set of telescopes.
206
504330
2000
ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื•ืฆืืช-ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœ ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื.
08:26
Here's another view of the same.
207
506330
2000
ื”ื ื” ืขื•ื“ ืžื‘ื˜ ืขืœื™ื”ื.
08:28
The reason why you have to build these telescopes
208
508330
2000
ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืžืงื ืืช ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื
08:30
in places like the Atacama Desert
209
510330
2000
ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืื˜ืงืืžื”,
08:32
is because of the high altitude desert.
210
512330
3000
ื”ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ.
08:35
The dry air is really good for telescopes,
211
515330
3000
ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉ ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื,
08:38
and also, the cloud cover is below the summit of these mountains
212
518330
2000
ื•ื’ื ืฉื›ื‘ืช ื”ืขื ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคืกื’ืช ื”ื”ืจ
08:40
so that the telescopes have
213
520330
2000
ื›ืš ืฉื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ื–ื•ื›ื™ื
08:42
about 300 days of clear skies.
214
522330
2000
ืœื›-300 ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื ืงื™ื™ื.
08:44
Finally, I want to take you to Antarctica.
215
524330
2000
ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืืงื— ืืชื›ื ืœืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”.
08:46
I want to spend most of my time on this part of the world.
216
526330
4000
ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื–ืžื ื™ ื‘ื—ืœืง ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
08:50
This is cosmology's final frontier.
217
530330
2000
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืงื“ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ืกืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
08:52
Some of the most amazing experiments,
218
532330
2000
ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื,
08:54
some of the most extreme experiments,
219
534330
2000
ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจื—ื™ืงื™-ืœื›ืช,
08:56
are being done in Antarctica.
220
536330
2000
ืžืชื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื‘ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”.
08:58
I was there to view something called a long-duration balloon flight,
221
538330
3000
ื ื›ื—ืชื™ ืฉื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื ื˜ื™ืกืช ื‘ืœื•ืŸ ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช,
09:01
which basically takes telescopes and instruments
222
541330
3000
ืืฉืจ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืœื•ืงื— ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ื•ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื
09:04
all the way to the upper atmosphere,
223
544330
2000
ืืœ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”,
09:06
the upper stratosphere, 40 km up.
224
546330
3000
ื”ืกื˜ืจื˜ื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”, 40 ืง"ืž ืžืขืœื”.
09:09
And that's where they do their experiments,
225
549330
2000
ื•ืฉื ื”ื ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื”ื,
09:11
and then the balloon, the payload, is brought down.
226
551330
3000
ื•ืœืื—ืจ-ืžื›ืŸ, ื”ื‘ืœื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ืœืžื˜ื”.
09:14
So this is us landing on the Ross Ice Shelf in Antarctica.
227
554330
3000
ื›ืืŸ ืืœื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื ื—ืชื ื• ืขืœ ืžื“ืฃ ื”ืงืจื— ืจื•ืก, ื‘ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”.
09:17
That's an American C-17 cargo plane
228
557330
2000
ื–ื” ืžื˜ื•ืก ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ C-17
09:19
that flew us from New Zealand
229
559330
2000
ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืก ืื•ืชื ื• ืžื ื™-ื–ื™ืœื ื“
09:21
to McMurdo in Antarctica.
230
561330
2000
ืœืžืงืžื•ืจื“ื• ื‘ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”.
09:23
And here we are about to board our bus.
231
563330
2000
ื•ื›ืืŸ ืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก.
09:25
And I don't know if you can read the lettering,
232
565330
2000
ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช,
09:27
but it says, "Ivan the Terribus."
233
567330
3000
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉื, "ืื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ืจื™ื‘ื•ืก".
09:30
And that's taking us to McMurdo.
234
570330
3000
ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื•ืงื— ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืžืงืžื•ืจื“ื•.
09:33
And this is the scene that greets you in McMurdo.
235
573330
3000
ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžืจืื” ืฉืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืคื ื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืงืžื•ืจื“ื•.
09:36
And you barely might be able to make out
236
576330
2000
ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ
09:38
this hut here.
237
578330
2000
ื‘ืฆืจื™ืฃ ื›ืืŸ.
09:40
This hut was built by Robert Falcon Scott and his men
238
580330
3000
ืฆืจื™ืฃ ื–ื” ื ื‘ื ื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืคืœืงื•ืŸ ืกืงื•ื˜ ื•ืื ืฉื™ื•
09:43
when they first came to Antarctica
239
583330
2000
ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื‘ืื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”
09:45
on their first expedition to go to the South Pole.
240
585330
2000
ื‘ืžืฉืœื—ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื”ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™.
09:47
Because it's so cold,
241
587330
2000
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืงืจ ื›ืœ-ื›ืš,
09:49
the entire contents of that hut is still as they left it,
242
589330
3000
ื›ืœ ืชื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืฆืจื™ืฃ ื ืฉืืจื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืขื–ื‘ื•,
09:52
with the remnants of the last meal they cooked still there.
243
592330
3000
ืขื ื”ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืžื”ืืจื•ื—ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื ื‘ื™ืฉืœื•.
09:55
It's an extraordinary place.
244
595330
2000
ื–ื”ื• ืžืงื•ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžื™ื ื•.
09:57
This is McMurdo itself. About a thousand people work here in summer,
245
597330
3000
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžืงืžื•ืจื“ื• ืขืฆืžื”. ื›ืืœืฃ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืงื™ืฅ,
10:00
and about 200 in winter
246
600330
2000
ื•ื›ืžืืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ
10:02
when it's completely dark for six months.
247
602330
2000
ื›ืืฉืจ ืื– ื—ืฉื•ืš ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœืžืฉืš 6 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.
10:04
I was here to see the launch
248
604330
2000
ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื›ืืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ
10:06
of this particular type of instrument.
249
606330
2000
ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื”ื–ื” ืžืกื•ื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื.
10:08
This is a cosmic ray experiment
250
608330
2000
ื–ื”ื• ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืงืจื™ื ื” ืงื•ืกืžื™ืช
10:10
that has been launched all the way to the upper-stratosphere
251
610330
3000
ืฉืฉื•ื’ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืขื“ ื”ืกื˜ืจื˜ื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”
10:13
to an altitude of 40 km.
252
613330
2000
ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ 40 ืง"ืž.
10:15
What I want you to imagine is this is two tons in weight.
253
615330
3000
ืื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืฉืชื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื–ื” ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืœ 2 ื˜ื•ืŸ.
10:18
So you're using a balloon
254
618330
2000
ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ืœื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™
10:20
to carry something that is two tons
255
620330
2000
ืœืฉืืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ 2 ื˜ื•ืŸ
10:22
all the way to an altitude of 40 km.
256
622330
3000
ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืขื“ ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ 40 ืง"ืž.
10:25
And the engineers, the technicians, the physicists
257
625330
3000
ื•ื”ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื, ื”ื˜ื›ื ืื™ื, ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ื,
10:28
have all got to assemble on the Ross Ice Shelf,
258
628330
3000
ื”ื™ื• ื›ื•ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืืกืฃ ืขืœ ืžื“ืฃ ื”ืงืจื— ืจื•ืก,
10:31
because Antarctica -- I won't go into the reasons why --
259
631330
3000
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” -- ืœื ืื›ื ืก ืœืกื™ื‘ื•ืช --
10:34
but it's one of the most favorable places for doing these balloon launches,
260
634330
2000
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืคื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ
10:36
except for the weather.
261
636330
2000
ืœืฉื’ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืœื•ื ื™ื, ืœืžืขื˜ ืžื–ื’-ื”ืื•ื™ืจ.
10:38
The weather, as you can imagine,
262
638330
2000
ืžื–ื’-ื”ืื•ื™ืจ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ,
10:40
this is summer, and you're standing on 200 ft of ice.
263
640330
2000
ื–ื”ื• ืงื™ืฅ, ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขืœ 70 ืžื˜ืจ ืงืจื—.
10:42
And there's a volcano behind,
264
642330
2000
ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืจ-ื’ืขืฉ ืžืื—ื•ืจ,
10:44
which has glaciers at the very top.
265
644330
2000
ืฉื™ืฉ ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ืกื’ืชื•.
10:46
And what they have to do
266
646330
2000
ื•ืžื” ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช
10:48
is they have to assemble the entire balloon --
267
648330
2000
ื–ื” ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื‘ืœื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืœื• --
10:50
the fabric, parachute and everything -- on the ice
268
650330
3000
ืืช ื”ืืจื™ื’, ื”ืžืฆื ื— ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ -- ืขืœ ื”ืงืจื—
10:53
and then fill it up with helium.
269
653330
2000
ื•ืื– ืœืžืœืื• ื‘ื”ืœื™ื•ื.
10:55
And that process takes about two hours.
270
655330
2000
ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ืœื•ืงื— ื›ืฉืขืชื™ื™ื.
10:57
And the weather can change as they're putting together this whole assembly.
271
657330
3000
ื•ืžื–ื’-ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืจื›ื‘ื”.
11:00
For instance, here they are laying down the balloon fabric behind,
272
660330
3000
ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื›ืืŸ ื”ื ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข ืืช ืืจื™ื’ ื”ื‘ืœื•ืŸ,
11:03
which is eventually going to be filled up with helium.
273
663330
3000
ืืฉืจ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ืžื•ืœื ื‘ื”ืœื™ื•ื.
11:06
Those two trucks you see at the very end
274
666330
2000
ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืงืฆื”
11:08
carry 12 tanks each of compressed helium.
275
668330
3000
ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื›ืœ ืื—ืช 12 ืžื™ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื•ื ื“ื—ื•ืก.
11:11
Now, in case the weather changes before the launch,
276
671330
3000
ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื‘ื• ืžื–ื’-ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ืžืฉืชื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ,
11:14
they have to actually pack everything back up into their boxes
277
674330
3000
ืื– ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืืจื•ื– ืžืžืฉ ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืชื•ืš ืงื•ืคืกื•ืชื™ื”ื
11:17
and take it out back to McMurdo Station.
278
677330
3000
ื•ืœืงื—ืชืŸ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืชื—ื ืช ืžืงืžื•ืจื“ื•.
11:20
And this particular balloon,
279
680330
2000
ื•ื”ื‘ืœื•ืŸ ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื–ื”,
11:22
because it has to launch two tons of weight,
280
682330
2000
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืœืฉืืช ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืœ 2 ื˜ื•ืŸ,
11:24
is an extremely huge balloon.
281
684330
3000
ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขื“ ืžืื•ื“.
11:27
The fabric alone weighs two tons.
282
687330
2000
ื”ืืจื™ื’ ืœื‘ื“ื• ืฉื•ืงืœ 2 ื˜ื•ืŸ.
11:29
In order to minimize the weight,
283
689330
3000
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืžืฆื ืœืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉืงืœ,
11:32
it's very thin, it's as thin as a sandwich wrapper.
284
692330
2000
ื”ืืจื™ื’ ื“ืง ืžืื•ื“, ื”ื•ื ื“ืง ื›ืžื• ืขื˜ื™ืคืช ื›ืจื™ืš.
11:34
And if they have to pack it back,
285
694330
2000
ื•ืื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืืจื•ื– ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”,
11:36
they have to put it into boxes
286
696330
2000
ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช
11:38
and stamp on it so that it fits into the box again --
287
698330
3000
ื•ืœื“ืจื•ืš ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืชืื™ื ืœืงื•ืคืกื” --
11:41
except, when they did it first,
288
701330
2000
ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืคืขื ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
11:43
it would have been done in Texas.
289
703330
2000
ืฉื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื˜ืงืกืก.
11:45
Here, they can't do it with the kind shoes they're wearing,
290
705330
3000
ื›ืืŸ, ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืขื ืกื•ื’ ื”ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื ื•ืขืœื™ื,
11:48
so they have to take their shoes off,
291
708330
2000
ืœื›ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื—ืœื•ืฅ ืืช ื ืขืœื™ื”ื,
11:50
get barefoot into the boxes, in this cold,
292
710330
2000
ืœื“ืจื•ืš ื™ื—ืคื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ืจ ื›ื–ื”
11:52
and do that kind of work.
293
712330
2000
ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
11:54
That's the kind of dedication these people have.
294
714330
2000
ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ื”ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืืœื”.
11:56
Here's the balloon being filled up with helium,
295
716330
2000
ื›ืืŸ ื”ื‘ืœื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืœื™ื•ื,
11:58
and you can see it's a gorgeous sight.
296
718330
2000
ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืจืื” ื”ื™ืคื”ืคื”.
12:00
Here's a scene
297
720330
2000
ื”ื ื” ืชืžื•ื ื”
12:02
that shows you the balloon and the payload end-to-end.
298
722330
2000
ื”ืžืจืื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืœื•ืŸ ื•ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ.
12:04
So the balloon is being filled up with helium on the left-hand side,
299
724330
3000
ื”ื‘ืœื•ืŸ ืžืชืžืœื ื‘ื”ืœื™ื•ื ืžืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ,
12:07
and the fabric actually runs all the way to the middle
300
727330
3000
ื•ื”ืืจื™ื’ ืคืจื•ืก ืขื“ ืœืืžืฆืข
12:10
where there's a piece of electronics and explosives
301
730330
3000
ืฉืฉื ื™ืฉ ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™-ื ืคืฅ
12:13
being connected to a parachute,
302
733330
2000
ื”ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืžืฆื ื—,
12:15
and then the parachute is then connected to the payload.
303
735330
2000
ื•ืื– ื”ืžืฆื ื— ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืœืžื˜ืขืŸ.
12:17
And remember, all this wiring is being done
304
737330
2000
ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ, ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืžืชื‘ืฆืข
12:19
by people in extreme cold, in sub-zero temperatures.
305
739330
3000
ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืจ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™, ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœืืคืก.
12:22
They're wearing about 15 kg of clothing and stuff,
306
742330
3000
ื”ื ืœื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืฉืžืฉืงืœื• 15 ืง"ื’,
12:25
but they have to take their gloves off in order to do that.
307
745330
3000
ืื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืคืคื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื–ืืช.
12:28
And I would like to share with you a launch.
308
748330
3000
ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืชืฃ ืืชื›ื ื‘ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ.
12:31
(Video) Radio: Okay, release the balloon,
309
751330
2000
(ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ) ืจื“ื™ื•: ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืœื•ืŸ,
12:33
release the balloon, release the balloon.
310
753330
3000
ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืœื•ืŸ, ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืœื•ืŸ.
13:04
Anil Ananthaswamy: And I'll finally like to leave you with two images.
311
784330
3000
ืื ื™ืœ ืื ื ื˜ืกื•ื•ืืžื™: ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืืฉืื™ืจ ืืชื›ื ืขื ืฉืชื™ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช.
13:07
This is an observatory in the Himalayas, in Ladakh in India.
312
787330
3000
ื–ื”ื• ืžืฆืคื”-ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื™ ื”ื”ื™ืžืœืื™ื”, ื‘ืœื“ืืง ืฉื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•.
13:10
And the thing I want you to look at here
313
790330
2000
ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœื™ื•
13:12
is the telescope on the right-hand side.
314
792330
2000
ื”ื•ื ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ.
13:14
And on the far left there
315
794330
2000
ื•ื”ืจื—ืง ืžืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ
13:16
is a 400 year-old Buddhist monastery.
316
796330
2000
ื ืžืฆื ืžื ื–ืจ ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื™ืกื˜ื™ ื‘ืŸ 400 ืฉื ื”.
13:18
This is a close-up of the Buddhist monastery.
317
798330
2000
ื–ื”ื• ืชืงืจื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื–ืจ.
13:20
And I was struck by the juxtaposition
318
800330
3000
ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ืจืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ื–ื• ื”ืกืžื™ื›ื•ืช
13:23
of these two enormous disciplines that humanity has.
319
803330
3000
ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืขื ืคื™ ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื”ืืœื”.
13:26
One is exploring the cosmos on the outside,
320
806330
3000
ื”ืื—ื“ ื—ื•ืงืจ ื•ืžื’ืœื” ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ,
13:29
and the other one is exploring our interior being.
321
809330
2000
ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจ ื•ืžื’ืœื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™.
13:31
And both require silence of some sort.
322
811330
3000
ื•ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืฉืงื˜.
13:34
And what struck me was
323
814330
2000
ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ืจืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ื”ื™ื”
13:36
every place that I went to to see these telescopes,
324
816330
2000
ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื,
13:38
the astronomers and cosmologists
325
818330
2000
ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืงื•ืกืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื
13:40
are in search of a certain kind of silence,
326
820330
2000
ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืžื™ืŸ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืฉืงื˜,
13:42
whether it's silence from radio pollution
327
822330
2000
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื” ืฉืงื˜ ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื’ืœื™-ืจื“ื™ื•
13:44
or light pollution or whatever.
328
824330
3000
ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื” ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืื•ืจ ืื• ืžืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ.
13:47
And it was very obvious
329
827330
2000
ื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื ื”ื™ืจ
13:49
that, if we destroy these silent places on Earth,
330
829330
2000
ืฉืื ืื ื• ื”ื•ืจืกื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ,
13:51
we will be stuck on a planet without the ability to look outwards,
331
831330
3000
ื ื™ืชืงืข ื›ืืŸ ืœืœื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”,
13:54
because we will not be able to understand the signals that come from outer space.
332
834330
3000
ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื•ืœืคืขื ื— ืืช ื”ืื•ืชื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ.
13:57
Thank you.
333
837330
2000
ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
13:59
(Applause)
334
839330
3000
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7