Does grammar matter? - Andreea S. Calude

Translator: Nazarbek Nazarov Reviewer: Azizbek Nazarov

You're telling a friend an amazing story,

Siz do'stingizga qiziq bir hikoyani so'zlab berasiz,

and you just get to the best part when suddenly he interrupts,

va kulminatsiyasiga yetib keldingiz, shu joyida u sizning gapingizni bo'ladi:

"The alien and I," not "Me and the alien."

"osmonga chiqayotib" emas, "ko'tarilayotib".

Most of us would probably be annoyed,

Hech kimga yoqmaydi bu holat.

but aside from the rude interruption,

Xa, gapni bo'lish qo'pol, albatta.

does your friend have a point?

Do'stingiz nohaqmi?

Was your sentence actually grammatically incorrect?

Gapingizda xato yo'qmidi?

And if he still understood it, why does it even matter?

Gap nima haqida ketayotganini shundoq ham tushunayotgan ekan, nega unday qildi?

From the point of view of linguistics,

Lingvistika nuqtai nazaridan,

grammar is a set of patterns for how words are put together

grammatika — so'zlarni biror gap yoki so'z birikmasiga joylashtirishga

to form phrases or clauses,

yordam beruvchi qoidalar va tuzilmalar yig'indisi,

whether spoken or in writing.

yozma nutqda ham, og'zakida nutqda ham.

Different languages have different patterns.

Bu tuzilmalar har tilda har xil.

In English, the subject normally comes first,

Ingliz tilida odatda ega birinchi keladi,

followed by the verb,

uning ketidan kesim,

and then the object,

undan keyin to'ldiruvchi.

while in Japanese and many other languages,

Yapon tilida va ko'plab boshqa tillarda

the order is subject, object, verb.

esa so'z tartibi quyidagicha: ega, to'ldiruvchi, kesim.

Some scholars have tried to identify patterns common to all languages,

Ba'zi olimlar barcha tillar uchun umumiy modellarni topishga harakat qilishdi,

but apart from some basic features,

biroq, ot va fe'llar mavjudligi kabi ba'zi

like having nouns or verbs,

oddiy narsalardan tashqari

few of these so-called linguistic universals have been found.

boshqa lingvistik universalliklar topa olishmadi.

And while any language needs consistent patterns to function,

Til ishlashi uchun aniq modellar kerak bo'lgani, ularni chuqur

the study of these patterns opens up an ongoing debate between two positions

o'rganishda ikki xil usul tarafdorlari o'rtasida bahslarga sabab bo'ldi:

known as prescriptivism and descriptivism.

preskriptivizm va deskriptivizm tarafdorlari.

Grossly simplified,

Oddiy qilib aytganda:

prescriptivists think a given language should follow consistent rules,

preskriptivistlar hisoblashicha, tilda ma'lum bir qoidalar bo'lishi kerak,

while descriptivists see variation and adaptation as a natural

deskriptivistlar esa qoidalardan og'ish va farqlanishlarni

and necessary part of language.

tilning muhim bir qismi sifatida ko'rishadi.

For much of history, the vast majority of language was spoken.

Ko'p vaqtlar davomida tillar faqat og'zaki shaklda mavjud bo'lgan,

But as people became more interconnected and writing gained importance,

lekin vaqt sayin yozma shaklga zarurat paydo bo'la boshladi.

written language was standardized to allow broader communication

Muloqotni kengaytirish va insonlar o'rtasida o'zaro tushunshni

and ensure that people in different parts of a realm could understand each other.

kafolatlash uchun yozma nutq normalari shakllana boshladi.

In many languages, this standard form came to be considered the only proper one,

Ko'pchilik tillarda bu standart shakl aslida og'zaki shaklning

despite being derived from just one of many spoken varieties,

variantlaridan biridan kelib chiqqan bo'lganligiga qaramay

usually that of the people in power.

yagona to'g'ri shakl deb hisoblana boshlandi.

Language purists worked to establish and propagate this standard

Tilni tozalash tarafdorlari o'sha paytda ishlab chiqilgan grammatika orqali

by detailing a set of rules that reflected the established grammar of their times.

ushbu normalarni keng yoya boshladi.

And rules for written grammar were applied to spoken language, as well.

Grammatik qoidalar kelgusida og'zaki nutqda ham qo'llanila boshlandi.

Speech patterns that deviated from the written rules were considered corruptions,

Yangi normalardan farqli og'zaki nutq normalari xato deb hisoblana boshlandi,

or signs of low social status,

yoki past tabaqa belgisi sifatida qabul qilingan.

and many people who had grown up speaking in these ways

Bolalikdan noto'g'ri gapirishni o'rganganlarga ham

were forced to adopt the standardized form.

bu standart normani o'zlashtirishga undashgan.

More recently, however,

Lekin keyinchalik,

linguists have understood that speech is a separate phenomenon from writing

lingvistlar tushunishdiki, nutq aslida yozuvda farq qilishi, va uning o'zining

with its own regularities and patterns.

alohida norma va modellari bo'lishi kerak.

Most of us learn to speak at such an early age that we don't even remember it.

Ko'pchilik gapirishni erta o'rganishgani sabab, qanday o'rganganini eslay olmaydi.

We form our spoken repertoire through unconscious habits,

Bizning og'zaki nutq layoqatimiz ongosti odatlari tufayli shakllanadi,

not memorized rules.

qoidalarni o'rganish bilan emas.

And because speech also uses mood and intonation for meaning,

Og'zaki nutqda asosiy e'tibor kayfiyat va intonatsiyaga qaratilganidek,

its structure is often more flexible,

uning tuzilishi ham juda moslashuvchan

adapting to the needs of speakers and listeners.

va so'zlovchi bilan tinglovchi ehtiyojlariga moslashadi.

This could mean avoiding complex clauses that are hard to parse in real time,

Masalan bu holatni murakkab, tinglovchi uchun tushunish qiyin bo'lgan gaplarda,

making changes to avoid awkward pronounciation,

qiyin talaffuz qilinadigan iboralarda yoki

or removing sounds to make speech faster.

nutqni tezlashtirish uchun ayrim tovushlar tushishida ko'rish mumkin.

The linguistic approach that tries to understand and map such differences

Ushbu lingvistik yondashuv, bu hodisalarni tushunishga va ifodalashga harakat qiladi

without dictating correct ones is known as descriptivism.

va tilga hech qanday qoidalarni bog'lab qo'ymaydi. Bu deskriptivizm deb nom olgan.

Rather than deciding how language should be used,

Til qanday ishlashini ifodalashdan farqli holda,

it describes how people actually use it,

bu yo'l insonlarning tilni qanday ishlatishini va

and tracks the innovations they come up with in the process.

foydalanish davomida undagi yuzaga kelayotgan yangiliklarni ifodaydi.

But while the debate between

Preskriptivizm va deskriptivizm

prescriptivism and descriptivism continues,

maktablari o'rtasidagi bahslar xali ham davom

the two are not mutually exclusive.

etayotgan bo'lsa-da, ular bir-birini inkor etmaydi.

At its best, prescriptivism is useful for informing people

Preskriptivizmning foydasi shundaki, u ma'lum bir vaqt ichida

about the most common established patterns at a given point in time.

qanday umumiy qoidalar mavjud ekanligi haqida xabar beradi.

This is important, not only for formal contexts,

Bu nafaqat rasmiy nutqlar uchun muhim,

but it also makes communication easier between non-native speakers

balki chet tillarida muloqotni yanada osonlashtirish yoki jamiyatning

from different backgrounds.

turli qatlamidagi insonlar muloqoti uchun ham.

Descriptivism, on the other hand,

Deskriptivizm, boshqa tomondan,

gives us insight into how our minds work

bizga ongimiz qanday ishlashi haqida va

and the instinctive ways in which we structure our view of the world.

dunyoqarashimiz ongostimizda qanday shakllanishi haqida ma'lumot beradi.

Ultimately, grammar is best thought of as a set of linguistic habits

Nihoyat, grammatika — eng maqbul til odatlari yig'indisi,

that are constantly being negotiated and reinvented

va u doim katta omma tomonidan muhokama qilinadi,

by the entire group of language users.

va doim ko'rib chiqiladi.

Like language itself,

Umumiy tilga o'xshab,

it's a wonderful and complex fabric

grammatika — o'ziga xos va murakkab

woven through the contributions of speakers and listeners,

material, va u dunyoning har xil chekkasidagi tinglovchilar va

writers and readers,

so'zlovchilar, yozuvchilar va

prescriptivists and descriptivists,

o'quvchilar, preskriptivist va deskriptivist

from both near and far.

olimlar nutqlaridan kelib chiqqan.