Is there a disease that makes us love cats? - Jaap de Roode

Da li postoji bolest koja čini da volimo mačke - Jap de Rod (Jaap de Roode)

1,869,563 views

2016-06-23 ・ TED-Ed


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Is there a disease that makes us love cats? - Jaap de Roode

Da li postoji bolest koja čini da volimo mačke - Jap de Rod (Jaap de Roode)

1,869,563 views ・ 2016-06-23

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Ivana Krivokuća Lektor: Tijana Mihajlović
00:06
Is there a disease that makes us love cats,
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Da li postoji bolest koja čini da volimo mačke
00:10
and do you have it?
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i da li je vi imate?
00:12
Maybe,
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Može biti,
00:13
and it's more likely than you'd think.
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a to je verovatnije nego što mislite.
Radi se o toksoplazmozi,
00:16
We're talking about toxoplasmosis,
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00:18
a disease caused by toxoplasma gondii.
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oboljenju koje izaziva Toxoplasma gondii.
00:22
Like all parasites, toxoplasma lives at the expense of its host,
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Kao i svi paraziti, toksoplazmoza živi na račun svog domaćina
00:27
and needs its host to produce offspring.
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i potreban joj je domaćin da bi stvorila potomstvo.
00:30
To do that, toxo orchestrates a brain manipulation scheme
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Da bi to postigla, toksoplazma orkestrira manipulatinom šemom u mozgu
00:35
involving cats,
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koja podrazumeva mačke,
00:36
their rodent prey,
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njihov plen, glodare,
00:37
and virtually all other birds and mammals,
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kao i gotovo sve druge ptice i sisare,
00:40
including humans.
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uključujući ljude.
Zabeležene ljudske infekcije potiču čak iz Starog Egipta.
00:43
Documented human infections go as far back as ancient Egypt.
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00:47
We found samples in mummies.
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Pronaši smo uzorke kod mumija.
00:50
Today, about a third of the world's population is infected,
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Danas je inficirano oko trećine svetske populacije,
00:54
and most of them never even know it.
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a većina njih nikada to ne sazna.
00:57
In healthy people, symptoms often don't show up at all.
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Kod zdravih ljudi, simptomi se često uopšte ne javljaju.
01:00
When they do, they're mild and flu-like.
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Kada se pojave, blagi su i slični gripu.
01:04
But those are just the physical symptoms.
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Međutim, to su samo fizički simptomi.
01:06
Toxoplasma also nestles into our brains
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Toksoplazma se takođe ugnezdi u našem mozgu
01:10
and meddles with our behavior behind the scenes.
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i upliće se u naše ponašanje iza kulisa.
01:14
To understand why, let's take a look at the parasite's life cycle.
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Da bismo razumeli zašto je to tako, pogledajmo životni ciklus ovog parazita.
01:18
While the parasite can multiply in practically any host,
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Mada se parazit može umnožavati u praktično bilo kom domaćinu,
01:22
it can only reproduce sexually in the intestines of cats.
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mogu se seksualno razmnožavati samo u crevima mačaka.
01:27
The offspring, called oocysts, are shed in the cat's feces.
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Potomci zvani oociste izbacuju se kroz izmet mačke.
01:31
A single cat can shed up to a hundred million oocysts.
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Jedna mačka može izbaciti i do stotine miliona oocista.
01:36
If another animal, like a mouse, accidentally ingests them,
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Ako ih druga životinja, kao što je miš, slučajno proguta,
01:40
they'll invade the mouse's tissues and mature to form tissue cysts.
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napašće tkiva miša i sazreti tako da formiraju tkivne ciste.
01:45
If the mouse gets eaten by a cat,
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Ako miša pojede mačka,
01:47
the tissue cysts become active and release offspring
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tkivne ciste postaju aktivne i oslobađaju potomke
01:51
that mate to form new oocysts,
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koji se pare da bi formirali nove oociste,
dovršavajući ciklus.
01:54
completing the cycle.
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01:55
But there's a problem.
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Međutim, postoji problem.
01:56
A mouse's natural desire to avoid a cat makes it tough to close this loop.
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Prirodna potreba miša da izbegne mačku otežava zatvaranje ove petlje.
02:01
Toxoplasma has a solution for that.
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Toksoplazma ima rešenje za to.
02:04
The parasites invade white blood cells to hitch a ride to the brain
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Paraziti prodiru u bele krvne ćelije da bi uhvatili prevoz do mozga,
02:10
where they seem to override the innate fear of predators.
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gde izgleda poništavaju urođeni strah od predatora.
02:14
Infected rodents are more reckless and have slower reaction times.
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Inficirani glodari su više nesmotreni i imaju sporije vreme reakcije.
02:19
Strangest of all, they're actually attracted to feline urine,
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Što je najčudnije, zapravo ih privlači mačji urin,
02:24
which probably makes them more likely to cross paths with a cat
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zbog čega je verovatno veća šansa da im se ukrsti put sa mačkom
02:28
and help the parasite complete its life cycle.
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i da će pomoći parazitu da završi svoj životni ciklus.
02:31
How does the parasite pull this off?
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Kako parazitu to uspeva?
02:33
Although the exact mechanism isn't known, toxo appears to increase dopamine,
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Mada mehanizam nije tačno poznat, izgleda da toksoplazma povećava dopamin,
02:38
a brain neurotransmitter that is involved in novelty-seeking behavior.
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moždani neurotransmiter koji je uključen u ponašanje traganja za novinama.
02:44
Thus, one idea is that toxo tinkers with neurotransmitters,
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Stoga je jedna ideja da toksoplazma petlja sa neurotransmiterima,
02:48
the chemical signals that modulate emotions.
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hemijskim signalima koji podešavaju emocije.
Rezultat?
02:52
The result?
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02:53
Fatal attraction.
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Fatalna privlačnost.
Međutim, miševi nisu jedine životinje koje završe sa ovim parazitima,
02:55
But mice aren't the only animals that end up with these parasites,
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02:58
and that's where humans, and all of toxo's other hosts, come in.
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a tu stupamo na scenu mi ljudi i svi drugi domaćini toksoplazme.
03:03
We can accidentally ingest oocysts in contaminated water,
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Možemo slučajno uneti oociste kroz kontaminiranu vodu
03:08
or unwashed produce,
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ili neoprane poljoprivredne proizvode,
03:10
or from playing in sandboxes,
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ili igrajući se u kutijama sa peskom,
03:12
or cleaning out litter boxes.
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ili čisteći posude za vršenje nužde.
03:15
This is behind the common recommendation that pregnant women not change cat litter.
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Iz tog razloga je uobičajena preporuka da trudne žene ne menjaju posude mačaka.
03:20
Toxo can cause serious birth defects.
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Toksoplazma može izazvati ozbiljne defekte na rođenju.
03:23
We can also get toxo from eating undercooked meat
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Takođe možemo dobiti toksplazmu tako što pojedemo nedovoljno kuvano meso
03:26
from other animals that picked up some oocysts.
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drugih životinja koje su pokupile oociste.
03:30
And it turns out that toxo can mess with our brains, too.
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Ispostavilo se da toksoplazma može da poremeti i naš mozak.
03:34
Studies have found connections between toxo and schizophrenia,
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Istraživanja su pokazala povezanost između toksoplazme i šizofrenije,
03:38
biopolar disorder,
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bipolarnog poremećaja,
03:39
obsessive compulsive disorder,
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opsesivno-kompulzivnog poremećaja
03:41
and aggression.
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i agresije.
03:43
It also slows reactions and decreases concentration,
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Takođe usporava reakcije i snižava koncentraciju,
03:47
which may be why one study found that people involved in traffic accidents
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a moguće je, kao što jedna studija otkriva,
da ljudi uključeni u saobraćajne nesreće
03:51
were almost three times more likely to have toxoplasma.
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imaju skoro tri puta veće šanse da imaju toksoplazmu.
03:56
So is toxo manipulating our brains as an evolutionary strategy
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Dakle, da li je manipulacija našim mozgom toksoplazme evolutivna strategija
04:01
to get predatory cats to eat us?
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da navede mačke grabljivice da nas pojedu?
04:05
Or are our brains just similar enough to a rodent's
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Ili je jednostavno naš mozak dovoljno sličan glodarovom
04:09
that the same neurological tricks that lure them in catch us in the net, too?
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tako da isti neurološki trikovi koji mame njih hvataju i nas u mreže?
Da li je toksoplazma razlog
04:15
And is toxo the reason so many people love cats and keep them as pets?
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zbog kojeg toliko ljudi voli mačke i čuva ih kao ljubimce?
Pa, porota još razmatra to pitanje.
04:21
Well, the jury's still out on that one.
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04:23
Some recent studies even contradict the idea.
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Neka skorija istraživanja čak protivreče toj ideji.
04:26
Regardless, toxoplasma has definitely benefited from humans
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U svakom slučaju, toksoplazma je definitivno imala korist od ljudi
04:31
to become one of the world's most successful parasites.
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i postala jedan od najuspešnijih parazita na svetu.
04:34
It's not just our willingness to let cats on our dining room tables
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Ne radi se samo o našoj spremnosti da pustimo mačke na trpezarijske stolove
04:38
or in our beds.
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ili u naše krevete.
04:39
Raising livestock and building cities which attract rodents
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Gajenje stoke i izgradnja gradova koji privlače glodare
04:42
has provided billions of new hosts,
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obezbedilo je milijarde novih domaćina,
04:45
and you and your cat may be two of them.
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a vi i vaša mačka ste možda dva među njima.
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