A brief history of religion in art - TED-Ed

Kratka istorija religije u umetnosti - TED-Ed

Prevodilac: Miloš Milosavljević Lektor: Mile Živković

It's only been the last few hundreds years or so

Tek u poslednjih nekoliko stotina godina

that Western civilization has been putting art in museums,

zapadna civilizacija smešta umetnost u muzeje

at least museums resembling

kao javne ustanove

the public institutions we know today.

koje danas poznajemo.

Before this, for most, art served other purposes.

Pre toga, umetnost je uglavnom služila za druge svrhe.

What we call fine art today

Ono što danas nazivamo lepa umetnost

was, in fact, primarily how people experienced

bilo je prvenstveno ono kako su ljudi doživljavali

an aesthetic dimension of religion.

estetsku dimenziju religije.

Paintings, sculpture, textiles and illuminations

Slike, skulpture, tapiserije i iluminacije

were the media of their time,

bili su medijumi svog vremena

supplying vivid imagery

i prikazivali žive slike

to accompany the stories of the day.

koje su pratile aktuelne priče.

In this sense, Western art

U ovom smislu, zapadnjačka umetnost

shared a utilitarian purpose

je delila utilitarističku svrhu

with other cultures around the world,

sa ostalim kulturama širom sveta

some of whose languages incidentally have no word for art.

od kojih neke u svom jeziku nisu imale reč za umetnost.

So how do we define what we call art?

Kako definišemo ono što zovemo umetnost?

Generally speaking, what we're talking about here

Uopšteno govoreći,

is work that visually communicates

to je delo koje vizuelno komunicira

meaning beyond language,

bez upotrebe jezika,

either through representation

bilo putem predstavljanja,

or the arrangement of visual elements in space.

bilo raspoređivanja vizuelnih elemenata u prostoru.

Evidence of this power of iconography,

Dokazi ove moći ikonografije

or ability of images to convey meaning,

ili sposobnosti slika da saopšte značenje

can be found in abundance

mogu se naći u izobilju

if we look at art from

ako pogledamo umetnost

the histories of our major world religions.

iz istorija najvećih svetskih religija.

Almost all have, at one time or another in their history,

Skoro su sve, u nekom momentu svoje istorije,

gone through some sort of aniconic phase.

prošle kroz neku vrstu ikonoklastične faze.

Aniconism prohibits any visual depiction of the divine.

Ikonoklastika zabranjuje vizuelno predstavljanje božanstva.

This is done in order to avoid idolatry,

To je uvedeno da bi se izbeglo idolopoklonstvo,

or confusion between the representation of divinity and divinity itself.

ili mešanje predstave božanstva sa božanstvom samim po sebi.

Keeping it real, so to speak,

Da bi se sačuvao

in the relationship between the individual and the divine.

autentičan odnos između pojedinca i božanstva.

However, this can be a challenge to maintain,

Međutim, može predstavljati problem da se to održi

given that the urge to visually represent and interpret

s obzirom da je potreba da vizuelno predstavimo

the world around us

i protumačimo svet oko nas

is a compulsion difficult to suppress.

prinuda koju je teško suzbiti.

For example, even today,

Na primer, čak i danas,

where the depiction of Allah or the Prophet Muhammad is prohibited,

kada je slikanje Alaha ili proroka Muhameda zabranjeno,

an abstract celebration of the divine

apstraktno slavljenje božanstva

can still be found in arabesque patterns of Islamic textile design,

ipak se može naći u arabeskama islamskih tapiserija,

with masterful flourishes of brushwork

sa majstorskim slikarskim ukrasima

and Arabic calligraphy,

i arapskom kaligrafijom,

where the words of the prophet

gde reči proroka

assume a dual role as both literature and visual art.

dobijaju dvostruku ulogu - kao književnost i kao vizuelna umetnost.

Likewise, in art from the early periods

Isto tako, u umetnosti ranih perioda

of Christianity and Buddhism,

hrišćanstva i budizma,

the divine presence of the Christ and the Buddha

božansko prisustvo Hrista i Bude

do not appear in human form

ne pojavljuje se u ljudskom obliku,

but are represented by symbols.

već je predstavljeno simbolima.

In each case,

U oba slučaja,

iconographic reference is employed

upotrebljena je ikonografska referenca

as a form of reverence.

kao oblik obožavanja.

Anthropomorphic representation,

Antropomorfno predstavljanje,

or depiction in human form,

ili prikaz u ljudskom obliku,

eventually became widespread in these religions

na kraju je postalo rašireno u ovim religijama

only centuries later,

samo stotinama godina kasnije

under the influence of the cultural traditions surrounding them.

pod uticajem kulturnih tradicija u okruženju.

Historically speaking,

Sa istorijske tačke gledišta,

the public appreciation of visual art

uživanje u vizuelnoj umetnosti

in terms other than traditional, religious or social function

izvan tradicionalne, religiozne ili društvene uloge

is a relatively new concept.

je relativno nova koncepcija.

Today, we fetishize the fetish, so to speak.

Danas, takoreći, obožavamo idole.

We go to museums to see art from the ages,

Odlazimo u muzeje da vidimo staru umetnost,

but our experience of it there

ali naš doživljaj toga tamo

is drastically removed from the context

je drastično izmešten iz konteksta

in which it was originally intended to be seen.

u kome je to trebalo posmatrati.

It might be said that the modern viewer

Moglo bi se reći da modernom posmatraču

lacks the richness of engagement

nedostaje punoća učestvovanja

that she has with contemporary art,

koju ima sa modernom umetnošću

which has been created relevant to her time

koja je u vezi sa njegovim vremenom

and speaks her cultural language.

i govori njegovim kulturnim jezikom.

It might also be said that the history of what we call art

Moglo bi se takođe reći da je istorija onoga što zovemo umetnošću

is a conversation that continues on,

konverzacija koja se nastavlja

as our contemporary present passes into what will be

dok naša savremena sadašnjost prelazi

some future generation's classical past.

u klasičnu prošlost neke buduće generacije.

It's a conversation that reflects

To je konverzacija koja odražava

the ideologies, mythologies, belief systems and taboos

ideologije, mitologije, sisteme verovanja i tabue

and so much more of the world in which it was made.

i još mnogo više od sveta u kojem su stvorene.

But this is not to say that work from another age

Ali to ne znači da je delo iz drugog vremena

made to serve a particular function in that time

koje je napravljeno specijalno za svrhu iz tog vremena

is dead or has nothing to offer the modern viewer.

mrtvo, ili da nema šta da ponudi modernom gledaocu.

Even though in a museum setting

Iako su u muzejskoj postavci

works of art from different places and times

umetnička dela iz raznih vremena i mesta

are presented alongside each other,

postavljena jedno pored drugog,

isolated from their original settings,

izdvojena iz svojih originalnih okruženja,

their juxtaposition has benefits.

njihovo slaganje ima koristi.

Exhibits are organized by curators,

Izložbe organizuju kustosi ili ljudi

or people who've made a career

koji su stvorili profesiju

out of their ability to recontextualize or remix

od svoje sposobnosti da stave u novi kontekst ili iskombinuju

cultural artifacts in a collective presentation.

kulturne artefakte u zajedničku prezentaciju.

As viewers, we're then able to consider the art

Kao posmatrači onda možemo da razmotrimo umetnost

in terms of a common theme that might not be apparent

kroz zajedničku temu koja se možda nije videla

in a particular work

u posebnom delu

until you see it alongside another,

sve dok je ne vidimo pored druge,

and new meanings can be derived and reflected upon.

čime možemo da izvedemo nova značenja.

If we're so inclined,

Ako želimo

we might even start to see every work of art

možemo početi da posmatramo svako delo

as a complementary part of some undefined, unified whole

kao komplementarni deo neke nedefinisane jedinstvene celine

of past human experience,

proteklog ljudskog iskustva,

a trail that leads right to our doorstep

traga koji vodi pravo do našeg praga

and continues on with us,

i nastavlja sa nama,

open to anyone who wants to explore it.

otvoreno za svakog ko želi da ga istraži.