A brief history of religion in art - TED-Ed

750,286 views ใƒป 2014-06-16

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:07
It's only been the last few hundreds years or so
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
00:09
that Western civilization has been putting art in museums,
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ืฉื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžื” ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื–ืื•ื ื™ื,
00:12
at least museums resembling
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ืื•ื ื™ื ืฉื“ื•ืžื™ื
00:13
the public institutions we know today.
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ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
00:17
Before this, for most, art served other purposes.
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ, ืœืจื•ื‘, ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
00:21
What we call fine art today
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื
00:23
was, in fact, primarily how people experienced
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืื™ืš ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ื•
00:25
an aesthetic dimension of religion.
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ืžื™ืžื“ ืืกื˜ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืช.
00:28
Paintings, sculpture, textiles and illuminations
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ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื, ืคืกืœื™ื, ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ืฆื™ื•ืช
00:31
were the media of their time,
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ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ,
00:33
supplying vivid imagery
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ื•ืกื™ืคืงื• ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ืช
00:35
to accompany the stories of the day.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื.
00:39
In this sense, Western art
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ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื, ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช
00:41
shared a utilitarian purpose
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ื—ืœืงื” ืžื˜ืจื” ืชื•ืขืœืชื ื™ืช
00:42
with other cultures around the world,
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ืขื ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
00:44
some of whose languages incidentally have no word for art.
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ืœื›ืžื” ืžื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืœื” ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช.
00:50
So how do we define what we call art?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืžื” ืฉืื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ืื•ืžื ื•ืช?
00:53
Generally speaking, what we're talking about here
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ืคื”
00:55
is work that visually communicates
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ื–ื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืžืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ืช
00:57
meaning beyond language,
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ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื™ืœื™ื.
00:58
either through representation
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืจืš ื”ืฆื’ื”
01:00
or the arrangement of visual elements in space.
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ืื• ื”ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ.
01:03
Evidence of this power of iconography,
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ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืงื•ื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื”ื–ื•,
01:06
or ability of images to convey meaning,
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ืื• ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช,
01:08
can be found in abundance
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืžืฆื ื‘ืฉืคืข
01:10
if we look at art from
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ืื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืžื ื•ืช
01:11
the histories of our major world religions.
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ืžื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืชื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
01:14
Almost all have, at one time or another in their history,
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ื•ืœื, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื,
01:16
gone through some sort of aniconic phase.
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ืขื‘ืจื• ืฉืœื‘ ืื ืื™ืงื•ื ื™ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•.
01:19
Aniconism prohibits any visual depiction of the divine.
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ืื ืื™ืงื•ื ื™ื–ื ืื•ืกืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™.
01:24
This is done in order to avoid idolatry,
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ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžื”ืขืฆืžื”,
01:26
or confusion between the representation of divinity and divinity itself.
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ืื• ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืฆื’ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื•ื”ื•ืช ื•ื”ืืœื•ื”ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื”.
01:31
Keeping it real, so to speak,
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ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ื–ื” ืืžื™ืชื™, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“,
01:33
in the relationship between the individual and the divine.
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ื‘ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ืœืืœื•ื”ื™.
01:36
However, this can be a challenge to maintain,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืชื’ืจ ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื–ื”,
01:38
given that the urge to visually represent and interpret
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื“ื—ืฃ ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ืช ื•ืœืคืจืฉ
01:41
the world around us
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ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•
01:42
is a compulsion difficult to suppress.
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ื”ื•ื ื“ื—ืฃ ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื“ื›ื.
01:45
For example, even today,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื•ื,
01:47
where the depiction of Allah or the Prophet Muhammad is prohibited,
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืืœืœื” ืื• ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ืืกื•ืจื™ื,
01:50
an abstract celebration of the divine
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ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™
01:53
can still be found in arabesque patterns of Islamic textile design,
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืžืฆื ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืขืจื‘ืกืง ืฉืœ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ืœ ืื™ืกืœืืžื™,
01:57
with masterful flourishes of brushwork
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ืขื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื›ื—ื•ืœ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช
01:59
and Arabic calligraphy,
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ื•ืงืœื™ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืขืจื‘ื™ืช,
02:00
where the words of the prophet
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ืฉื ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื
02:02
assume a dual role as both literature and visual art.
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ืžืงื‘ืœื•ืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื›ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื’ื ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ื’ื ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ืช.
02:05
Likewise, in art from the early periods
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืžื”ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช
02:08
of Christianity and Buddhism,
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ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื™ื–ื,
02:10
the divine presence of the Christ and the Buddha
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ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื• ืื• ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื”
02:12
do not appear in human form
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ืœื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช
02:13
but are represented by symbols.
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ืืœื ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกืžืœื™ื.
02:16
In each case,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”,
02:17
iconographic reference is employed
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ื™ื—ื•ืก ืื™ืงื•ื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ
02:19
as a form of reverence.
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ื›ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืืœื•ื”ื•ืช.
02:20
Anthropomorphic representation,
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ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืžื•ืจืคื™,
02:23
or depiction in human form,
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ืื• ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
02:25
eventually became widespread in these religions
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ื”ืคืš ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื“ืชื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
02:27
only centuries later,
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ืจืง ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ,
02:29
under the influence of the cultural traditions surrounding them.
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ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืงื™ืคื• ืื•ืชืŸ.
02:33
Historically speaking,
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ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช,
02:34
the public appreciation of visual art
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ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช
02:36
in terms other than traditional, religious or social function
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื, ื“ืชื™ื™ื ืื• ืขื ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช
02:39
is a relatively new concept.
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ื”ื™ื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื—ื“ืฉ.
02:41
Today, we fetishize the fetish, so to speak.
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืคื˜ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืคื˜ื™ืฉ, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“.
02:45
We go to museums to see art from the ages,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืžื•ื–ืื•ื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืช ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช,
02:47
but our experience of it there
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืฉืœื” ืฉื
02:48
is drastically removed from the context
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ื”ื™ื ืžื ื•ืชืงืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ื”ืงืฉืจ
02:50
in which it was originally intended to be seen.
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ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ.
02:53
It might be said that the modern viewer
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉืœืฆื•ืคื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™
02:55
lacks the richness of engagement
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ืื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ
02:57
that she has with contemporary art,
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืขื ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช,
02:58
which has been created relevant to her time
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ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื” ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช ืœื–ืžื ื”
03:01
and speaks her cultural language.
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ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœื”.
03:03
It might also be said that the history of what we call art
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ืืคืฉืจ ื’ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ืื•ืžื ื•ืช
03:06
is a conversation that continues on,
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื—ื” ืฉืžืžืฉื™ื›ื”,
03:08
as our contemporary present passes into what will be
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ื›ืฉื”ื”ื•ื•ื” ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื™ ืฉืœื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœืžื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื”
03:10
some future generation's classical past.
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ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืงืœืืกื™ ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืจ ืขืชื™ื“ื™ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•.
03:14
It's a conversation that reflects
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ื–ื• ืฉื™ื—ื” ืฉืžืฉืงืคืช
03:15
the ideologies, mythologies, belief systems and taboos
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ืืช ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช, ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื˜ืื‘ื•
03:20
and so much more of the world in which it was made.
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ื•ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ื ืขืฉืชื”.
03:23
But this is not to say that work from another age
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืขื™ื“ืŸ ืื—ืจ
03:25
made to serve a particular function in that time
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ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืจืช ืžื˜ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ
03:28
is dead or has nothing to offer the modern viewer.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืชื” ืื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื” ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืœืฆื•ืคื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™.
03:31
Even though in a museum setting
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื‘ืžื™ืงื•ื ืžื•ื–ืื•ื ื™
03:33
works of art from different places and times
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ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืžืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื•ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
03:35
are presented alongside each other,
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ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ืื—ืช ืœื™ื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ื”,
03:37
isolated from their original settings,
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ืžื ื•ืชืงื•ืช ืžื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
03:39
their juxtaposition has benefits.
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ืœื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื™ื—ื“ ื™ืฉ ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช.
03:41
Exhibits are organized by curators,
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ืžื•ืฆื’ื™ื ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืฆืจื™ื,
03:44
or people who've made a career
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ืื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขืฉื• ืงืจื™ื™ืจื”
03:45
out of their ability to recontextualize or remix
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ืžื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืชืช ื™ืขื•ื“ ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื• ืœืขืจื‘
03:48
cultural artifacts in a collective presentation.
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ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ืช.
03:52
As viewers, we're then able to consider the art
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ื›ืฆื•ืคื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืื– ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช
03:55
in terms of a common theme that might not be apparent
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฉื ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ
03:57
in a particular work
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ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช
03:59
until you see it alongside another,
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ืขื“ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื ื™ื—ื“,
04:01
and new meanings can be derived and reflected upon.
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ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฆืืช ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืงืฃ ืขืœื™ื”ื.
04:06
If we're so inclined,
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ื•ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื,
04:07
we might even start to see every work of art
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ืื•ืœื™ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืื•ืžื ื•ืช
04:09
as a complementary part of some undefined, unified whole
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ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืฉืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืœื ืœื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื•ืžืื•ื—ื“
04:12
of past human experience,
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ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืžื”ืขื‘ืจ,
04:14
a trail that leads right to our doorstep
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ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื™ืฉืจ ืœืคืชื— ื“ืœืชื ื•
04:17
and continues on with us,
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ื•ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืื™ืชื ื•,
04:19
open to anyone who wants to explore it.
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ืคืชื•ื— ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืื•ืชื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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