The five major world religions - John Bellaimey

Pet najvećih svetskih religija - Džon Belejmi (John Bellaimey)

Transcriber: Andrea McDonough Reviewer: Jessica Ruby

Prevodilac: Miloš Milosavljević Lektor: Mile Živković

In all times and places in our history,

U svim vremenima i na svim mestima u našoj istoriji,

human beings have wondered,

ljudska bića su se pitala:

"Where did we come from?

"Odakle smo došli?

What's our place in the world?

Koje je naše mesto u svetu?

What happens to us after we die?"

Šta se dešava s nama kad umremo?"

Religions are systems of belief

Religije su sistemi verovanja

that have developed and evolved over time

koji su se se razvijali tokom vremena

in response to these

kao odgovor na te

and other eternal mysteries,

i druge večne misterije,

driven by the feeling that some questions

vođeni osećajem da na neka pitanja

can only be answered by faith

može da se odgovori samo verom

and based on an intuition

i na osnovu intuicije

that there is something greater than ourselves,

da postoji nešto veće od nas samih,

a higher power we must answer to,

viša moć, kojoj moramo da odgovorimo,

or some source we all spring from

ili neki izvor sa koga svi dolazimo

and to which we must return.

i kome moramo da se vratimo.

Hinduism means the religions of India.

Hinduizam znači: religije Indije.

It's not a single religion

To nije jedna religija,

but rather a variety of related beliefs

već pre raznolika povezana verovanja

and spiritual practices.

i duhovni običaji.

It dates back five millennia

Potiče od pre pet milenijuma,

to the time of Krishna,

iz vremena Krišne,

a man of such virtue

čoveka takve vrline

that he became known as an avatar of Vishnu,

da je postao poznat kao avatar Višnua,

an incarnation of the god in human form.

otelotvorenje boga u ljudskom obliku.

He taught that all life follows karma,

On je učio da ceo život prati karma,

the law of cause and effect,

zakon uzroka i posledica,

and our job is to do our duty, or dharma,

i naš zadatak je da obavimo našu dužnost, ili darmu,

according to our place in society

prema našem mestu u društvu,

without worrying how things turn out.

bez brige kako će to ispasti.

When we die, we are reincarnated into a new body.

Kad umremo, reinkarniramo se u novo telo.

If we followed our dharma

Ako smo pratili darmu

and did our proper duty in our past life,

i obavili našu dužnost u prethodnom životu,

we get good karma,

dobijamo dobru karmu

which sends our soul upward in the social scale.

koja šalje našu dušu na viši društveni položaj.

Our rebirth into the next life

Znači da je naše ponovno rođenje u sledećem životu

is thus determined by what we do in this one.

određeno onim što radimo u ovom.

The wheel of rebirths is called samsara.

Krug ponovnih rađanja zove se samsara.

It's possible for a very holy person

Moguće je da sveta osoba

to lead a life with enough good karma

vodi život sa dovoljno dobrom karmom

to escape the wheel.

da se oslobodi kruga.

This escape is called moksha.

To oslobođenje zove se mokša.

Hinduism teaches that everything is one.

Hinduizam uči da je sve jedno.

The whole universe is

Ceo univerzum je

one transcendent reality called Brahman,

jedna transcendentna stvarnost zvana Braman,

and there's just one Brahman

i postoji samo jedan Braman,

but many gods within it,

ali mnogo bogova unutar njega,

and their roles, aspects, and forms differ

i njihove uloge, vidovi i oblici se razlikuju

according to various traditions.

u skladu s različitim tradicijama.

Brahma is the creator,

Brama je tvorac,

Vishnu is the preserver

Višnu je zaštitnik

who sometimes takes on human form,

koji ponekad uzima ljudski oblik,

and Shiva is the transformer,

a Šiva je transformator

or Lord of the Dance.

li bog plesa.

Durga is the fiercely protective divine mother.

Durga je žestoko zaštitnička božanska majka.

Ganesha has an elephant head

Ganeša ima slonovsku glavu

and is the wise patron of success.

i mudri je zaštitnik uspeha.

Hinduism is the third largest religion in the world.

Hinduizam je treća najveća religija u svetu.

And although most Hindus live in India,

I iako većina Hindusa živi u Indiji,

they can be found on every continent,

mogu se naći na svakom kontinentu

one billion strong.

i ima ih milijardu.

Now, let's travel west,

Otputujmo sada na zapad,

across deserts and mountains

preko pustinja i planina

to the fertile crescent about 4,000 years ago.

do plodnog polumeseca, 4.000 godina unazad.

Judaism began with God calling

Judaizam je počeo kada je Bog pozvao

Abraham and Sarah to leave Mesopotamia

Avrama i Saru da napuste Mesopotamiju

and migrate to the land of Canaan.

i presele se u zemlju Hanan.

In return for their faith in the one true God,

U zamenu za njihovu veru u jednog pravog Boga -

a revolutionary concept

revolucionarni koncept

in the polytheistic world of that time,

u tadašnjem politeističkom svetu -

they would have land and many descendants.

dobili bi zemlju i mnoge potomke.

From this promise came the land of Israel

Od ovog obećanja je nastala zemlja Izrael

and the chosen people,

i izabrani narod,

but staying in that land

ali ostanak u toj zemlji

and keeping those people together

i držanje tih ljudi zajedno

was going to be very difficult.

je bilo vrlo teško.

The Israelites were enslaved in Egypt,

Izraelićani su postali robovi u Egiptu,

but God freed them with the help

ali Bog ih je oslobodio uz pomoć

of the prophet Moses,

proroka Mojsija,

who received the Ten Commandments

koji je primio Deset zapovesti

and later hundreds more.

i kasnije još stotine.

They conquered the Promised Land,

Osvojili su Obećanu zemlju,

but could only keep it for a few hundred years.

ali mogli su je zadržati samo nekoliko stotina godina.

Israel sits at a crossroads

Izrael leži na raskršću

through which many armies

preko kojeg su mnoge vojske

marched over the centuries.

prelazile tokom vekova.

And in the year 70,

A godine 70. n.e.,

the Romans destroyed the temple

Rimljani su uništili hram

in their capital, Jerusalem.

u njihovoj prestonici Jerusalimu.

So, the religion transformed itself

Tako se religija transformisala

from a temple religion

od religije hramova

with sacrifices and priests

sa žrtvama i sveštenicima

to a religion of the book.

u religiju knjige.

Because of this, Judaism is a faith

Zbog toga, Judaizam je vera

of symbolism, reverence, and deep meanings

simbolizma, poštovanja i dubokih značenja

tied to the literature of its history.

vezana za književnost njene istorije.

The many sacred scriptures make up

Mnogobrojni sveti spisi čine

the Hebrew bible, or Tanakh,

jevrejsku Bibliju, ili Tanah,

and hundreds of written discussions and interpretations

a stotine pisanih diskusija i interpretacija

are contained in an expansive compendium

se nalaze u velikoj zbirci

of deeper meanings,

dubljih značenja

called the Talmud.

zvanoj Talmud.

Jews find rich, symbolic meaning in daily life.

Jevreji nalaze bogato, simboličko značenje u dnevnom životu.

At the Passover meal,

Za trpezom na Pashu,

every item on the menu symbolizes

svaka stvar na jelovniku simboliše

an aspect of the escape from slavery.

neki vid oslobađanja od ropstva.

The importance of growing up

Značaj odrastanja

is emphasized when young people

ističe se kada mladi ljudi

reach the age of bar and bat mitzvah,

postanu punoletni "bar micvom" i "bat micvom",

ceremonies during which they assume responsibility

ceremonijama tokom kojih oni preuzimaju odgovornost

for their actions

za svoje postupke

and celebrate the weaving

i proslavljaju prožimanje

of their own lives

njihovih sopstvenih života

into the faith, history, and texts

sa verom, istorijom i tekstovima

of the Jewish people.

jevrejskog naroda.

There are 14 million Jews in the world today,

Danas ima 14 miliona Jevreja u svetu,

6 million in Israel,

6 miliona u Izraelu,

which became independent

koji je postao nezavisan

following the horrors of genocide in World War II,

posle užasa genocida u 2. svetskom ratu,

and 5 million in the United States.

i 5 miliona u Sjedinjenim Državama.

But now let's go back 2500 years and return to India

Ali, da se sada vratimo 2.500 godina unazad, u Indiju,

where Buddhism began

gde je Budizam počeo

with a young prince named Siddhartha.

sa mladim princom po imenu Sidarta.

On the night he was conceived,

U noći kad je začet, kažu da je

his mother, Queen Maya,

is said to have been visited in her sleep

njegovu majku, kraljicu Maju,

by a white elephant who entered her side.

u snu posetio beli slon

koji joj je dodirnuo bok.

Ten months later, Prince Siddartha was born

Deset meseci kasnije, rodio se princ Sidarta

into a life of luxury.

u raskoši.

Venturing forth from his sheltered existence

Odvajajući se od zaštićenog položaja

as a young man,

u mladosti,

he witnessed the human suffering

bio je svedok ljudske patnje

that had been hidden from him

koju su krili od njega,

and immediately set out to investigate its sources.

i istog trenutka je krenuo da istraži njene izvore.

Why must people endure suffering?

Zašto ljudi moraju da podnose patnju?

Must we reincarnate through hundreds of lives?

Moramo li se reinkarnirati u stotinama života?

At first he thought the problem

U prvi mah, mislio je da je problem

was attachment to material things,

u vezivanju za materijalne stvari,

so he gave up his possessions.

pa se odrekao svoje imovine.

He became a wandering beggar,

Postao je lutajući prosjak,

which he discovered certainly made him no happier.

što ga, otkrio je, nije učinilo srećnijim.

Then he overheard a music teacher telling a student,

Onda je slučajno čuo nastavnika muzike kako govori učeniku:

"Don't tighten the string too much, it will break.

"Ne zateži previše žicu, jer će pući.

But don't let it go too slack,

Ali nemoj da bude suviše labava,

or it will not sound."

jer neće proizvesti zvuk."

In a flash, he realized

U magnovenju je shvatio

that looking for answers at the extremes

da je traženje odgovora u krajnostima

was a mistake.

bila greška.

The middle way between luxury and poverty

Sredina između raskoši i siromaštva

seemed wisest.

izgledala je najmudrija.

And while meditating under a bodhi tree,

I dok je meditirao pod bodhi drvetom,

the rest of the answer came to him.

pao mu je na pamet ostatak odgovora.

All of life abounds with suffering.

Ceo život obiluje patnjom.

It's caused by selfish craving

Ona je prouzrokovana sebičnom žudnjom

for one's own fulfillment at the expense of others.

za sopstvenim ostvarenjem na račun drugih.

Following an eight-step plan

Ako sledimo plan od 8 koraka,

can teach us to reduce that craving,

možemo naučiti da smanjimo tu žudnju

and thus reduce the suffering.

i tako smanjimo patnju.

On that day, Siddhartha became the Buddha,

Tog dana, Sidarta je postao Buda,

the enlightened one.

prosvetljeni.

Not the only one, but the first one.

Ne jedini, već prvi.

The Buddhist plan is called

Budistički plan se naziva

the Eightfold Path,

Osmostruki put

and though it is not easy to follow,

i, mada nije lako slediti ga,

it has pointed the way

for millions to enlightenment,

pokazao je put prosvetljenja

milionima,

which is what Buddhahood means,

što je ono što Buda znači:

a state of compassion,

stanje saosećanja,

insight,

uvida,

peace,

and steadfastness.

mira

i postojanosti.

From the time he got up from under that tree

Od trenutka kada je ustao od tog drveta

to the moment of his death as an old man,

do trenutka svoje smrti u starosti,

Buda je učio ljude kako da postanu prosvetljeni:

the Buddha taught people how to become enlightened:

right speech,

pomoću pravog govora,

right goals,

a mind focused on what is real,

pravih ciljeva,

uma fokusiranog na ono što je stvarno,

and a heart focused on loving others.

i srca fokusiranog na voljenje drugih.

Many Buddhists believe in God or gods,

Mnogi budisti veruju u Boga ili bogove,

but actions are more important than beliefs.

ali postupci su važniji od uverenja.

There are nearly a billion Buddhists

U svetu danas ima

in the world today,

skoro milijardu budista,

mostly in East, Southeast, and South Asia.

uglavnom u istočnoj, jugoistočnoj i južnoj Aziji.

2,000 years ago in Judaism's Promised Land,

Pre 2.000 godina, u Obećanoj zemlji judaizma,

Christianity was born.

rođeno je hrišćanstvo.

Just as Hindus called Krishna "God in Human Form,"

Kao što Hindusi nazivaju Krišnu "bogom u ljudskom obličju",

Christians say the same thing about Jesus,

hrišćani isto kažu za Isusa,

and Christianity grew out of Judaism

a hrišćanstvo je izraslo iz judaizma

just as Buddhism grew out of Hinduism.

kao što je budizam izrastao iz hinduizma.

The angel Gabriel was sent by the God of Abraham

Arhanđela Gavrila je poslao Avramov Bog

to ask a young woman named Mary

da pita ženu po imenu Marija

to become the mother of his son.

da postane majka njegovog sina.

The son was Jesus,

Taj sin je bio Isus,

raised as a carpenter

odgajan kao drvodelja

by Mary and her husband Joseph,

od Marije i njenog muža Josifa,

until he turned 30,

dok nije napunio 30 godina,

when he began his public career

kada je započeo javnu karijeru

as the living word of God.

kao živa reč Boga.

Less interested in religiousness

Manje zainteresovan za religioznost

than in justice and mercy,

nego za pravdu i milost,

Jesus healed the sick in order to draw crowds

Isus je lečio bolesne da bi privukao mase

and then taught them about his heavenly father --

i onda ih učio o svom nebeskom ocu -

affectionate, forgiving, and attentive.

nežnom, praštajućem i pažljivom.

Then, he would invite everyone to a common table

Onda bi pozvao sve za zajednički sto

to illustrate his Kingdom of God,

da bi ilustrovao njegovo Božje kraljevstvo:

outcasts, sinners, and saints all eating together.

prognane, grešnike i svece; sve to u toku zajedničkog jela.

He had only three years

Imao je samo tri godine

before his unconventional wisdom

pre nego što ga je njegova nekonvencionalna mudrost

got him into trouble.

uvalila u nevolje.

His enemies had him arrested,

Neprijatelji su ga izdali,

and he was executed by Rome

i Rimljani su ga pogubili

in the standard means

uobičajenim sredstvom

by which rabble-rousers were put to death,

kojim su kažnjavali podstrekače -

crucifixion.

raspećem.

But shortly after he was buried,

Ali ubrzo pošto je sahranjen,

women found his tomb empty

žene su našle njegov grob prazan

and quickly spread word,

i brzo to razglasile,

convinced that he had been raised from the dead.

ubeđene da je ustao iz mrtvih.

The first Christians described

Prvi hrišćani su opisali

his resurrected appearances,

njegova pojavljivanja posle vaskrsenja,

inspiring confidence that his message was true.

šireći uverenje da je njegova poruka bila tačna.

The message: love one another as I have loved you.

Poruka: volite jedni druge, kao što sam vas ja voleo.

Christians celebrate the birth of Jesus

Hrišćani slave rođenje Isusa

in December at Christmas,

u decembru na Božić,

and his suffering, death, and resurrection

a njegovu patnju, smrt i uskrsnuće

during Holy Week in the spring.

tokom Svete nedelje, u proleće.

In the ceremony of baptism,

U ceremoniji krštenja,

a washing away of sin

spiranjem greha

and welcoming into the Christian community,

i dobrodošlicom u hrišćansku zajednicu,

recall Jesus's own baptism

oživljava se Isusovo sopstveno krštenje

when he left his life as a carpenter.

kada je napustio život drvodelje.

In the rite of Communion,

U obredu pričešća,

Christians eat the bread and drink the wine

hrišćani jedu hleb i piju vino,

blessed as the body and blood of Jesus,

blagoslovene kao telo i krv Isusa,

recalling Jesus's last supper.

oživljavajući Isusovu poslednju večeru.

There are two billion Christians worldwide,

Ima dve milijarde hrišćana širom sveta

representing almost a third of the world's people.

koji predstavljaju skoro trećinu svetske populacije.

Islam began 1400 years ago

Islam je nastao pre 1.400 godina

with a man of great virtue,

sa čovekom velike vrline,

meditating in a mountain cave

koji je meditirao u planinskoj pećini

in the Arabian desert.

u arabijskoj pustinji.

The man was Muhammad.

Taj čovek je bio Muhamed.

He was visited by a divine messenger,

Njega je posetio božiji izaslanik,

again the angel Gabriel,

ponovo arhanđel Gavrilo,

in Arabic, Jibril,

na arapskom Džibril,

delivering to him the words of Allah,

i doneo mu reči Alaha,

the one God of Abraham.

Avramovog jedinog Boga.

In the next few years,

Sledećih nekoliko godina

more and more messages came,

sve više i više poruka je stizalo

and he memorized and taught them.

i on ih je pamtio i prenosio.

The verses he recited were full of wise sayings,

Stihovi koje je govorio bili su prepuni mudrih izreka,

beautiful rhymes,

divnih rima

and mysterious metaphors.

i misterioznih metafora.

But Muhammad was a merchant, not a poet.

Ali Muhamed je bio trgovac, a ne pesnik.

Many agreed the verses

Mnogi su se složili da su stihovi

were indeed the words of God,

zaista bile reči Boga,

and these believers became the first Muslims.

i ovi vernici su postali prvi muslimani.

The word Muslim means one who surrenders,

Reč "musliman" znači "onaj koji se predaje",

meaning a person who submits to the will of God.

što znači: osoba koja se pokorava volji Boga.

A Muslim's five most important duties

Pet najvažnijih dužnosti muslimana

are called the Five Pillars:

se nazivaju Pet stubova islama:

Shahada, Muslims declare publicly,

Šehadet - muslimani se izjašnjavaju javno,

there is no other God but Allah,

nema drugog Boga osim Alaha,

and Muhammad is his final prophet;

a Muhamed je njegov konačni prorok;

Salat, they pray five times a day facing Mecca;

Namaz (salat) - mole se 5 puta dnevno okrenuti ka Meki;

Zakat, every Muslim is required

Zekat - svaki musliman treba da

to give 2 or 3% of their net worth to the poor;

2 ili 3% svojih prihoda da siromašnima;

Sawm, they fast during daylight hours

Saum - oni poste tokom dana

for the lunar month of Ramadan

za vreme meseca Ramazana

to strengthen their willpower

da bi ojačali snagu volje

and their reliance on God;

i svoje poverenje u Boga;

and Hajj, once in a lifetime,

i Hadž - jednom u životu,

every Muslim who is able must make a pilgrimage

svaki musliman koji može, mora da ode na hodočašće

to the holy city of Mecca,

u sveti grad Meku,

rehearsing for the time

da vežba za vreme

when they will stand before God

kad će stati pred Boga

to be judged worthy or unworthy

da bude procenjen kao dostojan ili nedostojan

of eternal life with Him.

večnog života s Njim.

The words of God,

Reči Boga,

revealed to the prophet over 23 years,

otkrivene proroku tokom 23 godine,

are collected in the Quran,

sakupljene su u Kuranu,

which literally translates into "the recitation."

što doslovno znači "recitacija".

Muslims believe it to be the only holy book

Muslimani veruju da je to jedina sveta knjiga

free of human corruption.

u kojoj nema ljudske pokvarenosti.

It's also considered by many

Takođe je mnogi smatraju

to be the finest work of literature

za najbolje književno delo

in the Arabic language.

na arapskom jeziku.

Islam is the world's second largest religion,

Islam je druga najveća svetska religija

practiced by over one and a half billion Muslims around the globe.

sa preko 1.5 milijardi muslimana širom sveta.

Religion has been an aspect of culture

Religija je vid kulture

for as long as it has existed,

od kada ona postoji

and there are countless variations of its practice.

i postoje nebrojene verzije njenog upražnjavanja.

But common to all religions

Ali zajedničko za sve religije

is an appeal for meaning

je nalaženje smisla

beyond the empty vanities

izvan granica praznih sujeta

and lowly realities of existence,

i niskih realnosti postojanja,

beyond sin,

izvan greha,

suffering,

patnje

and death,

i smrti,

beyond fear,

izvan straha,

and beyond ourselves.

i izvan nas samih.