What did dogs teach humans about diabetes? - Duncan C. Ferguson

Šta su psi naučili ljude o dijabetesu? - Dankan K. Ferguson (Duncan C. Ferguson)

Prevodilac: Mile Živković Lektor: Anja Saric

Diabetes mellitus has been a scourge of the developed world

Diabetes mellitus je pošast razvijenog sveta,

with an estimated 400,000,000 people worldwide suffering from this disease,

sa procenjenih 400 miliona ljudi širom sveta koji pate od ove bolesti,

and 50% more predicted within twenty years.

i 50% još koji se predviđaju u narednih 20 godina.

Its early symptoms,

Njegovi rani simptomi, koji uključuju pojačanu žeđ i velike količine urina,

which include increased thirst and large volumes of urine,

were recognized as far back as 1500 BCE in Egypt.

prepoznati su već 1500 godina pre nove ere u Egiptu.

While the term diabetes, meaning "to pass through,"

Iako je termin dijabetes, što znači "proći kroz nešto"

was first used in 250 BCE

prvi put koristio grčki lekar Apolonije iz Memfisa 250 godine pre nove ere,

by the Greek physician Apollonius of Memphis,

Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes,

dijabetes prvog i dijatebes drugog tipa,

associated respectively with youth and obesity,

koji su povezani sa mladošću i gojaznošću,

were identified as separate conditions

indijski lekari su ih negde oko 5. veka nove ere

by Indian physicians somewhere in the 5th century CE.

prepoznali kao različite bolesti.

But despite the disease being known,

Ali uprkos tome što je bolest poznata, dijagnoza dijabetesa kod čoveka

a diagnosis of diabetes in a human patient

would remain tantamount to a death sentence

bila je jednaka smrtnoj kazni do ranog 20. veka

until the early 20th century, its causes unknown.

a njegovi uzroci bili su nepoznati.

What changed this dire situation

Ovu situaciju promenila je pomoć dugogodišnjeg prijatelja čoveka:

was the help of humanity's longtime animal partner:

Canis lupus familiaris,

canis lupus familiaris, pripitomljenog od sivih vukova pre više hiljada godina.

domesticated from Grey wolves thousands of years ago.

In 1890, the German scientists Von Mering and Minkowski

1890. godine, nemački naučnici fon Mering i Minkovski prikazali su

demonstrated that removing a dog's pancreas

da otklanjanjem pankreasa psa,

caused it to develop all the signs of diabetes,

on počinje da razvija sve znake dijatebetesa

thus establishing the organ's central role in the disease.

i tako su utvrdili centralnu ulogu ovog organa u bolesti.

But the exact mechanism by which this occurred

Ali tačan mehanizam po kom se ovo dešava ostao je misterija sve do 1920.

remained a mystery until 1920,

when a young Canadian surgeon named Frederick Banting

kada su mladi kanadski hirurg, Frederik Benting

and his student, Charles Best,

i njegov učenik Čarls Best unapredili pronalaske njihovih nemačkih kolega.

advanced the findings of their German colleagues.

Working under Professor Macleod at the University of Toronto,

Radeći sa profesorom Makleodom na Univerzitetu u Torontu,

they confirmed that the pancreas was responsible for regulating blood glucose,

potvrdili su da je pankreas odgovoran za regulisanje glukoze u krvi

successfully treating diabetic dogs by injecting them with an extract

i uspešno su lečili pse s dijabetesom tako što su im davali ekstrakt

they had prepared from pancreas tissue.

koji su pripremili od tkiva pankreasa.

By 1922, the researchers working with biochemist James Collip

Do 1922, naučnici koji su radili sa biohemičarem Džejmsom Kolipom

were able to develop a similar extract from beef pancreas

mogli su da razviju sličan ekstrakt iz pankreasa krava

to first treat a 14-year-old diabetic boy,

kako bi prvo izlečili dečaka od 14. godina s dijabetesom

followed by six additional patients.

i šest drugih pacijenata.

The manufacturing process for this extract, now known as insulin,

Proces proizvodnje ovog ekstrakta, koji se sada naziva insulin,

was eventually turned over to a pharmaceutical company

u jednom trenutku je dat farmaceutskoj kompaniji

that makes different types of injectable insulin to this day.

koja proizvodi različite vrste insulina koji se ubrizgava do danas.

Banting and Macleod received

Benting i Makleod dobili su

the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1923 for their discovery.

Nobelovu nagradu za medicinu 1923. za svoje otkriće.

But Banting chose to share his portion with Charles Best,

Ali Benting je odlučio da svoj deo podeli sa Čarlsom Bestom,

for his help in the initial studies involving dogs.

za njegovu pomoć u prvobitnim istraživanjima s psima.

But while medical experimentation on animals remains controversial,

Ali iako su medicinski eksperimenti sa životinjama kontroverzni,

in this case at least,

makar u ovom slučaju, nije se radilo samo o iskorišćavanju pasa za ljudske potrebe.

it was not just a matter of exploiting dogs for human needs.

Dogs develop diabetes at the rate of two cases per 1,000 dogs,

Psi dobijaju dijabetes po stopi od dva slučaja na 1000 pasa,

almost the same as that of humans under 20.

skoro isto kao kod ljudi mlađih od 20 godina.

Most canine cases are of Type 1 diabetes,

Kod pasa se većinom radi o dijabetesu prvog tipa,

similar to the type that young children develop

slično tipu koji se razvija kod male dece

following immune system destruction of the pancreas,

i kojem sledi razaranje pankreasa od strane imunog sistema

and genetic studies have shown

i genetska istraživanja su pokazala

that the dog disease has many similar hallmarks of the human disease.

da bolest pasa ima mnogo znakova ljudske bolesti.

Ovo je veterinarima omogućilo da obrnu stvari i uspešno koriste

This has allowed veterinarians to turn the tables,

successfully using insulin to treat diabetes

insulin da leče dijabetes preko 60 godina kod čovekovog najboljeg prijatelja.

in man's best friend for over 60 years.

Many dog owners commit to managing their dogs' diabetes

Mnogo vlasnika pasa odlučuje da leči dijabetes kod svojih pasa

with insulin injected twice daily, regimented feedings,

insulinom koji ubrizgavaju dvaput dnevno, pažljivom ishranom

and periodic blood measurements

i povremenom analizom krvi

using the same home-testing glucose monitors used by human patients.

koristeći iste monitore za kućno merenje glukoze koje koriste ljudi.

And if the purified pig insulin commonly used for dogs

A ako pročišćeni svinjski insulin koji se često koristi kod pasa

fails to work for a particular dog,

neće da funkcioniše kod određenog psa,

the vet may even turn to a formulation of human insulin,

veterinar se možda čak i odluči za oblik ljudskog insulina,

bringing the process full circle.

što ceo proces dovodi do punog kruga.

After all that dogs have done for us throughout the ages,

Nakon svega što su psi uradili za nas tokom istorije,

including their role in a medical discovery

uključujući njihovu ulogu u medicinskom otkriću koje je spasilo nebrojene živote,

that has saved countless human lives,

using that same knowledge to help them is the least we could do.

najmanje što možemo da uradimo je da iskoristimo to znanje da pomognemo njima.