Three ways the universe could end - Venus Keus

Prevodilac: Kristina Radosavljević Lektor: Ivana Krivokuća

We know about our universe’s past:

Znamo za prošlost svemira:

the Big Bang theory predicts that all matter, time, and space

po teoriji „velikog praska”, sva materija, vreme i prostor

began in an incredibly tiny, compact state about 14 billion years ago.

nastali su u neverovatno malom, kompaktnom stanju

pre oko 14 milijardi godina.

And we know about the present:

Znamo i za sadašnjost:

scientists’ observations of the movement of galaxies

naučna posmatranja kretanja galaksija

tell us that the universe is expanding at an accelerated rate.

govore nam da se svemir ubrzano širi.

But what about the future?

Ali šta je sa budućnošću?

Do we know how our universe is going to end?

Znamo li kako će naš svemir završiti?

Cosmologists have three possible answers for this question,

Kosmolozi imaju tri moguća odgovora na ovo pitanje:

called the Big Freeze,

zvana „veliko hlađenje”,

the Big Rip and the Big Crunch.

„veliko kidanje” i „veliko sažimanje”.

To understand these three scenarios,

Kako bismo razumeli ova tri scenarija,

imagine two objects representing galaxies.

zamislite dva objekta koji predstavljaju galaksije.

A short, tight rubber band is holding them together—

Kratka zategnuta gumica ih drži zajedno -

that’s the attractive force of gravity.

to je sila gravitacije.

Meanwhile, two hooks are pulling them apart—

U međuvremenu, dve kuke ih vuku jedan od drugog -

that’s the repulsive force expanding the universe.

to je sila odbijanja koja širi svemir.

Copy this system over and over again,

Ovo umnožite iznova i iznova,

and you have something approximating the real universe.

i imaćete nešto slično stvarnom svemiru.

The outcome of the battle between these two opposing forces

Ishod bitke između ove dve suprotne sile

determines how the end of the universe will play out.

odlučuje kako će se odvijati kraj svemira.

The Big Freeze scenario is what happens if the force pulling the objects apart

Scenario „velikog hlađenja” će se desiti ako je sila koje odvlači objekte

is just strong enough to stretch the rubber band until it loses its elasticity.

dovoljno jaka da rasteže gumenu traku dok ona ne izgubi elastičnost.

The expansion wouldn’t be able to accelerate anymore,

Širenje ne bi moglo da se više ubrzava,

but the universe would keep getting bigger.

ali svemir bi i dalje postajao sve veći.

Clusters of galaxies would separate.

Grupisane galaksije bi se razdvojile.

The objects within the galaxies–

Objekti unutar galaksija -

suns, planets, and solar systems

sunca, planete i solarni sistemi

would move away from each other,

bi se međusobno razdvojili

until galaxies dissolved into lonely objects

dok se galaksije ne rasplinu u usamljene objekte

floating separately in the vast space.

koji odvojeno plutaju u ogromnom prostoru.

The light they emit would be redshifted to long wavelengths

Svetlost koju emituju bi bila pod uticajem crvenog pomaka,

with very low, faint energies,

sa dugačkim talasnim dužinama sa veoma malom i slabom energijom,

and the gas emanating from them would be too thin to create new stars.

a gas koji emituju bi bio suviše redak da bi se stvorile nove zvezde.

The universe would become darker and colder,

Svemir bi postao mračniji i hladniji,

approaching a frozen state

približavajući se stanju smrzavanja,

also known as the Big Chill,

poznatom kao „veliko hlađenje”.

or the Heat Death of the Universe.

ili „nestanak toplote svemira”.

But what if the repulsive force is so strong

Ali šta se dešava ako je sila odbijanja toliko jaka

that it stretches the rubber band past its elastic limit,

da istegne gumenu traku preko njene granice elastičnosti,

and actually tears it?

te je u stvari pocepa?

If the expansion of the universe continues to accelerate,

Ako širenje svemira nastavi da se ubrzava,

it will eventually overcome not only the gravitational force –

to će na kraju prevazići ne samo gravitacionu silu -

tearing apart galaxies and solar systems–

razarajući galaksije i solarne sisteme -

but also the electromagnetic, weak, and strong nuclear forces

nego i elektromagnetnu, slabu i jaku nuklearnu silu

which hold atoms and nuclei together.

koje drže atome i jezgra zajedno.

As a result,

Kao rezultat,

the matter that makes up stars breaks into tiny pieces.

materija od koje su stvorene zvezde će se razbiti u najsitnije komade.

Even atoms and subatomic particles will be destroyed.

Čak će biti uništeni i atomi i njihovi delovi.

That’s the Big Rip.

To je „veliko kidanje”.

What about the third scenario,

Šta je sa trećim scenarijom,

where the rubber band wins out?

gde gumena traka pobeđuje?

That corresponds to a possible future

Ovo odgovara mogućoj budućnosti

in which the force of gravity brings the universe’s expansion to a halt—

u kojoj sila gravitacije zaustavlja širenje svemira

and then reverses it.

i zatim ga preokreće.

Galaxies would start rushing towards each other,

Galaksije bi počele da jure jedna prema drugoj,

and as they clumped together

i dok se približavaju,

their gravitational pull would get even stronger.

njihova gravitaciona sila bi postajala još jača.

Stars too would hurtle together and collide.

Zvezde bi se takođe vrtele i sudarale.

Temperatures would rise as space would get tighter and tighter.

Temperatura bi rasla, a prostor bi bio sve manji i manji.

The size of the universe would plummet

Veličina svemira bi se smanjivala

until everything compressed into such a small space

dok na kraju ne bi sve bilo stisnuto u mali prostor

that even atoms and subatomic particles would have to crunch together.

u kome bi se čak i atomi i njihovi delovi sudarali.

The result would be an incredibly dense, hot, compact universe —

Rezultat bi bio jedan neverovatno gust, vruć i kompaktan svemir -

a lot like the state that preceded the Big Bang.

slično onome što je prethodilo „velikom prasku”.

This is the Big Crunch.

Ovo je „veliko sažimanje”.

Could this tiny point of matter explode in another Big Bang?

Da li ova mala tačka materije može da eksplodira u drugi „veliki prasak”?

Could the universe expand and contract over and over again,

Može li svemir da se širi i skuplja iznova i iznova,

repeating its entire history?

ponavljajući celu istoriju?

The theory describing such a universe is known as the Big Bounce.

Teorija koja opisuje ovakav svemir poznata je kao „veliki skok”.

In fact, there’s no way to tell how many bounces could’ve already happened—

U stvari, ne postoji način da se ustanovi koliko je skokova već bilo,

or how many might happen in the future.

niti koliko će ih biti u budućnosti.

Each bounce would wipe away any record of the universe’s previous history.

Svaki skok bi izbrisao bilo koji trag istorije svemira.

Which one of those scenarios will be the real one?

Koji će od ovih scenarija biti onaj pravi?

The answer depends on the exact shape of the universe,

Odgovor zavisi od tačnog oblika svemira,

the amount of dark energy it holds,

količine mračne energije koju sadrži

and changes in its expansion rate.

i promena u brzini njegovog širenja.

As of now, our observations suggest that we’re heading for a Big Freeze.

Do sada, posmatranja sugerišu da idemo ka „velikom hlađenju”.

But the good news is that we’ve probably got about 10 to the 100th power years

Dobra vest je da imamo verovatno još oko 10 do 100 galaktičkih godina,

before the chill sets in —

pre nego što nastupi zahlađenje -

so don’t start stocking up on mittens just yet.

tako da još uvek nema potrebe za pravljenjem zaliha rukavica.