The rise and fall of the Inca Empire - Gordon McEwan

Prevodilac: Milenka Okuka Lektor: Mile Živković

It was the Western Hemisphere’s largest empire ever,

Bilo je to najveće carstvo u istoriji zapadne hemisfere,

with a population of nearly 10 million subjects.

s populacijom od skoro 10 miliona lica.

Over an area of more than 900,000 square kilometers,

Duž teritorije od preko 900.000 kilometara kvadratnih,

its people built massive administrative centers,

njegovi stanovnici su gradili masivne administrativne centre,

temples, and extensive road and canal systems.

hramove, široke puteve i sisteme kanala.

They did so in an inhospitable, extreme terrain,

To je postizano na nepristupačnom, najudaljenijem terenu,

all without the use of wheels, horses, iron, or even written language.

i to bez upotrebe točkova, konja, železa, pa čak i pisanog jezika.

Yet within 100 years of its rise in the fifteenth century,

Ipak, sto godina nakon njegovog uspona u petnaestom veku,

the Inca Empire would be no more.

Carstvo Inka neće više postojati.

According to legend,

Prema legendi,

the ancestors of the Inca rulers were created by the sun god Inti,

pretke vladara Inka je stvorio bog sunca Inti,

and they emerged from a cave called Tambo Toco.

a pojavili su se iz pećine pod nazivom Tambo Toko.

Leading four brothers and four sisters was Ayar Manco,

Ajar Manko je predvodio četvoricu braće i četiri sestre,

who carried a golden staff with instructions

koji su nosili zlatnu motku sa uputstvima

to find the place where it would sink into the ground,

da pronađu mesto na kom će motka potonuti u zemlju

showing fertile soil.

pokazujući tako plodno tlo.

After many adventures and extensive searching,

Nakon mnogih avantura i opsežne potrage,

Ayar Manco and his siblings reached the Cuzco Valley,

Ajar Manko i njegovi rođaci su stigli do doline Kusko,

where the staff pierced the ground.

gde je motka probila zemlju.

After fighting off the fierce local native population,

Nakon proterivanja opakih lokalnih stanovnika,

they founded their capital,

osnovali su svoj glavni grad,

and Ayar Manco became Manco Capac, the first Sapa Inca, or king of the Incas.

a Ajar Manko je postao Manko Kapak, prvi Sapa Inka, tj. kralj Inka.

Archaeological evidence suggests

Arheološki dokazi nagoveštavaju

that the Incas first settled in this valley around 1200 CE.

da su se Inke prvi put doselile u ovu dolinu oko 1200 n.e.

They remained a small kingdom until 1438,

Ostali su manje kraljevstvo do 1438,

when they were nearly overrun by the neighboring Chanka tribe.

kada ih je gotovo u potpunosti svrgnulo susedno pleme Čanka.

The Inca king at this time, Viracocha, and his designated heir fled in fear,

Tadašnji kralj Inka, Virakoča, i njegov imenovani naslednik su pobegli u strahu,

but one of his other sons remained

ali jedan od njegovih sinova je ostao

and successfully rallied the city’s defenses.

i uspešno je obnovio gradsku odbranu.

For his military skill, he became the ninth Inca ruler,

Zbog svojih vojnih veština postao je deveti vladar Inka,

assuming the name of Pachacuti, or "Cataclysm."

uzimajući ime Pačakuti ili "Kataklizma".

Pachacuti expanded Inca rule throughout the Andes mountains,

Pačakuti je proširio vladavinu Inka širom andskih planina,

transforming the kingdom into an empire through extensive reforms.

transformišući kraljevstvo u carstvo putem opsežnih reformi.

The empire’s territory was reorganized as Tahuantinsuyu, or "four quarters,"

Teritorija carstva je reorganizovana kao Tahuantinsuju ili "četiri četvrtine",

with four divisions ruled by governors reporting to the king.

sa četiri dela kojima su vladali guverneri koji su odgovarali kralju.

Although the Inca had no writing,

Iako Inke nisu imali pismo,

they used a complex system of knotted strings called quipu

koristili su složen sistem čvorova na kanapu pod imenom kipu

to record numbers and perhaps other information.

kako bi beležili brojeve, a možda i druge informacije.

A decimal-based bureaucracy enabled systematic

Birokratija organizovana dekadnim sistemom je omogućavala sistematično

and efficient taxation of the empire’s subjects.

i efikasno oporezivanje stanovnika carstva.

In return, the empire provided security, infrastructure, and sustenance,

Zauzvrat, carstvo je pružalo bezbednost, infrastrukturu i izdržavanje

with great storehouses containing necessities to be used when needed.

velikim skladištima koja su sadržavala potrepštine koje su korišćene po potrebi.

Great terraces and irrigation works were built

Građene su velike terase i sistemi navodnjavanja

and various crops were grown in at different altitudes

i uzgajani su razni usevi na različitim nadmorskim visinama,

to be transported all over the empire.

koji su transportovani širom carstva.

And it was during Pachacuti’s reign

A tokom vladavine Pačakutija

that the famous estate of Machu Picchu was constructed.

izgrađeno je čuveno naselje Maču Pikču.

Pachacuti’s son Topa Inca continued the empire’s military expansion,

Pačakutijev sin, Topa Inka, je nastavio vojno širenje carstva,

and he eventually became ruler in 1471 CE.

i vremenom će postati vladar, 1471. g.n.e.

By the end of his reign, the empire covered much of western South America.

Do kraja njegove vladavine, carstvo je pokrivalo veći deo zapadne Južne Amerike.

Topa’s son Huayna Capac succeeded him in 1493.

Topin sin, Huajna Kapak, ga je nasledio 1493.

But the new ruler’s distant military campaigns strained the social fabric.

Međutim, udaljene vojne kampanje novog vladara su otuđile društveno tkivo.

And in 1524, Huayna Capac was stricken by fever.

A 1524, Huajna Kapak je oboleo od groznice.

Spanish conquistadors had arrived in the Caribbean some time before,

Španski konkvistadori su nešto ranije stigli na Karibe,

bringing diseases to which the native peoples had no resistance.

donoseći bolesti protiv kojih urođenici nisu imali imunitet.

Millions died in the outbreak,

Milioni su umrli u epidemiji,

including Huayna Capac and his designated heir.

uključujći Huajna Kapaka i njegovog budućeg naslednika.

The vacant throne ignited a civil war between two of the surviving brothers,

Prazno mesto na tronu je pokrenulo građanski rat između dva preživela brata,

Atahualpa and Huascar,

Atahualpa i Huaskara,

greatly weakening the empire.

koji će poprilično da oslabi carstvo.

In 1532, after finally winning the Inca civil war,

Godine 1532, nakon što je konačno pobedio u inčanskom građanskom ratu,

Atahualpa and his army encountered the European invaders.

Atahualpa i njegova vojska su se suočili sa evropskim osvajačima.

Although greatly outnumbered,

Iako prilično nadbrojani,

Francisco Pizarro and his small group of conquistadors

Fransisko Pizaro i njegova mala grupa konkvistadora

stunned the king’s much larger force with guns and horses,

je neutralisala kraljevu mnogo veću silu puškama i konjima,

neither of which they had seen before.

koji su Inkama bili potpuno nepoznati.

Atahualpa was taken captive and killed about a year later.

Atahualpa je zarobljen i ubijen oko godinu kasnije.

The Spanish conquerors were awed by the capital of Cuzco.

Španski osvajači su bili zadivljeni glavnim gradom, Kuskom.

Pizarro described it as so beautiful that “it would be remarkable even in Spain.”

Pizaro je opisao da je toliko lep "da bi bio izuzetan čak i u Španiji".

Though the capital had fallen

Iako je glavni grad pao,

and the native population had been destroyed by civil war and disease,

a domaće stanovništvo je uništeno građanskim ratom i bolešću,

some Incas fell back to a new capital at Vilcabamba

neke Inke su se povukle u novi glavni grad Vilkabamba

and resisted for the next 40 years.

i pružali su otpor narednih 40 godina.

But by 1572, the Spaniards had destroyed all remaining resistance

Međutim, do 1572, Španci su uništili sav preostali otpor

along with much of the Incas’ physical and cultural legacy.

zajedno sa većim delom fizičkog i kulturnog nasleđa Inka.

Thus, the great Inca empire fell even faster than it had risen.

Tako je veliko carstvo Inka palo čak i brže nego što se uzdiglo.