The rise and fall of the Inca Empire - Gordon McEwan

3,949,446 views ใƒป 2018-02-12

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:07
It was the Western Hemisphereโ€™s largest empire ever,
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™,
00:10
with a population of nearly 10 million subjects.
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ืขื ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ 10 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื ืชื™ื ื™ื.
00:13
Over an area of more than 900,000 square kilometers,
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ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-900,000 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืขื™ื,
00:17
its people built massive administrative centers,
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื” ื‘ื ื• ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื™ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื,
00:21
temples, and extensive road and canal systems.
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ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื, ื•ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืขื ืคื•ืช ืฉืœื“ืจื›ื™ื ื•ืชืขืœื•ืช.
00:25
They did so in an inhospitable, extreme terrain,
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ื”ื ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื•ืœื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืคื ื™ื,
00:30
all without the use of wheels, horses, iron, or even written language.
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื’ืœื’ืœื™ื, ืกื•ืกื™ื, ื‘ืจื–ืœ, ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืคื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ื”.
00:37
Yet within 100 years of its rise in the fifteenth century,
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ืืš ืชื•ืš 100 ืฉื ื” ืžืขืœื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”-15,
00:41
the Inca Empire would be no more.
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ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืื™ื ืงื” ื—ื“ืœื” ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื.
00:45
According to legend,
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ืœืคื™ ื”ืื’ื“ื”,
00:47
the ancestors of the Inca rulers were created by the sun god Inti,
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ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืื™ื ืงื” ื ื•ืฆืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ื™,
00:51
and they emerged from a cave called Tambo Toco.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื—ื• ืžืžืขืจื” ืฉื ืงืจืื” ื˜ืžื‘ื• ื˜ื•ืงื•.
00:55
Leading four brothers and four sisters was Ayar Manco,
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ืื™ื™ืจ ืžืื ืงื• ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืื—ื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืข ืื—ื™ื•ืช.
01:01
who carried a golden staff with instructions
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ื”ื•ื ื ืฉื ืžื˜ื” ื–ื”ื‘ ืขื ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช
01:03
to find the place where it would sink into the ground,
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ืœืžืฆื™ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื™ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ืื“ืžื”,
01:06
showing fertile soil.
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ื•ื™ื–ื”ื” ืื“ืžื” ืคื•ืจื™ื”.
01:09
After many adventures and extensive searching,
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ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืจืคืชืงืื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืžืชืžืฉืš,
01:12
Ayar Manco and his siblings reached the Cuzco Valley,
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ืื™ื™ืจ ืžืื ืงื• ื•ืื—ื™ื• ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืขืžืง ืงื•ื–ืงื•,
01:16
where the staff pierced the ground.
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ืฉื ื”ืžื˜ื” ื—ื“ืจ ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื”.
01:19
After fighting off the fierce local native population,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืœื—ืžื• ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืขื–ื”,
01:23
they founded their capital,
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ื”ื ื™ื™ืกื“ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืจื”,
01:25
and Ayar Manco became Manco Capac, the first Sapa Inca, or king of the Incas.
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ื•ืื™ื™ืจ ืžืื ืงื• ื”ืคืš ืœืžืื ืงื• ืงืคืืง, ืกืืคื” ื”ืื™ื ืงื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืžืœืš ื”ืื™ื ืงื”.
01:34
Archaeological evidence suggests
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ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืจืžื–ื•ืช
01:37
that the Incas first settled in this valley around 1200 CE.
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ืฉื”ืื™ื ืงื” ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืขืžืง ื–ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ 1200 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”.
01:41
They remained a small kingdom until 1438,
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ื”ื ื ืฉืืจื• ืžืžืœื›ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืขื“ 1438,
01:45
when they were nearly overrun by the neighboring Chanka tribe.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ ืฆ'ืื ืงื” ื”ืฉื›ืŸ.
01:49
The Inca king at this time, Viracocha, and his designated heir fled in fear,
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ืžืœืš ื”ืื™ื ืงื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ื•ื™ืจืงื•ืฆ'ื”, ื•ื™ื•ืจืฉื• ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“, ื‘ืจื—ื• ื‘ืคื—ื“,
01:56
but one of his other sons remained
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ืื‘ืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœื• ื ืฉืืจ
01:58
and successfully rallied the cityโ€™s defenses.
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ื•ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืืช ื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ.
02:01
For his military skill, he became the ninth Inca ruler,
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ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื›ืฉืจื•ื ื• ื”ืฆื‘ืื™, ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืš ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ ื”ืื™ื ืงื” ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™,
02:05
assuming the name of Pachacuti, or "Cataclysm."
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ื•ืœืงื— ืืช ื”ืฉื ืคืืฆ'ืงื•ื˜ื™, ืื• "ืžึทื”ึฐืคึผึธืšึฐ."
02:11
Pachacuti expanded Inca rule throughout the Andes mountains,
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ืคืืฆ'ืงื•ื˜ื™ ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ื ืงื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืจื™ ื”ืื ื“ื™ื,
02:15
transforming the kingdom into an empire through extensive reforms.
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ื•ื”ืคืš ืืช ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ืœืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืžืงื™ืคื•ืช.
02:20
The empireโ€™s territory was reorganized as Tahuantinsuyu, or "four quarters,"
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ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ืื•ืจื’ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื›ื˜ื”ื•ื ืื˜ื™ื ืกื•ื™ื•, ืื• "ืืจื‘ืขื” ืจื‘ืขื™ื,"
02:28
with four divisions ruled by governors reporting to the king.
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ืขื ืืจื‘ืข ืžื—ืœืงื•ืช ืฉื ืฉืœื˜ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื• ืœืžืœืš.
02:32
Although the Inca had no writing,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœืื™ื ืงื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืชื‘,
02:35
they used a complex system of knotted strings called quipu
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ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืจืฉืจืื•ืช ืงืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื” ืงื™ืคื•
02:39
to record numbers and perhaps other information.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืขื“ ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืžื™ื“ืข ืื—ืจ.
02:44
A decimal-based bureaucracy enabled systematic
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ื‘ื™ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืขืฉืจื•ื ื™ืช ืืคืฉืจื”
02:47
and efficient taxation of the empireโ€™s subjects.
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ืžื™ืกื•ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ ื•ื™ืขื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื ืชื™ื ื™ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื”.
02:50
In return, the empire provided security, infrastructure, and sustenance,
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ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื”, ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ืกื™ืคืงื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช, ื•ืžืฆืจื›ื™ื,
02:56
with great storehouses containing necessities to be used when needed.
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ืขื ืžื—ืกื ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื›ื™ืœื• ืžืฆืจื›ื™ื ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœืžืงืจื” ื”ืฆื•ืจืš.
03:01
Great terraces and irrigation works were built
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ื˜ืจืืกื•ืช ืขื ืงื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉืงื™ื” ื ื‘ื ื•
03:04
and various crops were grown in at different altitudes
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ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ื‘ื’ื‘ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
03:07
to be transported all over the empire.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืœื— ืœื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื”.
03:10
And it was during Pachacutiโ€™s reign
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ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืคืฆ'ืงื•ื˜ื™
03:13
that the famous estate of Machu Picchu was constructed.
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ื ื‘ื ืชื” ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ืžืืฆ'ื• ืคื™ืฆ'ื•.
03:17
Pachacutiโ€™s son Topa Inca continued the empireโ€™s military expansion,
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ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ืคืืฆ'ืงื•ื˜ื™, ื˜ื•ืคื” ืื™ื ืงื”, ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ื”ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื”,
03:22
and he eventually became ruler in 1471 CE.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืคืš ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ ื‘-1471.
03:28
By the end of his reign, the empire covered much of western South America.
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ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•, ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื›ื™ืกืชื” ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช.
03:33
Topaโ€™s son Huayna Capac succeeded him in 1493.
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ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืคื”, ื”ื•ืื™ื™ื ื” ืงืคืืง, ื™ืจืฉ ืื•ืชื• ื‘-1493.
03:39
But the new rulerโ€™s distant military campaigns strained the social fabric.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืจืงื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™.
03:44
And in 1524, Huayna Capac was stricken by fever.
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ื•ื‘-1524, ื”ื•ืื™ื™ื ื” ืงืคืืง ื—ืœื” ื‘ื—ื•ื.
03:49
Spanish conquistadors had arrived in the Caribbean some time before,
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ื”ื›ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืงืจื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื–ืžืŸ ืžื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ,
03:53
bringing diseases to which the native peoples had no resistance.
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ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืŸ ืœืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช.
03:58
Millions died in the outbreak,
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ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžืชื• ื‘ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช,
04:01
including Huayna Capac and his designated heir.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื•ืื™ื™ื ื” ืงืคืืง ื•ื™ื•ืจืฉื• ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“.
04:05
The vacant throne ignited a civil war between two of the surviving brothers,
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ื›ืก ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืคื ื•ื™ ื”ืฆื™ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืื—ื™ื ืฉื•ืจื“ื™ื,
04:11
Atahualpa and Huascar,
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ืื˜ืื”ื•ืืœืคื” ื•ื”ื•ืืกืงืจ,
04:14
greatly weakening the empire.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ืฉ ืžืื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื”.
04:16
In 1532, after finally winning the Inca civil war,
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ื‘-1532, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื–ื›ื” ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื™ื ืงื”,
04:20
Atahualpa and his army encountered the European invaders.
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ืืชืื”ื•ืืœืคื” ื•ืฆื‘ืื• ื ืชืงืœื• ื‘ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื.
04:25
Although greatly outnumbered,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”,
04:27
Francisco Pizarro and his small group of conquistadors
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ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื• ืคื™ื–ืืจื• ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื• ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื
04:32
stunned the kingโ€™s much larger force with guns and horses,
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ื”ืžืžื• ืืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื—ืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืš ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืกื•ืกื™ื,
04:36
neither of which they had seen before.
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ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืœื ืจืื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
04:39
Atahualpa was taken captive and killed about a year later.
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ืืชืื”ื•ืืœืคื” ื ืœืงื— ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ ื•ื ืจืฆื— ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉื ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:44
The Spanish conquerors were awed by the capital of Cuzco.
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ื”ื›ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ื”ืชืคืขืœื• ืžื”ื‘ื™ืจื” ืงื•ื–ืงื•.
04:49
Pizarro described it as so beautiful that โ€œit would be remarkable even in Spain.โ€
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ืคื™ื–ืืจื• ืชื™ืืจ ืื•ืชื” ื›ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื™ืคื” ืฉ"ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืกืคืจื“."
04:55
Though the capital had fallen
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืจื” ื ืคืœื”,
04:57
and the native population had been destroyed by civil war and disease,
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ื•ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื”ื•ืฉืžื“ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืœื•ืช,
05:01
some Incas fell back to a new capital at Vilcabamba
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ื›ืžื” ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื™ื ืงื” ื ืกื•ื’ื• ืœื‘ื™ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ื•ื™ืœืงื‘ืžื‘ื”
05:06
and resisted for the next 40 years.
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ื•ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš 40 ืฉื ื” ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช.
05:09
But by 1572, the Spaniards had destroyed all remaining resistance
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ 1572, ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ื”ืฉืžื™ื“ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืชืจืช,
05:15
along with much of the Incasโ€™ physical and cultural legacy.
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ืงื”.
05:19
Thus, the great Inca empire fell even faster than it had risen.
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ืœื›ืŸ, ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืื™ื ืงื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื ืคืœื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื”ืจ ืžืฉืงืžื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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