The rise and fall of the Inca Empire - Gordon McEwan

3,949,446 views ・ 2018-02-12

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譯者: Ting-Yen Tsai 審譯者: Helen Chang
「在公元 1491 年,印加統治了 地球上最偉大的帝國。」
──查爾斯.C.曼恩 《1491:重寫哥倫布前的美洲歷史》
00:07
It was the Western Hemisphere’s largest empire ever,
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它曾經是西半球有史以來最大的帝國
00:10
with a population of nearly 10 million subjects.
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有著將近一千萬的人口
00:13
Over an area of more than 900,000 square kilometers,
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面積也超過九十萬平方公里
00:17
its people built massive administrative centers,
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它的人民建立起巨大的行政中心
00:21
temples, and extensive road and canal systems.
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寺廟以及大規模的道路與運河系統
00:25
They did so in an inhospitable, extreme terrain,
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他們在極端荒涼的陸地上辦到了
00:30
all without the use of wheels, horses, iron, or even written language.
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沒用到輪子、馬匹、鐵 甚至書寫的語言
00:37
Yet within 100 years of its rise in the fifteenth century,
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然而在十五世紀興起後的一百年內
00:41
the Inca Empire would be no more.
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印加帝國已不復存在
00:45
According to legend,
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根據傳說
00:47
the ancestors of the Inca rulers were created by the sun god Inti,
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太陽神印堤創造了印加統治者的祖先
00:51
and they emerged from a cave called Tambo Toco.
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他們出現在一個叫做坦伯多科的洞穴裡
00:55
Leading four brothers and four sisters was Ayar Manco,
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阿亞.曼科帶領了他的 四個兄弟與四個姊妹
01:01
who carried a golden staff with instructions
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他擁有一支有指引能力的金拐杖
01:03
to find the place where it would sink into the ground,
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如果那支拐杖可以穿入土地之中
01:06
showing fertile soil.
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顯示出那裡就有肥沃的土壤
01:09
After many adventures and extensive searching,
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經過很多次的探險和尋找
01:12
Ayar Manco and his siblings reached the Cuzco Valley,
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阿亞.曼科和他的兄弟姊妹 來到了庫斯科峽谷
01:16
where the staff pierced the ground.
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在那裏拐杖深深穿入了土地
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After fighting off the fierce local native population,
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在他們擊退兇猛的原住民後
01:23
they founded their capital,
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他們建立了自己的首都
01:25
and Ayar Manco became Manco Capac, the first Sapa Inca, or king of the Incas.
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而阿亞.曼科成為了曼科.卡帕克
第一位薩帕.印加 也就是印加的國王
01:34
Archaeological evidence suggests
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考古學證據顯示
01:37
that the Incas first settled in this valley around 1200 CE.
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印加人約在公元一千兩百年 在這個峽谷定居下來
01:41
They remained a small kingdom until 1438,
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他們在公元 1438 年之前 都是個小王國
01:45
when they were nearly overrun by the neighboring Chanka tribe.
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那時他們幾乎被鄰近的昌卡部落佔領
01:49
The Inca king at this time, Viracocha, and his designated heir fled in fear,
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當時的印加國王維拉科查 和他的王儲在恐懼中逃走
01:56
but one of his other sons remained
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但他的其中一個兒子留下
01:58
and successfully rallied the city’s defenses.
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並成功的保衛了城市
02:01
For his military skill, he became the ninth Inca ruler,
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由於他的軍事才能,他成為 印加王國的第九位統治者
02:05
assuming the name of Pachacuti, or "Cataclysm."
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名字是帕查庫特克 意為「翻轉/擾亂/改變世界的人」
02:11
Pachacuti expanded Inca rule throughout the Andes mountains,
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帕查庫特克將印加的統治範圍 擴張至安地斯山脈
02:15
transforming the kingdom into an empire through extensive reforms.
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並且進行許多改革 將一個小王國轉變為帝國
02:20
The empire’s territory was reorganized as Tahuantinsuyu, or "four quarters,"
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印加帝國的領土被他重新劃分 為塔烏安廷蘇優,意為「四區」
02:28
with four divisions ruled by governors reporting to the king.
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四個區域分別有長官 對國王直接負責
02:32
Although the Inca had no writing,
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雖然印加王國沒有書寫語言
02:35
they used a complex system of knotted strings called quipu
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他們採用一個複雜 被稱為「奇普」的繩結系統
02:39
to record numbers and perhaps other information.
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來記錄數字,或許還記錄其他的資訊
02:44
A decimal-based bureaucracy enabled systematic
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一個十進位的官僚體制
02:47
and efficient taxation of the empire’s subjects.
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使課稅得以有系統、有效率地進行
02:50
In return, the empire provided security, infrastructure, and sustenance,
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作為回報,帝國提供人民 國防安全、基礎建設還有糧食
02:56
with great storehouses containing necessities to be used when needed.
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有許多倉庫儲存著緊急用的必需品
03:01
Great terraces and irrigation works were built
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廣大的梯田還有灌溉系統被建造
03:04
and various crops were grown in at different altitudes
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在不同的海拔高度還種植多樣化的作物
03:07
to be transported all over the empire.
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它們會被運送至帝國的每個角落
03:10
And it was during Pachacuti’s reign
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就是在帕查庫特克的統治時期
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that the famous estate of Machu Picchu was constructed.
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印加人建造了著名的馬丘比丘
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Pachacuti’s son Topa Inca continued the empire’s military expansion,
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他的兒子圖帕.印加 接下來持續帝國的軍事擴張
03:22
and he eventually became ruler in 1471 CE.
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他最後在公元 1471 年成為國王
03:28
By the end of his reign, the empire covered much of western South America.
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在他的統治結束前,印加帝國已 涵蓋了南美洲西部的多數地區
03:33
Topa’s son Huayna Capac succeeded him in 1493.
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圖帕的兒子瓦伊納.卡帕克於 公元 1493 年繼承王位
03:39
But the new ruler’s distant military campaigns strained the social fabric.
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但是新國王的遠距離軍事行動 導致了社會上的緊張
03:44
And in 1524, Huayna Capac was stricken by fever.
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在公元 1524 年 瓦伊納.卡帕克為發燒所苦
03:49
Spanish conquistadors had arrived in the Caribbean some time before,
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西班牙征服者在這之前 已經來到加勒比海地區
03:53
bringing diseases to which the native peoples had no resistance.
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帶來原住民沒有抵抗力的疾病
03:58
Millions died in the outbreak,
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好幾百萬人在疾病大流行中死亡
04:01
including Huayna Capac and his designated heir.
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包含瓦伊納.卡帕克和他的王儲
04:05
The vacant throne ignited a civil war between two of the surviving brothers,
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空缺的王位導致了一場兩兄弟
04:11
Atahualpa and Huascar,
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阿塔瓦爾帕和瓦斯卡爾間的戰爭
04:14
greatly weakening the empire.
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大大地消耗了帝國的元氣
04:16
In 1532, after finally winning the Inca civil war,
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在公元 1532 年終於贏得內戰後
04:20
Atahualpa and his army encountered the European invaders.
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阿塔瓦爾帕和他的軍隊 面臨到歐洲侵略者的威脅
04:25
Although greatly outnumbered,
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雖然人數遠遠不及對方
04:27
Francisco Pizarro and his small group of conquistadors
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法蘭西斯克·皮薩羅 和他的一小群征服者
04:32
stunned the king’s much larger force with guns and horses,
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運用槍枝和馬匹震懾了 國王的大批軍隊
04:36
neither of which they had seen before.
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因為他們從來沒看過那種東西
04:39
Atahualpa was taken captive and killed about a year later.
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阿塔瓦爾帕被囚禁 並約在一年後被殺害
04:44
The Spanish conquerors were awed by the capital of Cuzco.
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西班牙征服者對首都 庫斯科的美感到敬畏
04:49
Pizarro described it as so beautiful that “it would be remarkable even in Spain.”
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皮薩羅形容它美麗到 「就算在西班牙也是非凡無比」
04:55
Though the capital had fallen
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雖然首都陷落
04:57
and the native population had been destroyed by civil war and disease,
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而且印加人遭受內戰和疾病的摧殘
05:01
some Incas fell back to a new capital at Vilcabamba
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有些印加人撤退到新首都比爾卡班巴
05:06
and resisted for the next 40 years.
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並頑強抵抗了四十年
05:09
But by 1572, the Spaniards had destroyed all remaining resistance
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但在公元 1572 年 西班牙人清除了殘餘勢力
05:15
along with much of the Incas’ physical and cultural legacy.
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和許多印加王國的物質與文化遺產
05:19
Thus, the great Inca empire fell even faster than it had risen.
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因此,偉大印加王國的衰落 比它的崛起還要快了許多
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