The rise and fall of the Inca Empire - Gordon McEwan

4,039,510 views ・ 2018-02-12

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: 진섭 λ°• κ²€ν† : Jihyeon J. Kim
"1491λ…„ μž‰μΉ΄μΈλ“€μ€ 지ꡬ μ΅œλŒ€μ˜ μ œκ΅­μ„ ν†΅μΉ˜ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€."
- μ½œλ‘¬λ²„μŠ€ 이전 미ꡭ에 λŒ€ν•œ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 사싀 (Charles C. Mann, 1491)
00:07
It was the Western Hemisphere’s largest empire ever,
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이 λ¬Έλͺ…은 μ„œκ΅¬ 역사상 κ°€μž₯ 큰 λ¬Έλͺ…μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:10
with a population of nearly 10 million subjects.
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μΈκ΅¬λŠ” 거의 천만 λͺ…에 이λ₯΄λ €μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:13
Over an area of more than 900,000 square kilometers,
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90만 제곱 ν‚¬λ‘œλ―Έν„°κ°€ λ„˜λŠ” μ˜ν† μ—
00:17
its people built massive administrative centers,
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이듀은 κ±°λŒ€ν•œ ν–‰μ •μ„Όν„°λ₯Ό μ§€μ—ˆκ³ 
00:21
temples, and extensive road and canal systems.
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사원, 그리고 κ΄‘λ²”μœ„ν•œ λ„λ‘œμ™€ 수둜 체계λ₯Ό κ°–μΆ”μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:25
They did so in an inhospitable, extreme terrain,
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그듀은 이 λͺ¨λ“  것듀을 ν—˜μ€€ν•œ μ§€ν˜• μœ„ μ²™λ°•ν•œ 땅에
00:30
all without the use of wheels, horses, iron, or even written language.
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바퀴, 말, μ² , 심지어 λ¬Έμžλ„ 없이 μ΄λ£¨μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:37
Yet within 100 years of its rise in the fifteenth century,
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15μ„ΈκΈ°, μ„Έμ›Œμ§„ 지 100년도 채 되기 μ „
00:41
the Inca Empire would be no more.
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μž‰μΉ΄μ œκ΅­μ€ 사라져 λ²„λ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:45
According to legend,
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전섀에 λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄
00:47
the ancestors of the Inca rulers were created by the sun god Inti,
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μž‰μΉ΄μ œκ΅­ ν†΅μΉ˜μžμ˜ μ„ μ‘°λŠ” νƒœμ–‘μ˜ μ‹  인티가 μ°½μ‘°ν•˜μ˜€κ³ 
00:51
and they emerged from a cave called Tambo Toco.
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그듀은 탐보 토코라고 λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ” λ™λ¬Όμ—μ„œ λ“±μž₯ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:55
Leading four brothers and four sisters was Ayar Manco,
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ν˜•μ œ λ„·κ³Ό λˆ„μ΄ 넷을 μ΄λ„λŠ” μ•„μ•Ό λ§μ½”λŠ”
01:01
who carried a golden staff with instructions
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ν™©κΈˆμ§€νŒ‘μ΄κ°€ 잘 κ½‚νžˆλŠ” 땅을 μ°Ύμ•„ λ‚˜μ„°λŠ”λ°
01:03
to find the place where it would sink into the ground,
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01:06
showing fertile soil.
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기름진 땅인지λ₯Ό μ•Œμ•„λ³΄κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œμ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:09
After many adventures and extensive searching,
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λ§Žμ€ λͺ¨ν—˜κ³Ό 넓은 νƒν—˜ 끝에
01:12
Ayar Manco and his siblings reached the Cuzco Valley,
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μ•„μ•Ό 망코과 κ·Έ ν˜•μ œμžλ§€λŠ” μ§€νŒ‘μ΄κ°€ 땅에 잘 κ½‚νžˆλŠ”
01:16
where the staff pierced the ground.
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μΏ μŠ€μ½” 계곑에 λ„μ°©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:19
After fighting off the fierce local native population,
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κ·Έ 지역 원주민듀과 κ²©λ ¬ν•œ 싸움 끝에
01:23
they founded their capital,
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그듀은 μˆ˜λ„λ₯Ό κ±΄λ¦½ν•˜μ˜€κ³ 
01:25
and Ayar Manco became Manco Capac, the first Sapa Inca, or king of the Incas.
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μ•„μ•Ό λ§μ½”λŠ” 망코 카팍 즉, μž‰μΉ΄μ˜ 첫 번째 μ‚¬νŒŒ, 즉 μž‰μΉ΄μ˜ 왕이 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:34
Archaeological evidence suggests
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고고학적 증거듀에 μ˜ν•˜λ©΄
01:37
that the Incas first settled in this valley around 1200 CE.
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이 계곑에 μž‰μΉ΄μΈμ€ μ„œκΈ° 1200κ²½ μ •μ°©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:41
They remained a small kingdom until 1438,
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그듀은 1438λ…„κΉŒμ§€ μž‘μ€ μ™•κ΅­μœΌλ‘œ λ‚¨μ•„μžˆμ—ˆλŠ”λ°
01:45
when they were nearly overrun by the neighboring Chanka tribe.
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μ΄λ•Œ 이웃뢀쑱인 μ°½μΉ΄μ‘±μ—κ²Œ 거의 정볡 λ‹Ήν•  λ»” ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:49
The Inca king at this time, Viracocha, and his designated heir fled in fear,
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λ‹Ήμ‹œ μž‰μΉ΄μ˜ μ™•μ΄μ—ˆλ˜, 비라코차, 그리고 그의 μ™•μ„ΈμžλŠ” 두렀움에 도망쳀고
01:56
but one of his other sons remained
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 그의 λ‹€λ₯Έ 아듀은 λ‚¨μ•„μ„œ
01:58
and successfully rallied the city’s defenses.
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연이어 λ„μ‹œλ₯Ό μ„±κ³΅μ μœΌλ‘œ λ°©μ–΄ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:01
For his military skill, he became the ninth Inca ruler,
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 그의 ꡰ사적 κΈ°μˆ μ—, κ·ΈλŠ” 아홉 번째 μž‰μΉ΄μ˜ ν†΅μΉ˜μžκ°€ λ˜μ–΄
02:05
assuming the name of Pachacuti, or "Cataclysm."
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νŒŒμ°¨μΏ ν‹°λΌλŠ” "λŒ€μž¬μ•™"을 λœ»ν•˜λŠ” 이름을 μ–»κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:11
Pachacuti expanded Inca rule throughout the Andes mountains,
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νŒŒμ°¨μΏ ν‹°λŠ” μž‰μΉ΄μ˜ μ˜ν† λ₯Ό μ•ˆλ°μŠ€ μ‚°λ§₯ λ„ˆλ¨Έλ‘œ ν™•μž₯ν•˜κ³ 
02:15
transforming the kingdom into an empire through extensive reforms.
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λŒ€λŒ€μ μΈ 보수λ₯Ό 톡해 왕ꡭ을 제ꡭ으둜 κ±°λ“­λ‚˜κ²Œ ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:20
The empire’s territory was reorganized as Tahuantinsuyu, or "four quarters,"
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제ꡭ의 ꡭ경쑰직은 κ°œνŽΈλ˜μ–΄ "λ„€ 개의 μΏΌν„°"λΌλŠ” 뜻의 νƒ€μ™„ν‹΄μˆ˜μœ κ°€ λ˜μ–΄
02:28
with four divisions ruled by governors reporting to the king.
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λ„€ 개의 μ˜ν† λ₯Ό 총독이 λ‹€μŠ€λ¦¬κ³  μ™•μ—κ²Œ λ³΄κ³ ν•˜λ„λ‘ ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:32
Although the Inca had no writing,
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μž‰μΉ΄μΈλ“€μ΄ 글을 μ“Έ 쀄은 λͺ°λžμ§€λ§Œ
02:35
they used a complex system of knotted strings called quipu
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퀴푸라고 λΆˆλ¦¬λŠ” λ§€λ“­μœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“  λ³΅μž‘ν•œ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ„ μ‚¬μš©ν–ˆλŠ”λ°
02:39
to record numbers and perhaps other information.
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μ΄λŠ” μˆ«μžλ‚˜, ν™•μ‹€ν•˜μ§„ μ•Šμ§€λ§Œ λ‹€λ₯Έ 정보λ₯Ό κΈ°λ‘ν•˜λŠ”λ° μ‚¬μš©λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:44
A decimal-based bureaucracy enabled systematic
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이 십진법에 κΈ°μ΄ˆν•œ κ΄€λ£Œμ‘°μ§λ“€μ€ 제ꡭ의 λ°±μ„±λ“€μ—κ²Œ
02:47
and efficient taxation of the empire’s subjects.
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체계적이고 효율적으둜 μ„ΈκΈˆμ„ 거두어 듀일 수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:50
In return, the empire provided security, infrastructure, and sustenance,
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κ·Έ λŒ“κ°€λ‘œ, μ œκ΅­μ€ μ•ˆλ³΄, 인프라λ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν•˜κ³  μƒκ³„μœ μ§€λ₯Ό ν•  수 있게 ν•΄ μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:56
with great storehouses containing necessities to be used when needed.
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ν•„μš”ν•œ 경우 물건듀을 보관할 수 μžˆλŠ” 큰 창고도 지어 μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:01
Great terraces and irrigation works were built
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멋진 ν…ŒλΌμŠ€μ™€ κ΄€κ°œμˆ˜λ‘œκ°€ μ§€μ–΄μ‘Œκ³ 
03:04
and various crops were grown in at different altitudes
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λ‹€λ₯Έ κ³ λ„μ—μ„œ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 곑물듀이 μž¬λ°°λ˜μ–΄
03:07
to be transported all over the empire.
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제ꡭ의 μ „κ΅­μœΌλ‘œ μˆ˜μ†‘λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:10
And it was during Pachacuti’s reign
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μ΄λŠ” νŒŒμ°¨μΏ ν‹° μ‹œλŒ€ μΌμ΄μ—ˆλŠ”λ°
03:13
that the famous estate of Machu Picchu was constructed.
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이 λ•Œ κ·Έ 유λͺ…ν•œ μœ μ‚°μΈ λ§ˆμΆ”ν”½μΆ”κ°€ κ±΄μ„€λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:17
Pachacuti’s son Topa Inca continued the empire’s military expansion,
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νŒŒμ°¨μΏ ν‹°μ˜ 아듀인 ν† νŒŒ μž‰μΉ΄λŠ” λŒ€λ₯Ό 이어 제ꡭ의 ꡰ사 정볡 μ „μŸμ„ ν•˜μ˜€κ³ 
03:22
and he eventually became ruler in 1471 CE.
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κ²°κ΅­ μ„œκΈ° 1471λ…„ 제ꡭ의 μ§€λ°°μžκ°€ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:28
By the end of his reign, the empire covered much of western South America.
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그의 ν†΅μΉ˜ μ‹œκΈ° λ§λ…„μ—λŠ”, 제ꡭ의 μ˜ν† κ°€ 남미 μ„œλΆ€μ˜ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ„ μ°¨μ§€ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:33
Topa’s son Huayna Capac succeeded him in 1493.
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ν† νŒŒμ˜ 아듀인 μ™€μ΄λ‚˜ μΉ΄νŒμ€ 1493λ…„ 자리λ₯Ό 이어 λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:39
But the new ruler’s distant military campaigns strained the social fabric.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ§€λ°°μžμ˜ 원거리 κ΅°μ‚¬μž‘μ „μ€ μ‚¬νšŒκ΅¬μ‘°μ— 뢀담을 κ°€μ Έμ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:44
And in 1524, Huayna Capac was stricken by fever.
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그리고 1524λ…„, μ™€μ΄λ‚˜ μΉ΄νŒμ€ 열병에 μ‹œλ‹¬λ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:49
Spanish conquistadors had arrived in the Caribbean some time before,
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이 μ‹œκΈ° 쑰금 μ „ 슀페인 μ •λ³΅μžλ“€μ€ 카리브 μ œλ„μ— λ„μ°©ν•˜μ˜€λŠ”λ°
03:53
bringing diseases to which the native peoples had no resistance.
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남미 원주민듀이 μ €ν•­λ ₯이 μ „ν˜€ μ—†λŠ” μ§ˆλ³‘λ“€μ„ 가지고 μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:58
Millions died in the outbreak,
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이 μ§ˆλ³‘λ“€μ˜ λ°œλ³‘μœΌλ‘œ 수백만이 μ£½μ—ˆκ³ 
04:01
including Huayna Capac and his designated heir.
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κ·Έ μ•ˆμ—λŠ” μ™€μ΄λ‚˜ 카팍과 그의 μ™•μ„Έμžκ°€ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:05
The vacant throne ignited a civil war between two of the surviving brothers,
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μ™•μ„Έμž μžλ¦¬κ°€ 곡석이 되자
μ΄λŠ” μ‚΄μ•„ 남은 두 ν˜•μ œμΈ μ•„νƒ€μ™ˆνŒŒμ™€ μ™€μŠ€μΉ΄ μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ λ‚΄μ „μ˜ λΆˆμ”¨κ°€ λ˜μ—ˆκ³ 
04:11
Atahualpa and Huascar,
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04:14
greatly weakening the empire.
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μ œκ΅­μ„ μ—„μ²­λ‚˜κ²Œ μ‡ λ½ν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:16
In 1532, after finally winning the Inca civil war,
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1532λ…„, λ§ˆμΉ¨λ‚΄ μž‰μΉ΄ λ‚΄μ „μ—μ„œ μŠΉλ¦¬ν•œ
04:20
Atahualpa and his army encountered the European invaders.
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μ•„νƒ€μ™ˆνŒŒμ™€ 그의 κ΅°λŒ€λŠ” μœ λŸ½μ—μ„œ 온 μΉ¨λž΅μžλ“€κ³Ό λ§žμ„œκ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:25
Although greatly outnumbered,
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이듀이 수적으둜 μš°μ„Έν–ˆμŒμ—λ„
04:27
Francisco Pizarro and his small group of conquistadors
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ν”„λž€μ²΄μŠ€μ½” ν”Όμ‚¬λ‘œμ™€ 그의 λͺ‡ μ•ˆλ˜λŠ” μ •λ³΅μžλ“€μ€
04:32
stunned the king’s much larger force with guns and horses,
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총과 말둜 μž‰μΉ΄μ™•μ˜ 훨씬 큰 νž˜μ„ κ΅΄λ³΅μ‹œμΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:36
neither of which they had seen before.
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μž‰μΉ΄μΈλ“€μ€ 일찍이 λ³Έ 적 μ—†λŠ” κ²ƒλ“€μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:39
Atahualpa was taken captive and killed about a year later.
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μ•„νƒ€μ™ˆνŒŒλŠ” ν•œ ν•΄ λ’€ 포둜둜 λŒλ €κ°€ μ²˜ν˜•λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:44
The Spanish conquerors were awed by the capital of Cuzco.
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슀페인 μ •λ³΅μžλ“€μ€ μˆ˜λ„ μΏ μŠ€μ½”λ₯Ό 보고 경외심을 금치 λͺ»ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:49
Pizarro described it as so beautiful that β€œit would be remarkable even in Spain.”
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ν”Όμ‚¬λ‘œλŠ” κ·Έ 아름닀움에 λŒ€ν•΄ λ§ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. "(이 λ„μ‹œκ°€)μŠ€νŽ˜μΈμ— μžˆμ—ˆμ–΄λ„ κ²½μ΄λ‘œμ› μ„ 것이닀."
04:55
Though the capital had fallen
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μˆ˜λ„κ°€ ν•¨λ½λœ μƒνƒœμ˜€μŒμ—λ„
04:57
and the native population had been destroyed by civil war and disease,
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μ§ˆλ³‘κ³Ό 내전에 μ˜ν•΄ 원주민이 μƒλ‹Ήμˆ˜ 죽은 λ’€μ˜€μŒμ—λ„
05:01
some Incas fell back to a new capital at Vilcabamba
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일뢀 μž‰μΉ΄μΈλ“€μ€ λΉŒμΉ΄λ°€λ°”λΌλŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μˆ˜λ„λ‘œ ν›„ν‡΄ν•˜μ—¬
05:06
and resisted for the next 40 years.
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40λ…„ κ°„ ν•­μ „ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:09
But by 1572, the Spaniards had destroyed all remaining resistance
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 1572λ…„, μŠ€νŽ˜μΈμΈλ“€μ€ λͺ¨λ“  ν•­μ „μ—μ„œ 이듀을 κ²©νŒŒν•˜κ³ 
05:15
along with much of the Incas’ physical and cultural legacy.
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이와 ν•¨κ»˜ μž‰μΉ΄μ˜ 물질적 문화적 μœ μ‚°λ“€λ„ νŒŒκ΄΄λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:19
Thus, the great Inca empire fell even faster than it had risen.
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κ·Έλ¦¬ν•˜μ—¬ μœ„λŒ€ν•œ μž‰μΉ΄μ œκ΅­μ€ κ·Έ μ„±μž₯보닀 λ„ˆλ¬΄λ‚˜ 빨리 막을 내리고 λ§μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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