Could we steal the power of a black hole? - Fabio Pacucci

467,961 views ・ 2020-10-19

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Ivana Vojnić Tunić Lektor: Ivana Korom
00:07
Imagine a distant future when humans reach beyond our pale blue dot,
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Zamislite daleku budućnost u kojoj će ljudi dospeti dalje od naše planete,
00:12
forge cities on planets thousands of light-years away,
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podići gradove na planetama udaljenim hiljadama svetlosnih godina
00:17
and maintain a galactic web of trade and transport.
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i održavati galaktičku mrežu trgovine i transporta.
00:21
What would it take for our civilization to make that leap?
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Šta je tačno potrebno da naša civilizacija napravi taj korak?
00:25
There are many things to consider— how would we communicate?
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Treba obratiti pažnju na mnogo toga - kako bismo komunicirali?
00:28
What might a galactic government look like?
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Kako bi funkcionisala galaktička vlada?
00:30
And one of the most fundamental of all:
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I najvažnije od svega:
00:33
where would we get enough energy to power that civilization—
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odakle bismo crpeli energiju dovoljnu da je cela civilizacija koristi -
00:37
its industry, its terraforming operations, and its starships?
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za industriju, procese teraformiranja i svemirske brodove?
00:43
An astronomer named Nikolai Kardashev proposed a scale
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Astronom pod imenom Nikolaj Kardašev tvorac je skale
00:47
to quantify an evolving civilization’s increasing energy needs.
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koja meri nivo napretka civilizacije spram njenih zahteva za energijom.
00:52
In the first evolutionary stage, which we’re currently in,
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U civilizaciji tipa 1, u kojoj se trenutno nalazimo,
00:56
planet-based fuel sources like fossil fuels,
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izvori goriva na planeti, kao što su fosilna goriva,
00:59
solar panels and nuclear power plants
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solarne ploče i nukearne elektrane
01:02
are probably enough to settle other planets inside our own solar system,
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su dovoljni da potkrepe potrebe ostalih planeta u sklopu solarnog sistema,
01:07
but not much beyond that.
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ali ne mogu da urade više od toga.
01:09
For a civilization on the third and final stage,
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Za civilizaciju tipa 3, koja je dostigla poslednju fazu,
01:13
expansion on a galactic scale would require about 100 billion times
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napredovanje na galaktičkoj skali zahtevalo bi oko 100 milijardi puta
01:18
more energy than the full 385 yotta joules our sun releases every second.
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više energije nego čitavih 385 jotadžula koje sunce ispusti svakog sekunda.
01:25
Barring a breakthrough in exotic physics,
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Ako izuzmemo buduća otkrića u fizici,
01:28
there’s only one energy source that could suffice:
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postoji samo jedan odgovarajući izvor energije:
01:32
a supermassive black hole.
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supermasivna crna rupa.
01:35
It’s counterintuitive to think of black holes as energy sources,
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Nije logično da posmatramo crnu rupu kao izvor energije,
01:39
but that’s exactly what they are, thanks to their accretion disks:
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ali ona je upravo to, zahvaljujući akrecionom disku:
01:44
circular, flat structures formed by matter falling into the event horizon.
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kružnoj, ravnoj strukturi koja se stvara kada materija uđe u horizont događaja.
01:49
Because of conservation of angular momentum,
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Da bi se održao moment impulsa,
01:52
particles there don’t just plummet straight into the black hole.
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čestice ne upadaju naglo u crnu rupu.
01:56
Instead, they slowly spiral.
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Umesto toga, one lagano kruže oko nje.
02:00
Due to the intense gravitational field of the black hole,
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Kako je gravitaciono polje crne rupe izuzetno jako,
02:03
these particles convert their potential energy to kinetic energy
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čestice pretvaraju potencijalnu energiju u kinetičku
02:07
as they inch closer to the event horizon.
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što se više približavaju horizontu događaja.
02:10
Particle interactions allow for this kinetic energy
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Interakcije čestica omogućavaju kinetičkoj energiji
02:12
to be radiated out into space
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da se širi
02:15
at an astonishing matter-to-energy efficiency:
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neverovatnom brzinom:
02:18
6% for non-rotating black holes, and up to 32% for rotating ones.
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Šest posto za nerotirajuće crne rupe i do 32 posto za rotirajuće.
02:25
This drastically outshines nuclear fission,
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Ovo znatno nadmašuje nuklearnu fisiju,
02:29
currently the most efficient widely available mechanism
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koja je trenutno najefikasniji i najdostupniji način
02:32
to extract energy from mass.
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da se energija oslobodi iz mase.
02:35
Fission converts just 0.08% of a Uranium atom into energy.
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Fisija pretvara samo 0.08 posto uranijuma u energiju.
02:42
The key to harnessing this power may lie in a structure
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Odgovor na pitanje kako iskoristiti energiju leži u pojmu
02:46
devised by physicist Freeman Dyson, known as the Dyson sphere.
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znanom kao Dajsonova sfera, koji je osmislio fizičar Friman Dajson.
02:52
In the 1960s, Dyson proposed that an advanced planetary civilization
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Dajson je 1960-ih predložio da bi napredna svetska civilizacija
02:56
could engineer an artificial sphere around their main star,
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mogla da napravi veštačku sferu oko glavne zvezde,
03:01
capturing all of its radiated energy to satisfy their needs.
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skupljajući tako svu njenu energiju da bi zadovoljila svoje potrebe.
03:06
A similar, though vastly more complicated design
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Sličan, mada umnogome komplikovaniji plan
03:09
could theoretically be applied to black holes.
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mogao bi u teoriji da se primeni i na crnu rupu.
03:12
In order to produce energy, black holes need to be continuously fed—
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Kako bi proizvela energiju, crnu rupu je neophodno konstantno "hraniti" -
03:17
so we wouldn’t want to fully cover it with a sphere.
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zbog toga ne bi bilo dobro prekriti je sasvim sferom.
03:20
Even if we did, the plasma jets that shoot from the poles
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Čak i da se to uradi, mlazevi plazme koji izbijaju sa polova
03:23
of many supermassive black holes
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mnogih supermasivnih crnih rupa
03:26
would blow any structure in their way to smithereens.
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razneli bi na komadiće bilo koju stvar koja im se nađe na putu.
03:30
So instead, we might design a sort of Dyson ring,
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Baš zbog toga, bilo bi bolje napraviti nešto nalik Dajsonovom prstenu,
03:33
made of massive, remotely controlled collectors.
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sastavljenom od ogromnih kolektora, kojima se upravlja na daljinu.
03:37
They’d swarm in an orbit around a black hole,
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Oni bi kružili oko crne rupe,
03:40
perhaps on the plane of its accretion disk, but farther out.
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na primer po ravni akrecionog diska ali malo dalje od nje.
03:44
These devices could use mirror-like panels
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Te naprave bi mogle da koriste ploče slične ogledalu
03:46
to transmit the collected energy to a powerplant,
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kako bi prenele sakupljenu energiju do nuklearne elektrane
03:50
or a battery for storage.
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ili akumulatora gde bi se ona čuvala.
03:52
We’d need to ensure that these collectors are built at just the right radius:
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Ti kolektori bi morali da imaju precizno određen poluprečnik:
03:57
too close and they’d melt from the radiated energy.
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ako su preblizu, istopili bi se od količine emitovane energije.
04:00
Too far, and they’d only collect a tiny fraction of the available energy
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Ako su predaleko, mogli bi da sakupe samo deliće raspoložive energije
04:05
and might be disrupted by stars orbiting the black hole.
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i postoji mogućnost da bi ih ometale zvezde koje kruže oko crne rupe.
04:09
We would likely need several Earths worth of highly reflective material
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Najverovatnije bi bile potrebne ogromne količine izuzetno reflektujuće materije
04:14
like hematite to construct the full system—
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kao što je hematit, da bi se ceo sistem sproveo u delo -
04:17
plus a few more dismantled planets to make a legion of construction robots.
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zajedno sa nekoliko rasturenih planeta kako bi se napravilo mnoštvo robota.
04:23
Once built, the Dyson ring would be a technological masterpiece,
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Jednom napravljen, Dajsonov prsten bio bi remek-delo tehnologije,
04:27
powering a civilization spread across every arm of a galaxy.
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opskrbljavajući civilizaciju raširenu na sve strane galaksije.
04:32
This all may seem like wild speculation.
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Sve ovo se možda čini kao puko nagađanje.
04:35
But even now, in our current energy crisis,
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Međutim, i dan danas, u trenutnoj energetskoj krizi,
04:38
we’re confronted by the limited resources of our planet.
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suočavamo se sa ograničenim resursima naše planete.
04:41
New ways of sustainable energy production will always be needed,
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Novi načini proizvodnje održive energije uvek će biti potrebni,
04:45
especially as humanity works towards the survival
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posebno kako čovečanstvo sve više radi na opstanku
04:48
and technological progress of our species.
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i tehnološkom napretku ljudske vrste.
04:52
Perhaps there’s already a civilization out there
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Možda tamo negde već postoji civilizacija
04:54
that has conquered these astronomical giants.
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koja je pokorila astronomske divove.
04:58
We may even be able to tell
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Možda to možemo da primetimo
04:59
by seeing the light from their black hole periodically dim
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tako što povremeno uočimo svetlo crne rupe koje se prigušilo
05:03
as pieces of the Dyson ring pass between us and them.
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dok delovi Dajsonovog prstena prolaze između nas i njih.
05:08
Or maybe these superstructures are fated to remain in the realm of theory.
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Ili su pak te neverovatne strukture osuđene da ostanu u domenu teorije.
05:13
Only time— and our scientific ingenuity— will tell.
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Samo će vreme, i naša domišljatost u polju nauke, pokazati.
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