Could we steal the power of a black hole? - Fabio Pacucci

488,598 views ใƒป 2020-10-19

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:07
Imagine a distant future when humans reach beyond our pale blue dot,
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืขืชื™ื“ ืจื—ื•ืง ื‘ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื” ืฉืœื ื•,
00:12
forge cities on planets thousands of light-years away,
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ื•ืžืงื™ืžื™ื ืขืจื™ื ืขืœ ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืจ ืžืคื”,
ื•ืžืชื—ื–ืงื™ื ืจืฉืช ื’ืœืงื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืกื—ืจ ื•ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”.
00:17
and maintain a galactic web of trade and transport.
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00:21
What would it take for our civilization to make that leap?
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ืžื” ื™ื“ืจืฉ ืœืฆื™ื‘ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื–ื™ื ื•ืง ื”ื–ื”?
00:25
There are many things to considerโ€” how would we communicate?
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืฉืงื•ืœ -- ืื™ืš ื ืชืงืฉืจ?
00:28
What might a galactic government look like?
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ืื™ืš ื™ืจืื” ืžืžืฉืœ ื’ืœืงื˜ื™?
00:30
And one of the most fundamental of all:
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ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื›ื™ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืžื›ื•ืœื:
00:33
where would we get enough energy to power that civilizationโ€”
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ืžืื™ืคื” ื ืฉื™ื’ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ื›ื•ื— ืœืฆื™ื‘ื™ืœื™ืฆื™ื” --
00:37
its industry, its terraforming operations, and its starships?
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ืœืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื”, ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืคื ื™ ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื—ืœืœื™ื•ืช?
00:43
An astronomer named Nikolai Kardashev proposed a scale
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ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ื ื‘ืฉื ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื™ ืงืจื“ืืฉื‘ ื”ืฆื™ืข ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื”
00:47
to quantify an evolving civilizationโ€™s increasing energy needs.
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ืœื›ืžืช ืืช ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื‘ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช.
00:52
In the first evolutionary stage, which weโ€™re currently in,
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื›ืจื’ืข,
00:56
planet-based fuel sources like fossil fuels,
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ื“ืœืงื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ ืคืœื ื˜ื” ื›ืžื• ื“ืœืงื™ื ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื,
00:59
solar panels and nuclear power plants
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ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืกื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื•ืžืคืขืœื™ ื›ื•ื— ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ื
01:02
are probably enough to settle other planets inside our own solar system,
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืžืกืคื™ืงื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•,
01:07
but not much beyond that.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”.
01:09
For a civilization on the third and final stage,
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ืœืฆื™ื‘ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ,
01:13
expansion on a galactic scale would require about 100 billion times
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ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ืœืงื˜ื™ ื™ื“ืจื•ืฉ ื‘ืขืจืš ืคื™ 100 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“
01:18
more energy than the full 385 yotta joules our sun releases every second.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžื›ืœ ื” 385 ื™ื•ื˜ื” ื’โ€™ืื•ืœื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื• ืžืฉื—ืจืจืช ื›ืœ ืฉื ื™ื”.
01:25
Barring a breakthrough in exotic physics,
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ืื ื ืชืขืœื ืžืคืจื™ืฆืช ื“ืจืš ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืืงื–ื•ื˜ื™ืช,
01:28
thereโ€™s only one energy source that could suffice:
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ื™ืฉ ืจืง ืžืงื•ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืกืคื™ืง:
01:32
a supermassive black hole.
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ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืกื•ืคืจ ืžืกื™ื‘ื™.
01:35
Itโ€™s counterintuitive to think of black holes as energy sources,
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ื–ื” ืžื ื•ื’ื“ ืœื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
01:39
but thatโ€™s exactly what they are, thanks to their accretion disks:
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉื”ื, ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื“ื™ืกืงื•ืช ื”ืกืคื™ื—ื” ืฉืœื”ื:
01:44
circular, flat structures formed by matter falling into the event horizon.
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ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืžืขื’ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉื ื•ืคืœ ืœืื•ืคืง ื”ืืจื•ืขื™ื.
01:49
Because of conservation of angular momentum,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ืชื ืข ื”ืžืขื’ืœื™,
01:52
particles there donโ€™t just plummet straight into the black hole.
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ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืฉื ืœื ืฆื•ื ื—ื™ื ื™ืฉืจ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ.
01:56
Instead, they slowly spiral.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ื”ื ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืกืคื™ืจืœื” ืื™ื˜ื™ืช.
02:00
Due to the intense gravitational field of the black hole,
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ื‘ืฉืœ ืฉื“ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื™ื“ืชื™ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ,
02:03
these particles convert their potential energy to kinetic energy
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ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืžื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืงื™ื ื˜ื™ืช
02:07
as they inch closer to the event horizon.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืคืง ื”ืืจื•ืขื™ื.
ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืงื™ื ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•
02:10
Particle interactions allow for this kinetic energy
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02:12
to be radiated out into space
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ืœื”ืงืจื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื—ืœืœ
02:15
at an astonishing matter-to-energy efficiency:
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ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื”:
02:18
6% for non-rotating black holes, and up to 32% for rotating ones.
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6% ืœื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืœื ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื, ื•ืขื“ 32% ืœืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื.
02:25
This drastically outshines nuclear fission,
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ื–ื” ืžืืคื™ืœ ื“ืจืกื˜ื™ืช ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืข ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™,
02:29
currently the most efficient widely available mechanism
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืจื’ืข ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื”ื›ื™ ื™ืขื™ืœ
02:32
to extract energy from mass.
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ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืžืืกื”.
02:35
Fission converts just 0.08% of a Uranium atom into energy.
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ื‘ื™ืงื•ืข ืžืžื™ืจ ืจืง 0.08% ืžืื˜ื•ื ืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
02:42
The key to harnessing this power may lie in a structure
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ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœืจืชื™ืžืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžื‘ื ื”
02:46
devised by physicist Freeman Dyson, known as the Dyson sphere.
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ืฉื”ื•ืžืฆื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ ืคืจื™ืžืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืกื•ืŸ, ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืกืคื™ืจืช ื“ื™ื™ืกื•ืŸ.
02:52
In the 1960s, Dyson proposed that an advanced planetary civilization
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ื‘ 1960, ื“ื™ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉืฆื™ื‘ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืคืœื ื˜ืจื™ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžืช
02:56
could engineer an artificial sphere around their main star,
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ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื ื“ืก ืกืคื™ืจื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™,
ื•ืชืœื›ื•ื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืงืจื™ื ื” ืฉืœื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ืืช ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
03:01
capturing all of its radiated energy to satisfy their needs.
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03:06
A similar, though vastly more complicated design
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ื‘ื“ื•ืžื”, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”
03:09
could theoretically be applied to black holes.
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ืชื•ื›ืœ ืชืื•ืจืชื™ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืฉืžืช ืœื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ.
03:12
In order to produce energy, black holes need to be continuously fedโ€”
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืจื’ื™ื”, ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืชืžืฉืš --
03:17
so we wouldnโ€™t want to fully cover it with a sphere.
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ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื ืจืฆื” ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ืกืคื™ืจื”.
03:20
Even if we did, the plasma jets that shoot from the poles
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช, ืกื™ืœื•ื ื™ ื”ืคืœืื–ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืงื˜ื‘ื™ื
03:23
of many supermassive black holes
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ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืกื•ืคืจ ืžืืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื
03:26
would blow any structure in their way to smithereens.
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ื™ืคื•ืฆืฆื• ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉื‘ื“ืจื›ื ืœืฉื‘ื‘ื™ื.
03:30
So instead, we might design a sort of Dyson ring,
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ืื– ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ืื•ืœื™ ื ืชื›ื ืŸ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื“ื™ื™ืกื•ืŸ,
03:33
made of massive, remotely controlled collectors.
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ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืžืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ืžืจื—ื•ืง.
03:37
Theyโ€™d swarm in an orbit around a black hole,
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ื”ื ื™ืงื™ืคื• ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื›ื ื—ื™ืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ,
03:40
perhaps on the plane of its accretion disk, but farther out.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืขืœ ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื“ื™ืกืงืช ื”ืกืคื™ื—ื” ืฉืœื•, ืื‘ืœ ืจื—ื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:44
These devices could use mirror-like panels
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ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืคื ืœื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ืžืจืื”
03:46
to transmit the collected energy to a powerplant,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื“ืจ ืืช ื”ืืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืจื•ื›ื–ืช ืœืชื—ื ืช ื›ื•ื—,
03:50
or a battery for storage.
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ืื• ืกื•ืœืœื” ืœืžืื’ืจ.
03:52
Weโ€™d need to ensure that these collectors are built at just the right radius:
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ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืืœื” ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืจื“ื™ื•ืก ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ:
03:57
too close and theyโ€™d melt from the radiated energy.
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ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžื“ื™ ื•ื”ื ื™ืžืกื• ืžื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžื•ืงืจื ืช.
04:00
Too far, and theyโ€™d only collect a tiny fraction of the available energy
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ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื“ื™, ื•ื”ื ื™ืืกืคื• ืจืง ื—ืœืง ื–ืขื™ืจ ืžื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื”
04:05
and might be disrupted by stars orbiting the black hole.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ืคืจืขื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืงื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ.
04:09
We would likely need several Earths worth of highly reflective material
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ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืฉืงืฃ ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
04:14
like hematite to construct the full systemโ€”
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื˜ื™ื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืœืžื” --
04:17
plus a few more dismantled planets to make a legion of construction robots.
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ืคืœื•ืก ื›ืžื” ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืจืงื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืœื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื”.
04:23
Once built, the Dyson ring would be a technological masterpiece,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืชื™ื‘ื ื”, ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื”ื“ื™ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืชื”ื™ื” ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื•ืคืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
04:27
powering a civilization spread across every arm of a galaxy.
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ืฉืชืชืŸ ื›ื•ื— ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื›ืœ ื–ืจื•ืข ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”.
04:32
This all may seem like wild speculation.
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืกืคืงื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ืคืจื•ืขื•ืช.
04:35
But even now, in our current energy crisis,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ืฉืœื ื•,
04:38
weโ€™re confronted by the limited resources of our planet.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื™ืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
04:41
New ways of sustainable energy production will always be needed,
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ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืงื™ื™ืžืช ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื“ืจืฉื•,
04:45
especially as humanity works towards the survival
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืฉื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืœื”ืฉืจื“ื•ืช
04:48
and technological progress of our species.
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ื•ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•.
04:52
Perhaps thereโ€™s already a civilization out there
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ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ื›ื‘ืจ ืฆื™ื‘ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื•ืช
04:54
that has conquered these astronomical giants.
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ืฉื›ื‘ืฉื• ืืช ื”ืขื ืงื™ื ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
04:58
We may even be able to tell
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ืื•ืœื™ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื“ืขืช
04:59
by seeing the light from their black hole periodically dim
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืจ ืžื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืžืขื•ืžืขื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™
05:03
as pieces of the Dyson ring pass between us and them.
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ื›ืฉืคื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื“ื™ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ื ื•.
05:08
Or maybe these superstructures are fated to remain in the realm of theory.
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ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขืœ ื”ืืœื” ื ื™ื“ื•ื ื• ืœื”ืฉืืจ ื‘ืžืžืœื›ืช ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื”.
05:13
Only timeโ€” and our scientific ingenuityโ€” will tell.
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ืจืง ื”ื–ืžืŸ -- ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• -- ื™ื’ื™ื“ื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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