The surprising effects of pregnancy

Prevodilac: Aleksandar Bosnjak Lektor: Ivana Korom

Muscles and joints shift and jostle.

Mišići i zglobovi se pomeraju i guraju.

The heart’s pounding rhythm speeds up. Blood roars through arteries and veins.

Otkucaji srca se ubrzavaju. Krv ubrzano teče kroz arterije i vene.

Over the course of a pregnancy, every organ in the body changes.

Tokom perioda trudnoće, svaki organ u telu se menja.

Ignited by a range of hormones,

Niz različitih hormona podstiče ove promene

these changes begin as soon as pregnancy begins.

koje počinju čim otpočne trudnoća.

Just days after fertilization, the embryo implants in the lining of the uterus.

Samo nekoliko dana nakon oplodnje, embrion se usađuje u postavu materice.

Because its DNA doesn’t exactly match the mother’s,

A zbog toga što njegova DNK ne odgovara potpuno majčinoj,

the immune system should theoretically recognize it as an invader,

imuni sistem bi trebalo u teoriji da ga prepozna kao uljeza,

attack, and destroy it, like it would bacteria or other harmful microbes.

napadne i uništi, kao što bi bakteriju ili neke druge štetne mikrobe.

That’s the challenge: the mother’s immune system

To je ono što treba postići, majčin imuni sistem

needs to protect both her and the fetus, but can’t act as it usually does.

treba da zaštiti i nju i njen fetus, ali ne može da deluje kao po običaju.

What happens is not as simple as decreasing the immune response.

To što se dešava nije jednostavno kao smanjenje imunološkog odgovora.

Instead, it’s a complex interaction we’re just beginning to understand,

Umesto toga, to je kompleksna interakcija koju mi tek počinjemo da shvatamo,

involving many different types of immune cells—

i koja uključuje mnogo drugih tipova imunih ćelija,

some of which seem to protect the fetus from attack by other immune cells.

a neke se čini da štite fetus od napada drugih imunih ćelija.

The body also creates an antibacterial plug made of mucus on the cervix,

Telo takođe stvara antibakterijski čep napravljen od sluzi na grliću materice,

which keeps germs away and stays sealed until labor.

koji drži klice podalje i ostaje zapečaćen do porođaja.

As a pregnancy progresses,

Kako trudnoća odmiče,

the uterus expands upward and outward with the growing fetus.

materica se širi nagore i nadole kako fetus raste.

To make room, hormones called progesterone and relaxin

Da bi se napravilo mesta, hormoni koji se zovu progesteron i relaksin

signal muscles to loosen.

signaliziraju mišićima da se opuste.

The muscles that propel food and waste through the digestive tract also loosen,

Mišići koji pokreću hranu i otpadne produkte

kroz digestivni trakt se takođe opuštaju,

which makes them sluggish,

zbog čega postaju tromi, i onda uzrokuju konstipaciju

causing constipation as passage through the tract slows down.

tako što se prolazak kroz trakt usporava.

Loosened muscles at the top of the stomach

Opušteni mišići na vrhu stomaka

might allow acid to escape into the esophagus and throat,

mogu dopustiti kiselini da prebegne u jednjak i grlo,

causing heartburn and reflux.

što uzrokuje gorušicu i refluks.

These changes can worsen morning sickness,

Ove promene mogu da pogoršaju jutranju mučninu,

which is caused in part by hormone HCG— and can also happen at other times of day.

a delom je izaziva HCG hormon, a može se desiti i u drugim delovima dana.

As the uterus grows, it pushes on the diaphragm,

Kako materica raste, ona pritiska dijafragmu,

the muscle that expands and contracts the chest with each breath.

mišić koji širi i skuplja grudni koš svakim dahom.

This limits the diaphragm’s range.

Ovo ograničava domašaj dijafragme.

To compensate, the hormone progesterone acts as a respiratory stimulant,

Kako bi to kompenzovao, hormon progesteron ponaša se kao respiratorni stimulant,

making the pregnant woman breathe faster so both she and the baby

i tera trudne žene da dišu brže kako bi i ona i beba mogle dobiti

can both get enough oxygen with less lung capacity.

dovoljno kiseonika sa manjim kapacitetom pluća.

This all may leave the pregnant woman feeling short of breath.

Ovo može da ostavi trudne žene bez daha.

Meanwhile, the kidneys make more erythropoietin,

U međuvremenu, bubrezi proizvode više eritropoietina,

a hormone that increases red blood cell production.

hormona koji povećava proizvodnju crvenih krvnih zrnaca - eritrocita.

The kidneys also keep extra water and salt rather than filtering it out into urine

Bubrezi zadržavaju višak vode i soli umesto da ih filtriraju kroz urin

to build up the volume of the blood.

kako bi povećali količinu krvi.

A pregnant woman’s blood volume increases by 50% or more.

Količina krvi trudne žene povećava se za 50 posto ili više.

But it’s also a bit diluted,

Ali, takođe je i malo razblažena,

because it only has 25% more red blood cells.

jer sadrži samo 25 posto više eritrocita.

Usually, the body makes blood cells using iron from our food.

Obično, telo stvara eritrocite koristeći gvožđe iz naše hrane.

But during pregnancy, the fetus is also building its own blood supply

Ali, tokom trudnoće, fetus stvara svoj dovod krvi

from nutrients in the mother’s food—

koristeći nutrijente iz majčine hrane,

leaving less iron and other nutrients for the mother.

ostavljajući manje gvožđa i drugih nutrijenata za majku.

The heart has to work extra hard to pump all this blood

Srce mora naporno da radi kako bi pumpalo svu tu krv

through the body and placenta.

kroz telo i posteljicu.

A pregnant woman’s heart rate increases,

Otkucaji srca trudne žene se povećavaju,

but we don’t fully understand how blood pressure changes in a healthy pregnancy—

ali ne razumemo potpuno kako se krvni pritisak menja u zdravoj trudnoći,

an important area of research,

što je važna oblast istraživanja,

because some of the most serious complications

jer neke najozbiljnije komplikacije su u vezi sa srcem i krvnim pritiskom.

are related to the heart and blood pressure.

The expanding uterus may press on veins—

Materica koja se širi može da pritisne vene,

causing fluid buildup in the legs and feet.

uzrokujući nagomilavanje tečnosti u nogama i stopalima.

If it presses on a large vein called the inferior vena cava,

Ako pritisne veliku venu zvanu donja šuplja vena,

it might interfere with blood returning to the heart,

može da omete vraćanje krvi u srce,

causing a dizzying drop in blood pressure after standing for too long.

uzrokujući vrtoglav pad krvnog pritiska nakon dugog stajanja.

Some of these changes start to reverse even before birth.

Neke promene se vraćaju na staro čak i pre porođaja.

Shortly before delivery, the fetus drops down,

Neposredno pred porođaj, fetus se spušta dole,

decreasing the pressure on the diaphragm

oslobađajući pritisak sa dijafragme

and allowing the pregnant woman to take deeper breaths.

i omogućava trudnoj ženi da diše dublje.

During labor and birth,

Tokom porođaja,

much of the extra fluid in the body is lost when the water breaks.

veći deo viška tečnosti u telu gubi se kada pukne vodenjak.

The uterus shrinks back down in the weeks after birth.

Materica se smanji par nedelja nakon porođaja.

Like the rest of the body, pregnancy affects the brain—

Kao i na ostatak tela, trudnoća utiče i na mozak,

but its effects here are some of the least understood.

ali njeni efekti na mozak najmanje su shvaćeni.

Recent studies show differences in brain scans

Skorašnje studije pokazuju razlike u snimcima mozgova

after pregnancy and early parenting,

nakon trudnoće i u ranom roditeljstvu,

and suggest that these changes are adaptive.

i sugerišu da su ove promene adaptivne.

That means they could help with parenting skills,

To znači da mogu pomoći u razvijanju roditeljskih sposobnosti,

such as an increased ability to read facial cues since babies can’t talk.

kao što je povećana mogućnost da se čitaju izrazi lica beba pošto ne mogu da pričaju.

The lack of information about pregnancy’s effects on the brain

Manjak informacija o efektima trudnoće na mozak

highlights a general truth: historically, almost all the research around pregnancy

ističe opštu istinu: u prošlosti skoro sva istraživanja u vezi sa trudnoćom

has focused on the fetus, rather than pregnant women.

bila su više fokusirana na fetus, nego na trudne žene.

Experiences of pregnancy vary widely,

Iskustva u trudnoći se veoma razlikuju,

both within the range of healthy pregnancies

kako u rasponu zdravih trudnoća,

and due to complicating health conditions— new research will help us understand why,

tako i zbog komplikovanih zdravstvenih stanja,

nova istraživanja će nam pomoći

da razumemo zašto se dešavaju i kako da razvijemo efektivne terapije.

and develop effective treatments where necessary.

In the meantime, every pregnancy is different,

U međuvremenu, svaka trudnoća je različita,

and it’s important to consult a doctor with any specific questions.

i važno je konsultovati se sa doktorom ako imate određena pitanja.

Today, we’re turning an exciting corner,

Danas, vidimo poboljšanja,

as more research is devoted to the astounding biology of pregnancy.

kako je sve više istraživanja posvećeno zapanjujućoj biologiji trudnoće.