Why do animals form swarms? - Maria R. D'Orsogna

321,088 views ・ 2017-12-18

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Shin yeonhui κ²€ν† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:08
When desert locusts are well fed, they're solitary creatures.
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λ°°λΆˆλ Έμ„ λ•Œμ˜ 사막 λ©”λšœκΈ°λŠ” κ°œλ³„μ  μƒλ¬Όμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:11
But when food becomes scarce,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 먹이가 뢀쑱해지면,
00:13
hungry, desperate locusts crowd onto small patches of land
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λ°°κ³ ν”„κ³ , 필사적인 λ©”λšœκΈ°λŠ” 아직 먹이λ₯Ό 찾을 수 μžˆλŠ”
00:17
where they can still find something to eat.
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μ‘°κ·Έλ§ˆν•œ 땅에 λͺ¨μ—¬λ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:19
Contact between different locusts' hind legs set off a slew of reactions
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λ©”λšœκΈ°μ˜ 뒷닀리가 λ‹€λ₯Έ λ©”λšœκΈ°μ˜ 뒷닀리와 접촉을 ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ
00:24
that change their appearance and behavior.
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μ™Έν˜•κ³Ό 행동을 λ³€ν™”μ‹œν‚€λŠ” λ§Žμ€ λ°˜μ‘μ„ μ•ΌκΈ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:27
Now, instead of shunning their peers, they seek each other out.
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μ΄μ œλŠ” μžμ‹ μ˜ λ™λ£Œλ₯Ό ν”Όν•˜λŠ” λŒ€μ‹  μ„œλ‘œλ₯Ό μ°Ύμ•„ λ‚˜μ„­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:31
The locusts eventually start marching and then fly away in large numbers
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결ꡭ에 λ©”λšœκΈ°λŠ” 더 λ‚˜μ€ μ„œμ‹μ§€λ₯Ό μ°ΎκΈ°μœ„ν•΄ ν–‰κ΅° 비행을 μ‹œμž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:35
seeking a better habitat.
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00:37
These gigantic swarms can host millions of insects
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이 κ±°λŒ€ν•œ 무리(λ–Ό)λŠ” 수백만의 개체λ₯Ό ν’ˆμ„ 수 있으며
00:40
and travel thousands of miles,
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수천 λ§ˆμΌμ„ μ—¬ν–‰ν•˜κ³ ,
00:42
devastating vegetation and crops.
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초λͺ©κ³Ό λ†μž‘λ¬Όμ„ νŒŒκ΄΄ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:45
They stay close to each other, but not too close,
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그듀은 μ„œλ‘œ κ°€κΉκ²Œ μžˆμ§€λ§Œ, λ„ˆλ¬΄ 가깝지 μ•Šλ„λ‘ 거리λ₯Ό μœ μ§€ν•˜λŠ”λ°,
00:48
or they might get eaten by their hungry neighbors.
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그렇지 μ•Šμ„ 경우 λ°°κ³ ν”ˆ μ΄μ›ƒμ—κ²Œ 먹히게 되기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:52
When many individual organisms, like locusts,
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각각의 λ§Žμ€ 생물듀, 예둜 λ“€λ©΄ λ©”λšœκΈ°λ‚˜,
00:55
bacteria,
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λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„,
00:56
anchovies,
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멸치,
00:57
or bats,
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λ˜λŠ” λ°•μ₯μ™€ 같은
00:58
come together and move as one coordinated entity,
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생물체듀이 ν•¨κ»˜ λͺ¨μ—¬ ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ 쑰율된 μ‘΄μ œμ™€ 같은 μ›€μ§μž„μ„ λ³΄μ΄λŠ” 것
01:01
that's a swarm.
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그것을 무리(λ–Ό) 라고 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:03
From a handful of birds to billions of insects,
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ν•œ 쀌의 μƒˆμ˜ λ¬΄λ¦¬μ—μ„œ μˆ˜μ‹­μ–΅μ— λ‹¬ν•˜λŠ” 곀좩에 이λ₯΄κΈ°κΉŒμ§€,
01:06
swarms can be almost any size.
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λ¬΄λ¦¬λŠ” μ–΄λ– ν•œ 크기라도 될 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:09
But what they have in common is that there's no leader.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 곡톡점은 μš°λ‘λ¨Έλ¦¬κ°€ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:12
Members of the swarm interact only with their nearest neighbors
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무리의 각 κ°œμ²΄λŠ” 였직 μ£Όλ³€μ˜ κ°€μž₯ κ°€κΉŒμš΄ 이웃듀과 μ†Œν†΅μ„ ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜
01:16
or through indirect cues.
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λ˜λŠ” μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ μ†Œν†΅ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:18
Each individual follows simple rules:
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각자 κ°œμΈμ€ κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ κ·œμΉ™μ„ λ”°λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€:
01:21
Travel in the same direction as those around you,
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μ£Όλ³€μ˜ λͺ¨λ‘μ™€ 같은 λ°©ν–₯으둜 μ΄λ™ν•˜κ³ ,
01:23
stay close,
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κ°€κΉŒμ΄ λ­‰μΉ˜κ³ ,
01:24
and avoid collisions.
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μΆ©λŒμ„ ν”Όν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:27
There are many benefits to traveling in a group like this.
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이와 같이 λ‹¨μ²΄λ‘œ ν–‰λ™ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμ—λŠ” λ§Žμ€ 이점이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:30
Small prey may fool predators by assembling into a swarm
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μž‘μ€ 생물듀은 λ–Όλ₯Ό 이룸으둜써 μžμ‹ μ΄ 훨씬 더 큰 생물인 κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ κΎΈλ©°
01:33
that looks like a much bigger organism.
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ ν¬μ‹μžλ₯Ό 속일 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:36
And congregating in a large group
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λ˜ν•œ 큰 무리둜 λͺ¨μ΄λŠ” 것은
01:38
reduces the chance that any single individual will be captured.
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그룹의 μ–΄λŠ ν•œ κ°œμ²΄λΌλ„ 포획될 κ°€λŠ₯성을 μ€„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:42
Moving in the same direction as your neighbors
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μ£Όλ³€μ˜ λ™λ£Œμ™€ 같은 λ°©ν–₯으둜 μ΄λ™ν•˜λŠ” 것은
01:44
saves energy by sharing the effort of fighting wind or water resistance.
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λ°”λžŒμ΄λ‚˜ 물의 저항에 거슀λ₯΄λŠ” λ…Έλ ₯을 κ³΅μœ ν•¨μœΌλ‘œ μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ₯Ό μ ˆμ•½ν•΄ μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:49
It may even be easier to find a mate in a swarm.
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λ¬΄λ¦¬μ—μ„œλŠ” 짝짓기 μƒλŒ€λ₯Ό μ°ΎλŠ” 것이 더 μ‰¬μšΈ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:53
Swarming can also allow groups of animals
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μ—¬λŸ¬ 동물듀은 무리λ₯Ό μ§€μŒμœΌλ‘œμ¨
01:55
to accomplish tasks they couldn't do individually.
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κ°œλ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ λ¬΄λ¦¬μ˜€λ˜ μž‘μ—…μ„ μ΄λ£°μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:58
When hundreds or millions or organisms follow the same simple rules,
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수백 λ˜λŠ” μˆ˜λ°±λ§Œμ— λ‹¬ν•˜λŠ” 생물듀이 λ™μΌν•˜κ²Œ κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ κ·œμΉ™λ“€μ„ λ”°λ₯Ό λ•Œ,
02:02
sophisticated behavior called swarm intelligence may arise.
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λ–Ό 지λŠ₯μ΄λΌκ³ ν•˜λŠ” μ •κ΅ν•œ 집단적 행동이 λ°œμƒν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:07
A single ant can't do much on its own,
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단 ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ κ°œλ―ΈλŠ” ν˜Όμžμ„œ λ§Žμ€ 것을 ν–‰ν•  수 μ—†μœΌλ‚˜,
02:10
but an ant colony can solve complex problems,
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개미 κ΅°μ²΄λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬ λ³΅μž‘ν•œ λ¬Έμ œλ“€,
02:13
like building a nest
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개미 집을 μ§“λŠ” 닀든지
02:14
and finding the shortest path to a food source.
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먹이둜 ν–₯ν•˜λŠ” μ΅œλ‹¨κ²½λ‘œλ₯Ό μ°ΎλŠ” 것 같은 문제λ₯Ό ν•΄κ²°ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:18
But sometimes, things can go wrong.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ λ•Œλ‘œλŠ” 일이 잘λͺ»λ  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:21
In a crowd, diseases spread more easily,
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집단 μ•ˆμ—μ„œλŠ”, μ§ˆλ³‘μ΄ 더 μ‰½κ²Œ 퍼지고,
02:24
and some swarming organisms may start eating each other if food is scarce.
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λͺ‡λͺ‡ 무리λ₯Ό μ§“λŠ” 생물듀은 μ‹λŸ‰μ΄ λΆ€μ‘±ν•  경우 μ„œλ‘œλ₯Ό μž‘μ•„ 먹기도 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:30
Even some of the benefits of swarms, like more efficient navigation,
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λ˜ν•œ 무리λ₯Ό 이룸으둜써 μ–»λŠ” μž₯점, 즉 효과적인 이동에 κ΄€ν•΄μ„œλ„
02:33
can have catastrophic consequences.
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파ꡭ적인 κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μ΄ˆλž˜ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:36
Army ants are one example.
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κ΅°λ‹¨κ°œλ―Έκ°€ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ‚¬λ‘€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:38
They lay down chemicals called pheromones
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그듀은 페둜λͺ¬μ΄λΌλŠ” ν™”ν•™ λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ λΆ„λΉ„ν•˜μ—¬
02:40
which signal their neighbors to follow the trail.
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μ΄μ›ƒλ“€μ—κ²Œ κ·Έ μ΄μ •ν‘œλ₯Ό 따라 가라고 μ‹œν˜Έν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:44
This is good if the head of the group is marching towards a food source.
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κ΅°λ‹¨μ˜ 선두가 μ‹λŸ‰μ΄ ν’λΆ€ν•œ 곳으둜 이끌고 μžˆλŠ” 경우라면 μ’‹μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:47
But occasionally the ants in the front can veer off course.
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ν—ˆλ‚˜ λ•Œλ‘œλŠ” μ„ λ‘μ˜ κ°œλ―Έλ“€μ΄ κΈΈμ—μ„œ λ²—μ–΄λ‚  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:51
The whole swarm can get caught in a loop following the pheromone trail
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κ·Έ λ•Œμ—” 무리 전체가 페둜λͺ¬μ˜ 흔적을 따라 ν”Όλ‘œλ‘œ 죽을 λ•ŒκΉŒμ§€
02:55
until they die of exhaustion.
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제자리λ₯Ό 맴돌 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:58
Humans are notoriously individualistic, though social, animals.
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인간듀은 사ꡐ적인 λ™λ¬Όμ΄λ‚˜ 개인주의둜 μ•…λͺ…이 λ†’μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:03
But is there anything we can learn from collective swarm-based organization?
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이런 무리λ₯Ό μ§“λŠ” κ°œμ²΄λ‘œλΆ€ν„° 배울 것이 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
03:08
When it comes to technology, the answer is definitely yes.
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κ³Όν•™ κΈ°μˆ μ— κ΄€ν•΄μ„œλŠ” κ·Έλ ‡μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:12
Bats can teach drones how to navigate confined spaces without colliding,
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λ°•μ₯λŠ” λ“œλ‘ μ„ 쒁은 곡간을 μΆ©λŒμ—†μ΄ λΉ„ν–‰ν•˜λŠ” 방범을 κ°€λ₯΄μ³ 쀄 수 있으며,
03:16
fish can help design software for safer driving,
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λ¬Όκ³ κΈ°λŠ” 더 μ•ˆμ „ν•œ μš΄μ „μ„ μœ„ν•œ μ†Œν”„νŠΈμ›¨μ–΄ 섀계에 도움을 쀄 수 있고,
03:21
and insects are inspiring robot teams that can assist search and rescue missions.
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곀좩은 μˆ˜μƒ‰ ꡬ쑰 μž„λ¬΄λ₯Ό λ•λŠ” λ‘œλ΄‡ νŒ€μ— μ˜κ°μ„ μ£Όκ³  있죠.
03:27
For swarms of humans, it's perhaps more complicated
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μΈκ°„λ“€μ˜ 무리에 ν•œν•΄μ„œλŠ”, 이듀은 μ•„λ§ˆ 더 λ³΅μž‘ν•˜κ³ 
03:30
and depends on the motives and leadership.
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동기와 리더쉽에 더 μ˜μ‘΄ν•  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:33
Swarm behavior in human populations can sometimes manifest as a destructive mob.
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μΈκ°„λ“€μ˜ 집단 행동은 λ•Œλ‘  파괴적인 ν­λ„μ˜ λͺ¨μŠ΅μœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:38
But collective action can also produce a crowd-sourced scientific breakthrough
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 집단 행동은 ꡰ쀑듀을 맀개둜 과학적 λ°œκ²¬μ„ 뢈러올수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:43
an artistic expression,
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ν˜Ήμ€ 예술적 ν‘œν˜„,
03:45
or a peaceful global revolution.
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λ˜λŠ” ν‰ν™”λ‘œμš΄ 세계 혁λͺ…을 이룰 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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