Logarithms, Explained - Steve Kelly

1,906,674 views ใƒป 2012-08-20

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: eviatar edlerman
00:15
How does the difference between
0
15550
1480
ืื™ืš ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืงื•ื“ื”
00:17
point 0000000398 and
1
17030
3830
0-0-0-0-0-0-0-3-9-8
00:20
point 00000000398
2
20860
4800
ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” 0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-3-9-8
ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื—ื™ื”?
00:25
cause one to have red eyes after swimming?
3
25660
2220
00:27
To answer this, we first need a way of
4
27880
2100
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื–ื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืจืืฉื™ืช ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื“ื™ ืงื˜ื ื™ื,
00:29
dealing with rather small numbers,
5
29980
2020
ืื• ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืžืžืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
00:32
or in some cases extremely large numbers.
6
32000
2000
00:34
This leads us to the concept of logarithms.
7
34000
2310
ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืœื•ื’ืจื™ืชืžื™ื.
00:36
Well, what are logarithms?
8
36310
1670
00:37
Let's take the base number, b,
9
37980
2053
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžื” ื”ื ืœื•ื’ืจื™ืชืžื™ื?
ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื™ืงื— ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก - b - ื•ื ืขืœื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื–ืงื”, p,
00:40
and raise it to a power, p,
10
40033
1503
00:41
like 2 to the 3rd power,
11
41536
1464
ื›ืžื• 2 ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช 3
00:43
and have it equal a number n.
12
43000
2570
ื•ื ืฉื•ื•ื” ืืช ื–ื” ืœืžืกืคืจ n.
00:45
We get an exponential equation: b raised to the p power, equals n.
13
45570
3700
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžืฉื•ื•ืื” ืืงืกืคื•ื ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช b ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช p ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœ n.
00:49
In our example, that'd be 2 raised
14
49270
2096
ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉืœื ื•, ื–ื” 2 ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช 3 ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœ 8.
00:51
to the 3rd power, equals 8.
15
51366
1826
ื”ืžืขืจื™ืš p ื ืงืจื ื”ืœื•ื’ืจื™ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกืคืจ n.
00:53
The exponent p is said to be
16
53192
1849
00:55
the logarithm of the number n.
17
55041
2159
ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื” ื™ื›ืชื‘ "ืœื•ื’ ื‘ืกื™ืก b ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœ p, ื”ืžืขืจื™ืš."
00:57
Most of the time this would be written:
18
57200
1940
00:59
"log, base b, of a number equals p, the power."
19
59140
4400
ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืฉืžืข ืžืขื˜ ืžื‘ืœื‘ืœ ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืชื ื™ื,
01:03
This is starting to sound a bit confusing with all the variables,
20
63540
3053
01:06
so let's show this with an example.
21
66593
1627
ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืจืื” ืืช ื–ื” ืขื ื“ื•ื’ืžื”.
01:08
What is the value of
22
68220
1113
ืžื” ื”ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ืœื•ื’ 10 ืฉืœ 10 ืืœืคื™ื?
01:09
log base 10 of 10,000?
23
69333
2343
01:11
The same question could be asked using exponents:
24
71676
2324
ืื•ืชื” ืฉืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืืœ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืงืกืคื•ื ื ื˜ื™ื.
01:14
"10 raised to what power is 10,000?"
25
74000
2380
10 ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช ืื™ื–ื” ืžืกืคืจ ื–ื” 10 ืืœืคื™ื?
01:16
Well, 10 to the 4th is 10,000.
26
76380
2286
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, 10 ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช 4 ื–ื” 10 ืืœืคื™ื. ืื– ืœื•ื’ 10 ืฉืœ 10 ืืœืคื™ื
01:18
So, log base 10 of 10,000
27
78666
1666
01:20
must equal 4.
28
80332
1958
ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื” 4.
01:22
This example can also be completed very simply on a scientific calculator.
29
82290
4020
ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืคืชืจ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืžื“ืขื™.
01:26
Log base 10 is used so frequently
30
86310
2136
ืœื•ื’ 10 ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืจื‘ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ื
01:28
in the sciences
31
88446
1266
01:29
that it has the honor of having its own button on most calculators.
32
89712
5078
ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ืžืฉืœื• ืขืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื™ื.
01:34
If the calculator will figure out logs for me,
33
94790
2210
ืื ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ืœื•ื’ืจื™ืชืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™,
01:37
why study them?
34
97000
1470
ืœืžื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื•ืชื?
01:38
Just a quick reminder:
35
98470
1286
01:39
the log button only computes logarithms of base 10.
36
99756
3776
ืจืง ืชื–ื›ื•ืจืช ืงืฆืจื”, ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ื”ืœื•ื’ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืจืง ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก 10.
01:43
What if you want to go into computer science
37
103532
2072
ืžื” ืื ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืก 2?
01:45
and need to understand base 2?
38
105604
2142
01:47
So what is log base 2 of 64?
39
107746
2444
ืื– ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืœื•ื’ 2 ืฉืœ 64?
ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, 2 ื‘ื—ื–ืจืช ืžื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœ 64?
01:50
In other words, 2 raised to what power is 64?
40
110190
3800
01:53
Well, use your fingers. 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64.
41
113990
5120
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื. 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64.
ืื– ืœื•ื’ 2 ืฉืœ 64 ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœ 6.
01:59
So log base 2 of 64 must equal 6.
42
119110
4400
02:03
So what does this have to do with my eyes turning red
43
123510
2860
ืื– ืžื” ืœื–ื” ื•ืœืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช
ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื™ื” ื•ืœื ื‘ืื—ืจื•ืช?
02:06
in some swimming pools
44
126370
1326
02:07
and not others?
45
127696
1116
02:08
Well, it leads us into an interesting
46
128812
1789
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื’ืจื™ืชืžื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ื”:
02:10
use of logarithms in chemistry:
47
130601
1929
02:12
finding the pH of water samples.
48
132530
2070
ืžืฆื™ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื’ืžื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื.
02:14
pH tells us how acidic or basic a sample is,
49
134600
3000
pH ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื™ืช ืžื™ื ื—ื•ืžืฆื™ืช ืื• ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช,
02:17
and can be calculated with the formula:
50
137600
2000
ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืขื ื”ื ื•ืกื—ื” pH ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืœื•ื’ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก 10
02:19
pH equals negative log base 10 of the hydrogen ion concentration, or H plus.
51
139600
6030
ืฉืœ ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื™ื•ื ื™ ืžื™ืžืŸ, ืื• H ืคืœื•ืก.
02:25
We can find the pH of water samples
52
145630
2350
ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”pH ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ืขื ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื™ื•ื ื™ ืžื™ืžืŸ ืฉืœ
02:27
with hydrogen ion concentration of point 0000000398
53
147980
5230
ื ืงื•ื“ื” 0-0-0-0-0-0-0-3-9-8
ื•ื ืงื•ื“ื” 0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-3-9-8
02:33
and point 00000000398
54
153210
5410
ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ. ืชืงืชื•ืง:
02:38
quickly on a calculator.
55
158620
1250
02:39
Punch: negative log of each of those numbers,
56
159870
2116
ืœื•ื’ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื•ืชืจืื• pH ืฉืœ 7.4 ื• 8.4.
02:41
and you'll see the pH's are 7.4 and 8.4.
57
161986
4296
ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืœื“ืžืขื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืžืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ 7.4,
02:46
Since the tears in our eyes have a pH of about 7.4,
58
166282
2868
ืจื™ื›ื•ื– H ืคืœื•ืก ืฉืœ .70398 ื™ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื ืขื™ื ืœืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.
02:49
the H plus concentration of .0000000398
59
169150
4270
02:53
will feel nice on your eyes,
60
173420
1540
02:54
but the pH of 8.4 will make you feel itchy and red.
61
174960
4300
ืื‘ืœ pH ืฉืœ 8.4 ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื’ื™ืจื•ื“ ื•ืื“ืžื•ืžื™ื•ืช.
ื–ื” ืงืœ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืœื•ื’ืจื™ืชืžื™ื -- ืœื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก b ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื n
02:59
It's easy to remember logarithms "log base b of some number n equals p"
62
179260
4770
ืฉื•ื•ื” p -- ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื–ืจื” ืขืœ "ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช ืžื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืžืกืคืจ?":
03:04
by repeating: "The base raised to what power equals the number?"
63
184030
3703
03:07
"The BASE raised to what POWER equals the NUMBER?"
64
187733
4773
ื‘ืกื™ืก ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช ืžื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืžืกืคืจ? ื‘ืกื™ืก ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช ืžื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืžืกืคืจ?
03:12
So now we know logarithms are very powerful
65
192506
2384
ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืœื•ื’ืจื™ืชืžื™ื ื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื–ืงื™ื
03:14
when dealing with extremely small or large numbers.
66
194890
3166
ื›ืฉืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืื• ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
ืœื•ื’ืจื™ืชืžื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื—ื™ื”.
03:18
Logarithms can even be used
67
198056
1636
03:19
instead of eyedrops after swimming.
68
199692
2236
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7