What happens if you cut down all of a city's trees? - Stefan Al

2,433,530 views ใƒป 2020-04-24

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:07
This is the tale of two ancient cities
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ื–ื”ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ืขืจื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช
00:10
and the trees that determined their destinies.
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ื•ื”ืขืฆื™ื ืฉืงื‘ืขื• ืืช ืขืชื™ื“ืŸ.
00:14
In 3,000 BC Uruk was more densely populated than modern day New York City.
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ื‘-3000 ืœืคื ื”"ืก, ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ืื•ืจื•ืง ื”ื™ืชื” ืฆืคื•ืคื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื›ื™ื•ื.
00:19
This crowded capital had to continually expand their irrigation system
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ื”ื‘ื™ืจื” ื”ืฆืคื•ืคื” ื”ื–ื• ื ื“ืจืฉื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ืฉืงื™ื” ืฉืœื”
00:24
to feed its growing population.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ื™ืŸ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื’ื“ืœื”.
00:26
2,500 years later in Sri Lanka, the city of Anuradhapura had a similar problem.
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2500 ืฉื ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืกืจื™ ืœื ืงื”, ืœืขื™ืจ ืื ื•ืจื“ื”ืคื•ืจื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื™ื” ื“ื•ืžื”.
00:33
They were also growing constantly,
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ื’ื ื”ื™ื ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ื”ืชืžื“ื”,
00:36
and like Uruk, their city relied heavily on an elaborate irrigation system.
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ื•ื›ืžื• ืื•ืจื•ืง, ื’ื ื”ื™ื ื”ืกืชืžื›ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืงื™ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช.
00:42
As Uruk grew, its farmers began chopping down trees to make space for more crops.
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ื›ืฉืื•ืจื•ืง ื’ื“ืœื”, ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื ืฉืœื” ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื—ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขืฆื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื ืœื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
00:48
In Anuradhapura, however, trees were sacred.
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ื‘ืื ื•ืจื“ื”ืคื•ืจื”, ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื.
00:51
Their city housed an offshoot of the Bodhi tree
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ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœื”ื ืื™ื›ืœืกื” ื ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืขืฅ ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื™
00:54
under which Buddha himself was said to have attained enlightenment.
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ืชื—ืชื™ื• ื ืืžืจ ืฉื‘ื•ื“ื”ื” ืขืฆืžื• ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ืืจื” ืฉืœื•.
00:59
Religious reverence slowed farmerโ€™s axes
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ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื’ืจื–ื ื™ ื”ืื™ื›ืจื™ื,
01:02
and even led the city to plant additional trees in urban parks.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ืจืžื” ืœืขื™ืจ ืœืฉืชื•ืœ ืขืฆื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืคืืจืงื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื.
01:06
Initially, Urukโ€™s expansion worked well.
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ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื”ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื•ืง ืขื‘ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘.
01:10
But without trees to filter their water supply,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืœื ืขืฆื™ื ืฉื™ืกื ื ื• ืืช ืืกืคืงืช ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
01:13
Urukโ€™s irrigation system became contaminated.
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ืฉืงื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื•ืง ื”ื–ื“ื”ืžื”.
01:16
Evaporating water left mineral deposits,
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ื”ืžื™ื ืฉื”ืชืื“ื• ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืžืฉืงืขื™ ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื,
01:19
which rendered the soil too salty for agriculture.
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ืฉื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ืœืžืœื™ื—ื” ืžื“ื™ ืœื—ืงืœืื•ืช.
01:23
Conversely, Anuradhapuraโ€™s irrigation system was designed to work
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืืœื™ื”ื, ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ืฉืงื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื ื•ืจื“ื”ืคื•ืจื” ืชื•ื›ื ื ื” ืœืคืขื•ืœ
01:27
in concert with the surrounding forest.
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ื‘ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ืขื ื”ื™ืขืจ ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ื‘.
01:29
Their city eventually grew to more than twice Urukโ€™s population,
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ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœื”ื ื’ื“ืœื” ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื–ื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื•ืง,
01:34
and today, Anuradhapura still cares for a tree planted over 2,000 years ago.
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื ื•ืจื“ื”ืคื•ืจื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ืขืฅ ืฉื ืฉืชืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-2,000 ืฉื ื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ.
01:40
We may think of nature as being unconnected to our urban spaces,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืœื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื›ืžื ื•ืชืง ืžื”ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
01:44
but trees have always been an essential part of successful cities.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืฆื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื• ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืขืจื™ื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื•ืช.
01:49
Trees act like a natural sponge, absorbing storm water runoff
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ืขืฆื™ื ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืกืคื•ื’ ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ืฉืกื•ืคื’ ืžื™ ื ื’ืจ ืžืฉื˜ืคื•ื ื•ืช
01:53
before releasing it back into the atmosphere.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
01:56
The webs of their roots protect against mudslides
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ืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืžื•ื ืขืช ืžืคื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื•ืฅ
01:59
while allowing soil to retain water and filter out toxins.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ื” ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืื“ืžื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืœืกื ืŸ ืจืขืœื ื™ื.
02:03
Roots help prevent floods,
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ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ืฆืคื•ืช,
02:05
while reducing the need for storm drains and water treatment plants.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ืžืคื—ื™ืชื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื ื™ืงื•ื– ื•ื‘ืžืคืขืœื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื.
02:09
Their porous leaves purify the air by trapping carbon and other pollutants,
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ื”ืขืœื™ื ื”ื ืงื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืžื˜ื”ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ ืœื›ื™ื“ืช ืคื—ืžืŸ ื•ืžื–ื”ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
02:14
making them essential in the fight against climate change.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื ืœื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ื ื’ื“ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
02:18
Humanity has been uncovering these arboreal benefits for centuries.
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ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื’ื™ืœืชื” ืืช ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื.
02:23
But trees arenโ€™t just crucial to the health of a cityโ€™s infrastructure;
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืฆื™ื ืื™ื ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืจืง ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ;
02:27
they play a vital role in the health of its citizens as well.
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ื”ื ืžืžืœืื™ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื’ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื.
02:30
In the 1870โ€™s, Manhattan had few trees outside the islandโ€™s parks.
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19, ื‘ืžื ื”ื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื˜ ืขืฆื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืคืืจืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื™.
02:36
Without trees to provide shade,
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ืœืœื ืขืฆื™ื ื”ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืฆืœ,
02:38
buildings absorbed up to nine times more solar radiation
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ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืกืคื’ื• ืขื“ ืคื™ ืชืฉืขื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืจื™ื ืช ืฉืžืฉ
02:42
during deadly summer heat waves.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื’ืœื™ ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื™ืฅ.
02:44
Combined with the periodโ€™s poor sanitation standards,
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ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืขื ื”ืชื‘ืจื•ืื” ื”ื’ืจื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”,
02:47
the oppressive heat made the city a breeding ground for bacteria like cholera.
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ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ืžืขื™ืง ื”ืคืš ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืœื›ืจ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื›ืžื• ื›ื•ืœืจื”.
02:53
In modern day Hong Kong, tall skyscrapers and underground infrastructure
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ื‘ื”ื•ื ื’ ืงื•ื ื’ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช, ื’ื•ืจื“ื™ ืฉื—ืงื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื•ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืชืช ืงืจืงืขื™ืช
02:57
make it difficult for trees to grow.
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ืžืงืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื.
03:00
This contributes to the cityโ€™s dangerously poor air quality,
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ื–ื” ืžื—ืžื™ืจ ืืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ,
03:04
which can cause bronchitis and diminished lung function.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื“ืœืงืช ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ืจื™ืื•ืช.
03:07
Trees affect our mental health as well.
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ืขืฆื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
03:10
Research indicates that the presence of green foliage increases attention spans
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ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืจืื™ื ืฉืขืœื•ื•ื” ื™ืจื•ืงื” ืžืฉืคืจืช ืืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืงืฉื‘
03:15
and decreases stress levels.
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ื•ืžืคื—ื™ืชื” ื“ื—ืง.
03:17
Itโ€™s even been shown that hospital patients with views of brick walls
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ื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืจืื• ืฉื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืขื ื ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืœื‘ื ื™ื
03:22
recover more slowly than those with views of trees.
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ืžื—ืœื™ืžื™ื ืœืื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืœื• ืขื ื ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืขืฆื™ื.
03:26
Fortunately, many cities are full of views like thisโ€”
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืจื™ื ืžืœืื•ืช ื ื•ืคื™ื ื›ืืœื” --
03:29
and thatโ€™s no accident.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ืžืงืจื”.
03:30
As early as the 18th century,
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-18,
03:32
city planners began to embrace the importance of urban trees.
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ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ ืขืจื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืืžืฅ ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืฆื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื.
03:37
In 1733, Colonel James Oglethorpe planned the city of Savannah, Georgia
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ื‘-1733, ืงื•ืœื•ื ืœ ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืื•ื’ืœืช'ื•ืจืค ืชื™ื›ื ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืกื•ื•ืื ื” ื‘ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื”
03:43
to ensure that no neighborhood was more than a 2-minute walk from a park.
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ื›ืš ืฉืืฃ ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืชื™ ื“ืงื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืžืคืืจืง.
03:48
After World War II, Copenhagen directed all new development along five arteriesโ€”
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ืื—ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”, ืงื•ืคื ื”ื’ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืขื•ืจืงื™ื --
03:53
each sandwiched between a park.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืืจืงื™ื.
03:56
This layout increased the cityโ€™s resilience
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ื”ืžืชื•ื•ื” ื”ื–ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ
03:58
to pollution and natural disasters.
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ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ืืกื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืข.
04:01
And urban trees donโ€™t just benefit people.
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ื•ืขืฆื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœื ืจืง ืœืื ืฉื™ื.
04:04
Portlandโ€™s Forest Park preserves the regionโ€™s natural biodiversity,
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ืคืืจืง ื”ื™ืขืจ ืฉืœ ืคื•ืจื˜ืœื ื“ ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ,
04:08
making the city home to various local plants,
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืช ืœืฆืžื—ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื,
04:11
112 bird species, and 62 species of mammals.
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112 ืžื™ื ื™ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•-62 ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื.
04:16
No city is more committed to trees than Singapore.
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ืืฃ ืขื™ืจ ืื™ื ื” ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืฆื™ื ืžืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ.
04:20
Since 1967, Singaporeโ€™s government has planted over 1.2 million trees,
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ืžืื– 1967, ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื‘ืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ ืฉืชืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-1.2 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืขืฆื™ื,
04:26
including those within 50-meter tall vertical gardens called supertrees.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื’ื ื™ื ืื ื›ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 50 ืžื˜ืจ ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืกื•ืคืจ-ืขืฆื™ื.
04:32
These structures sustain themselves and nearby conservatories
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ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•ืืช ื”ื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื•ืช
04:36
with solar energy and collected rainwater.
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ืขื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืœืจื™ืช ื•ืžื™ ื’ืฉื ืื’ื•ืจื™ื.
04:39
Trees and vegetation currently cover over 50% of Singaporeโ€™s landmass,
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ืขืฆื™ื ื•ืฆืžื—ื™ื” ืžื›ืกื™ื ื›ืจื’ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-50% ืžื”ืงืจืงืข ื‘ืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ,
04:44
reducing the need for air conditioning
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ืžืคื—ื™ืชื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ืื•ื™ืจ,
04:46
and encouraging low-pollution transportation.
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ื•ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืขื ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืื•ื™ืจ ื ืžื•ืš.
04:49
By 2050, itโ€™s estimated that over 65% of the world will be living in cities.
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ืขื“ 2050, ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-65% ืžืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ื—ื™ื• ื‘ืขืจื™ื.
04:55
City planners can lay an eco-friendly foundation,
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ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ ืขืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื ื™ื— ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
04:58
but itโ€™s up to the people who live in these urban forests
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
05:01
to make them homes for more than humans.
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ื”ื ืืœื” ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื ืœืžืงืœื˜ ืœื ืจืง ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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