What happened to the lost Kingdom of Kush? - Geoff Emberling

1,009,039 views ใƒป 2021-10-07

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: zeeva livshitz
00:06
Along the Nile River, in what is now northern Sudan,
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ืœืื•ืจืš ื ื”ืจ ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ืžืฆืืช ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืกื•ื“ืŸ
00:10
lay the ancient civilization of Kush.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื›ื•ืฉ.
00:13
Though they were once conquered by a powerful neighbor,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืคืขื ื ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื›ื ื” ื—ื–ืงื”,
00:17
the kings and queens of Kush would go on to successfully challenge
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ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืฉ ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืืชื’ืจ ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื”
00:21
two of the most dominant empires in history.
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ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืžื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
00:24
From 1500 to 1100 BCE, Egypt controlled Kush,
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ืž 1500 ืขื“ 1100 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”, ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœื˜ื• ื‘ื›ื•ืฉ,
00:29
introducing many Egyptian cultural and religious practices.
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ื•ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื“ืชื™ื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื.
00:33
The civilization of Kush was more than a thousand years old at that time.
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ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืฉ ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืœืฃ ืฉื ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ.
00:38
Its early capital city at Kerma had impressive temples, palaces, and houses,
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ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื” ืฉืœื” ื‘ืงืจืžื” ื”ื™ื• ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื ืžืจืฉื™ืžื™ื, ืืจืžื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืชื™ื,
00:44
including a massive mudbrick temple structure that had a chapel deep inside,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžืงื“ืฉ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื•ืฅ ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืช ืชืคื™ืœื”.
00:49
reached by a long staircase at the center.
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ืฉืืœื™ื• ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืขื ื’ืจื ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืืจื•ืš ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื•.
00:52
Rich gold mines helped the Kushites build a flourishing commercial network,
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ืžื›ืจื•ืช ื–ื”ื‘ ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ืขื–ืจื• ืœื‘ื ื™ ื›ื•ืฉ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืจืฉืช ืžืกื—ืจ ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ืช,
00:57
making bronze weapons and tools and trading materials like incense,
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ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื ืฉืงื™ ื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื” ื•ื›ืœื™ื ื•ืœืกื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืงื˜ื•ืจืช,
01:01
animal skins, ivory, and ebony wood from sub-Saharan Africa.
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ืขื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ืช, ืฉื ื”ื‘, ื•ืขืฅ ื”ื‘ื ื” ืžืชืช ื”ืกื”ืจื” ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
01:07
The tide started to change for Kush as Egypt descended into civil war.
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ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ืœื›ื•ืฉ ื›ืฉืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ื™ืจื“ื” ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื.
01:12
By 750 BCE, Egypt was divided into local kingdoms with fluctuating alliances.
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ืขื“ 750 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”, ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืœืงื” ืœืžืžืœื›ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืขื ื‘ืจื™ืชื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช.
01:19
The Kushite king Piankhy saw an opportunity.
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ืžืœืš ื‘ื ื™ ื›ื•ืฉ ืคื™ืื ืงื™ ืจืื” ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช.
01:22
He led his navy, flanked by horsemen and archers,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ ืฉืœื•, ืžืื•ื’ืคื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืจืฉื™ื ื•ืงืฉืชื™ื,
01:26
up the Nile to the gateway city of Khemenu.
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ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก ืœืคืืชื™ ืขื™ืจ ื”ืฉืขืจ ื”ืžื ื•.
01:29
As Piankhyโ€™s army constructed siege ramps and battle towers,
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ื›ืฉืฆื‘ืื• ืฉืœ ืคื™ืื ืงื™ ื‘ื ื” ืจืžืคื•ืช ืžืฆื•ืจ ื•ืžื’ื“ืœื™ ืงืจื‘,
01:33
the cityโ€™s ruler sent his wives and daughters to negotiateโ€”
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ืฉืœื™ื˜ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœื— ืืช ื ืฉื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืœืฉืืช ื•ืœืชืช --
01:36
not with Piankhy, but with the women of his royal household,
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ืœื ืขื ืคื™ืื ืงื™, ืืœื ืขื ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืžืœื›ื•ืชื•,
01:40
later known as kandake,
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืงื ื“ืงื”,
01:42
who were extremely influential in military affairs and political succession.
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช.
01:47
At the end of a long siege, Piankhy entered the conquered city
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืฆื•ืจ ื”ืืจื•ืš, ืคื™ืื ืงื™ ื ื›ื ืก ืœืขื™ืจ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ืฉื”
01:51
and bitterly criticized the conditions in its stables.
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ื•ื‘ื™ืงืจ ืงืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืื•ืจื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื”.
01:54
From there, Piankhy and the Kushite forces
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ืžืฉื, ืคื™ืื ืงื™ ื•ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื›ื•ืฉ
01:57
conquered the Egyptian capital of Memphis.
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ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืจื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ืžืžืคื™ืก.
02:00
Piankhy installed his sister, Amunirdis, as priestess of the great god Amun,
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ืคื™ืื ืงื™ ืฉื ืืช ืื—ื•ืชื•, ืืžื•ื ื™ืจื“ื™ืก, ื›ื›ื”ื ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืืžื•ืŸ,
02:06
in the Egyptian city of Thebes,
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ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชื‘ื™ื™,
02:08
and left other Kushite officials there before returning to live in Kush.
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ื•ื”ืฉืื™ืจ ื‘ื ื™ ื›ื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื—ื–ืจ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ืฉ.
02:12
His successors extended control all the way to the Nile Delta.
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ื”ื™ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœื• ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขื“ ื“ืœืชืช ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก.
02:16
This was a high point for the Empire of Kush:
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืืžืคืจื™ื™ืช ื›ื•ืฉ:
02:19
trade thrived, and they built magnificent temples,
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ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ืฉื’ืฉื’, ื•ื”ื ื‘ื ื• ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื ืžืคื•ืืจื™ื,
02:22
palaces, and pyramid tombs all along the Nile.
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ืืจืžื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ืงื‘ืจื™ ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก.
02:26
But the Assyrian army was approaching Egypt in its annual campaigns.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืืฉื•ืจื™ ื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืžืกืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•.
02:30
When the Assyrians began to encroach on trade routes near Jerusalem,
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ื›ืฉื”ืืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืคืœื•ืฉ ืœื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ืœื™ื“ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื,
02:34
the Kushite king Taharqo moved to stop them.
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ืžืœืš ื›ื•ืฉ ื˜ื”ืจืงื• ื™ืฆื ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืื•ืชื.
02:38
The Assyrians defeated him with the help of some rebelling Egyptian princes,
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ื”ืืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืกื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื›ืžื” ื ืกื™ื›ื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื,
02:42
and drove him out of Egypt in the 7th century BCE.
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ื•ื’ืจืฉื• ืื•ืชื• ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื” 7 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”.
02:46
The Kushites continued to rule in their homeland for nearly 1,000 years
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ื‘ื ื™ ื›ื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืžืžืœื›ืชื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืžืขื˜ 1000 ืฉื ื”
02:50
that were prosperous and innovative.
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ื•ืช ื•ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื•ืช.
02:53
They moved their capital farther south to the city of Meroe,
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ื”ื ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืืช ื‘ื™ืจืชื ื”ืจื—ืง ื“ืจื•ืžื” ืœืขื™ืจ ืžืจื•,
02:57
where they built temples to a new god called Apedemak.
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ืฉื ื‘ื ื• ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื ืœืืœ ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืฉื ืืคื“ืžืง.
03:00
They built new cities in the savannah south of the Sahara Desert,
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ื”ื ื‘ื ื• ืขืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ื•ืื ื” ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืœืžื“ื‘ืจ ืกื”ืจื”,
03:04
some of which contained huge reservoirs for water.
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืžืื’ืจื™ ืžื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื.
03:07
When the Roman Empire conquered Egypt in 31 BCE,
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ื›ืฉื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื›ื‘ืฉื” ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ 31 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”,
03:11
Kushite armies again traveled north, led by Queen Amanirenas.
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ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ื›ื•ืฉ ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ืฆืื• ืฆืคื•ื ื”, ืžื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืœื›ื” ืืžื ื™ืจื ืก.
03:16
She led them to success in battle against the Romans,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืื•ืชื ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื,
03:19
capturing the bronze head of a statue of the Roman emperor Augustus,
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ื•ื”ื ืœื›ื“ื• ืจืืฉ ืคืกืœ ืžื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ื”ืจื•ืžื™ ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ื•ืก,
03:24
and bringing it back to Kush.
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ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืื•ืชื• ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื›ื•ืฉ.
03:26
They buried it under the doorway of a temple in the capital,
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ื”ื ืงื‘ืจื• ืื•ืชื• ืชื—ืช ืžืคืชืŸ ื”ื“ืœืช ืฉืœ ืžืงื“ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื”,
03:29
so that worshippers would step on it as they crossed the threshold.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ื“ืจื›ื• ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืฉื—ืฆื• ืืช ื”ืกืฃ.
03:33
After brokering peace with the Romans, Kush continued to prosper.
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืชื™ื•ื•ื›ื” ืฉืœื•ื ืขื ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื, ื›ื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœืฉื’ืฉื’.
03:37
Over time, however, groups of people called the Noba raided from the west,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืขื ื–ืืช, ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื• ื ื•ื‘ื” ืคืฉื˜ื• ืžื”ืžืขืจื‘,
03:42
and trade routes were disrupted by the rising kingdom of Aksum.
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ื•ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ืžืกื—ืจ ื”ื•ืคืจืขื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืžืžืœื›ืช ืืงืกื•ื.
03:46
Around 350 CE, the Aksumite king sacked Meroe,
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ 350 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”, ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืืงืกื•ืžื™ ืคื™ื˜ืจ ืืช ืžืจื•ืื”,
03:51
effectively bringing Kushite rule to an end.
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ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืืช ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืฉ.
03:54
Since then, some have argued that Kushโ€™s history has been overlooked
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ืžืื–, ื›ืžื” ื˜ืขื ื• ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ืžื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืฉ
03:58
by generations of European and American scholars
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืืจื•ืคืื™ื ื•ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื
04:02
who promoted the idea that Egypt was part of the origin of Western civilization,
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ืฉืงื™ื“ืžื• ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ืœืง ืžืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช,
04:07
while Kush, as an African culture, was excluded.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื›ื•ืฉ, ื›ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ืช, ื”ื•ื—ืจื’ื”.
04:11
Today, thereโ€™s still much to learn about Kushโ€”
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื›ื•ืฉ --
04:14
including a writing system we havenโ€™t deciphered fully.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืœื ืคืขื ื—ื ื• ืœื’ืžืจื™.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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