What happened to the lost Kingdom of Kush? - Geoff Emberling

930,560 views ใƒป 2021-10-07

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: ๋ฒ” ์ฝฉ ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:06
Along the Nile River, in what is now northern Sudan,
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๋‚˜์ผ ๊ฐ•์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ง€๊ธˆ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ ๋ถ๋ถ€์—๋Š”
00:10
lay the ancient civilization of Kush.
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๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๋ฌธ๋ช… ์ฟ ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:13
Though they were once conquered by a powerful neighbor,
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๋น„๋ก ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํ•œ๋•Œ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์ด์›ƒ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์— ์ •๋ณต๋‹นํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
00:17
the kings and queens of Kush would go on to successfully challenge
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์ฟ ์‹œ์˜ ์™•๊ณผ ์—ฌ์™•์€ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ ์ธ
00:21
two of the most dominant empires in history.
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๋‘ ์ œ๊ตญ์— ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ „ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:24
From 1500 to 1100 BCE, Egypt controlled Kush,
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๊ธฐ์›์ „ 1500๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1100๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฟ ์‹œ๋Š” ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉฐ
00:29
introducing many Egyptian cultural and religious practices.
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๋งŽ์€ ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์™€ ์ข…๊ต์  ๊ด€์Šต์„ ๋„์ž…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:33
The civilization of Kush was more than a thousand years old at that time.
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๋‹น์‹œ ์ฟ ์‹œ ๋ฌธ๋ช…์€ ์ณ” ๋…„ ์ด์ƒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:38
Its early capital city at Kerma had impressive temples, palaces, and houses,
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์นด๋ฅด๋งˆ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜๋„์—๋Š” ์ธ์ƒ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ์›, ๊ถ๊ณผ ์ง‘๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
00:44
including a massive mudbrick temple structure that had a chapel deep inside,
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๊ทธ ์ค‘์—๋Š” ์ค‘์•™์— ๊ธด ๊ณ„๋‹จ์ด ๋‹ฟ๋Š” ์•ˆ์ชฝ ๊นŠ์€ ๊ณณ์— ์˜ˆ๋ฐฐ๋‹น์ด ์žˆ์–ด
00:49
reached by a long staircase at the center.
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๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™๋ฒฝ๋Œ ์‚ฌ์› ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:52
Rich gold mines helped the Kushites build a flourishing commercial network,
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ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ๊ธˆ๊ด‘์€ ์ฟ ์‹œ์ธ๋“ค์ด ๋ฒˆ์ฐฝํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ์—…๋ง์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:57
making bronze weapons and tools and trading materials like incense,
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์ฒญ๋™ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ์™€ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌด์—ญ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ ,
01:01
animal skins, ivory, and ebony wood from sub-Saharan Africa.
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ์‚ฌํ•˜๋ผ ์‚ฌ๋ง‰ ์ด๋‚จ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋™๋ฌผ ๊ฐ€์ฃฝ, ์ƒ์•„, ํ‘๋‹จ ๋‚˜๋ฌด ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:07
The tide started to change for Kush as Egypt descended into civil war.
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์ด์ง‘ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด์ „์œผ๋กœ ์ ‘์–ด๋“ค๋ฉด์„œ ์ฟ ์‹œ์˜ ์ „์„ธ๊ฐ€ ์—ญ์ „๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:12
By 750 BCE, Egypt was divided into local kingdoms with fluctuating alliances.
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๊ธฐ์›์ „ 750๋…„, ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ๋Š” ๋ณ€๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™๋งน ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ง€์—ญ ์™•๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์—ด๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:19
The Kushite king Piankhy saw an opportunity.
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์ฟ ์‹œ์˜ ์™• ํ”ผ์•™ํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:22
He led his navy, flanked by horsemen and archers,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณ‘๊ณผ ๊ถ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ํ•ด๊ตฐ์„ ์ด๋Œ๊ณ 
01:26
up the Nile to the gateway city of Khemenu.
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๋‚˜์ผ ๊ฐ•์„ ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ผ€๋ฉ”๋ˆ„์˜ ๊ด€๋ฌธ๋„์‹œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:29
As Piankhyโ€™s army constructed siege ramps and battle towers,
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ํ”ผ์•™ํ‚ค์˜ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋Š” ๊ณต์„ฑ์ „ ์ง„์ž…๋กœ์™€ ํƒ‘์„ ์„ธ์› ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
01:33
the cityโ€™s ruler sent his wives and daughters to negotiateโ€”
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์ด ๋„์‹œ์˜ ํ†ต์น˜์ž๋Š” ์•„๋‚ด์™€ ๋”ธ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด ํ˜‘์ƒ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:36
not with Piankhy, but with the women of his royal household,
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ํ”ผ์•™ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๊ทธ์˜ ์™•๊ฐ€์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ˜‘์ƒ์„ ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
01:40
later known as kandake,
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ํ›„์— ์นธ๋‹ค์ผ€๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์ฃ .
01:42
who were extremely influential in military affairs and political succession.
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์ด๋“ค์€ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ์ •์น˜์  ์Šน๊ณ„์— ๋งค์šฐ ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:47
At the end of a long siege, Piankhy entered the conquered city
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๊ธธ๊ณ  ๊ธด ๊ณต์„ฑ์ „ ๋์— ํ”ผ์•™ํ‚ค๋Š” ์ •๋ณต๋œ ๋„์‹œ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€
01:51
and bitterly criticized the conditions in its stables.
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๋งˆ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋น„ํŒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:54
From there, Piankhy and the Kushite forces
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ”ผ์•™ํ‚ค์™€ ์ฟ ์‹œ ๊ตฐ์€
01:57
conquered the Egyptian capital of Memphis.
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์ด์ง‘ํŠธ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋„์ธ ๋ฉคํ”ผ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ •๋ณตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:00
Piankhy installed his sister, Amunirdis, as priestess of the great god Amun,
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ํ”ผ์•™ํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ๋‚จ๋งค์ธ ์•„๋ฌด๋‹๋””์Šค๋ฅผ ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ ๋„์‹œ ํ…Œ๋ฒ ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ 
02:06
in the Egyptian city of Thebes,
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์•„๋ฌธ์˜ ์—ฌ์‚ฌ์ œ๋กœ ์ทจ์ž„์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ 
02:08
and left other Kushite officials there before returning to live in Kush.
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์ฟ ์‹œ์—์„œ ์‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋Œ์•„์˜ค๊ธฐ ์ „, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฟ ์‹œ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋“ค์„ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์— ๋‚จ๊ฒจ๋‘์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:12
His successors extended control all the way to the Nile Delta.
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๊ทธ์˜ ํ›„๊ณ„์ž๋“ค์€ ๋‚˜์ผ๊ฐ• ์‚ผ๊ฐ์ฃผ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง€๋ฐฐ๊ถŒ์„ ํ™•์žฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:16
This was a high point for the Empire of Kush:
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฟ ์‹œ ์ œ๊ตญ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:19
trade thrived, and they built magnificent temples,
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๋ฒˆ์ฐฝํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌด์—ญ๊ณผ ๋‚˜์ผ ๊ฐ•์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์›๊ณผ
02:22
palaces, and pyramid tombs all along the Nile.
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๊ถ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋“œ ๋ฌด๋ค๋“ค์„ ์ง€์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:26
But the Assyrian army was approaching Egypt in its annual campaigns.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•„์‹œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๊ตฐ์€ ๋งค๋…„ ์กฐ๊ธˆ์”ฉ ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•ด ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:30
When the Assyrians began to encroach on trade routes near Jerusalem,
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์•„์‹œ๋ฆฌ์•„์ธ๋“ค์ด ์˜ˆ๋ฃจ์‚ด๋ ˜ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์˜ ๋ฌด์—ญ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์นจ๋ฒ”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
02:34
the Kushite king Taharqo moved to stop them.
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์ฟ ์‹œ์˜ ์™•, ํƒ€ํ•˜๋ฅด์ฝ”๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์›€์ง์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:38
The Assyrians defeated him with the help of some rebelling Egyptian princes,
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์•„์‹œ๋ฆฌ์•„์ธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฐ˜์—ญํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ ์™•๋“ค์˜ ๋„์›€์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๋„ํ•˜๊ณ 
02:42
and drove him out of Egypt in the 7th century BCE.
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๊ธฐ์›์ „ 7์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ์—์„œ ๋‚ด์ซ“์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:46
The Kushites continued to rule in their homeland for nearly 1,000 years
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์ฟ ์‹œ์ธ๋“ค์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ฒœ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ณ ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋ฒˆ์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ˜์‹ ์ ์ธ
02:50
that were prosperous and innovative.
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ํ†ต์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์†ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:53
They moved their capital farther south to the city of Meroe,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ˆ˜๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚จ์ชฝ ๋ฉ”๋กœ์—๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:57
where they built temples to a new god called Apedemak.
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์•„ํŽ˜๋ฐ๋ง‰์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹ ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ง€์€ ์‚ฌ์›์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
03:00
They built new cities in the savannah south of the Sahara Desert,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌํ•˜๋ผ ์‚ฌ๋ง‰ ๋‚จ์ชฝ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ฐ”๋‚˜์˜ ์‹ ๋„์‹œ๋“ค์„ ์„ธ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:04
some of which contained huge reservoirs for water.
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๊ทธ ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ๋ฌผ์„ ์ €์žฅํ•  ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ €์ˆ˜์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:07
When the Roman Empire conquered Egypt in 31 BCE,
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๊ธฐ์›์ „ 31๋…„, ๋กœ๋งˆ ์ œ๊ตญ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ณต ๋‹นํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
03:11
Kushite armies again traveled north, led by Queen Amanirenas.
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์•„๋งˆ๋‹ˆ๋ ˆ๋‚˜์Šค ์—ฌ์™•์ด ์ด๋„๋Š” ์ฟ ์‹œ ๊ตฐ์€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ถ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:16
She led them to success in battle against the Romans,
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋กœ๋งˆ์™€์˜ ์ „ํˆฌ์—์„œ ์ด๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์ด๋Œ์—ˆ๊ณ 
03:19
capturing the bronze head of a statue of the Roman emperor Augustus,
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๋กœ๋งˆ ํ™ฉ์ œ ์•„์šฐ๊ตฌ์Šคํˆฌ์Šค์˜ ๋™์ƒ์˜ ์ฒญ๋™ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๊ณ 
03:24
and bringing it back to Kush.
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์ฟ ์‹œ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:26
They buried it under the doorway of a temple in the capital,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์‚ฌ์› ์ž…๊ตฌ์— ์ฒญ๋™ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฌป์–ด์„œ
03:29
so that worshippers would step on it as they crossed the threshold.
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์˜ˆ๋ฐฐ์ž๋“ค์ด ๋ฌธํ„ฑ์„ ๋„˜์„ ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋ฐŸ๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:33
After brokering peace with the Romans, Kush continued to prosper.
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๋กœ๋งˆ์™€ ํ‰ํ™” ํ˜‘์ •์„ ๋งบ์€ ํ›„, ์ฟ ์‹œ๋Š” ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฒˆ์ฐฝํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:37
Over time, however, groups of people called the Noba raided from the west,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํ˜๋Ÿฌ, ์„œ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋…ธ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋Š” ์ง‘๋‹จ์—๊ฒŒ ์Šต๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„
03:42
and trade routes were disrupted by the rising kingdom of Aksum.
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์•…์ˆจ ์™•๊ตญ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฌด์—ญ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ฐจ๋‹จ๋‹นํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:46
Around 350 CE, the Aksumite king sacked Meroe,
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์„œ๊ธฐ 350๋…„ ๊ฒฝ ์•…์ˆจ ์™•์€ ๋ฉ”๋กœ์—๋ฅผ ์•ฝํƒˆํ•˜๊ณ 
03:51
effectively bringing Kushite rule to an end.
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์ฟ ์‹œ์˜ ํ†ต์น˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ์ข…์‹์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:54
Since then, some have argued that Kushโ€™s history has been overlooked
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๊ทธ ์ดํ›„ ์ผ๋ถ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฟ ์‹œ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ ์„œ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ๋ช… ๊ธฐ์›์˜
03:58
by generations of European and American scholars
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์ผ๋ถ€์ด๊ณ  ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๋ฌธํ™”๋กœ์„œ์˜
04:02
who promoted the idea that Egypt was part of the origin of Western civilization,
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์ฟ ์‹œ๋Š” ์ œ์™ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ์กฐ์žฅํ•œ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์˜ ์„ธ๋Œ€๊ฐ€
04:07
while Kush, as an African culture, was excluded.
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์ฟ ์‹œ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ„๊ณผํ•ด ์™”๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:11
Today, thereโ€™s still much to learn about Kushโ€”
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ฟ ์‹œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฐฐ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
04:14
including a writing system we havenโ€™t deciphered fully.
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ํ•ด๋…ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ž ์ฒด๊ณ„๋„ ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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