A brief history of alcohol - Rod Phillips

6,453,660 views ใƒป 2020-01-02

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:06
This chimpanzee stumbles across a windfall of overripe plums.
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ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ื”ื–ื” ืžื“ื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื–ื™ืคื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ืคืœื• ื‘ืจื•ื—.
00:12
Many of them have split open,
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ื”ืชืคืฆื—ื•,
00:14
drawing him to their intoxicating fruity odor.
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ื•ืžืฉื›ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืจื™ื— ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืจ ืฉืœื”ื.
00:17
He gorges himself
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ื”ื•ื ืžืคื˜ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื•
00:19
and begins to experience someโ€ฆ strange effects.
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ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ื›ืžื”... ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืžื•ื–ืจื•ืช.
00:23
This unwitting ape has stumbled on a process
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ื”ืงื•ืฃ ื ืชืงืœ ืœืœื ื™ื“ื™ืขืชื• ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš
00:26
that humans will eventually harness
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืจืชืžื• ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ
00:28
to create beer, wine, and other alcoholic drinks.
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ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืจื”, ื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
00:33
The sugars in overripe fruit attract microscopic organisms
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ื”ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื
00:37
known as yeasts.
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ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›ืฉืžืจื™ื.
00:38
As the yeasts feed on the fruit sugars they produce a compound called ethanolโ€”
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ื›ืฉื”ืฉืžืจื™ื ืžื•ื–ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื›ืจื™ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ืช ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืืชื ื•ืœ --
00:43
the type of alcohol in alcoholic beverages.
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ืกื•ื’ ื”ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœื™ื™ื.
00:46
This process is called fermentation.
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ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ื”ืชืกืกื”.
00:49
Nobody knows exactly when
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžืชื™
00:51
humans began to create fermented beverages.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ืžื•ืชืกืกื™ื.
00:54
The earliest known evidence comes from 7,000 BCE in China,
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ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžืกื™ืŸ, 7000 ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”,
00:59
where residue in clay pots
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ืฉื ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื—ืจืก
01:01
has revealed that people were making an alcoholic beverage
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ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฆืจื• ืžืฉืงื” ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœื™
01:04
from fermented rice, millet, grapes, and honey.
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ืžืื•ืจื– ืžื•ืชืกืก, ื“ื•ื—ืŸ, ืขื ื‘ื™ื ื•ื“ื‘ืฉ.
01:09
Within a few thousand years,
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ืชื•ืš ื›ืžื” ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
01:11
cultures all over the world were fermenting their own drinks.
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ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืชืกื™ืกื• ืืช ื”ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
01:15
Ancient Mesopotamians and Egyptians made beer throughout the year
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ืžืกื•ืคื•ื˜ืžื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื•ืžืฆืจื™ื ื™ืฆืจื• ื‘ื™ืจื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื
01:19
from stored cereal grains.
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ืžื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื“ื’ืŸ ืื’ื•ืจื™ื.
01:21
This beer was available to all social classes,
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ื”ื‘ื™ืจื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื–ืžื™ื ื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื,
01:24
and workers even received it in their daily rations.
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ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช.
01:28
They also made wine,
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ื”ื ื’ื ื™ืฆืจื• ื™ื™ืŸ,
01:29
but because the climate wasnโ€™t ideal for growing grapes,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืืงืœื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืขื ื‘ื™ื,
01:32
it was a rare and expensive delicacy.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื“ืŸ ื ื“ื™ืจ ื•ื™ืงืจ.
01:36
By contrast, in Greece and Rome, where grapes grew more easily,
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“, ื‘ื™ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืจื•ืžื, ืฉื ืขื ื‘ื™ื ื’ื“ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช,
01:40
wine was as readily available as beer was in Egypt and Mesopotamia.
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ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืกื•ืคื•ื˜ืžื™ื”.
01:45
Because yeasts will ferment basically any plant sugars,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืฉืžืจื™ื ื™ืชืกืกื• ื‘ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืกื•ื›ืจื™ ืฆืžื—ื™ื,
01:48
ancient peoples made alcohol
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื™ืฆืจื• ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ
01:50
from whatever crops and plants grew where they lived.
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ืžื›ืœ ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ื•ืฆืžื— ืฉื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื’ืจื•.
01:53
In South America, people made chicha from grains,
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ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ืฆืจื• ืฆ'ื™ืฆ'ื” ืžืชื‘ื•ืื”,
01:57
sometimes adding hallucinogenic herbs.
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ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืขืฉื‘ื™ ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช.
01:59
In whatโ€™s now Mexico, pulque, made from cactus sap,
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ื‘ืžื” ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื™ื ืžืงืกื™ืงื•, ืคื•ืœืงื”, ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžืฉืจืฃ ืงืงื˜ื•ืก,
02:03
was the drink of choice,
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ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืฉืงื” ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจ,
02:05
while East Africans made banana and palm beer.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžืขืจื‘ ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื ื™ืฆืจื• ื‘ื™ืจืช ื‘ื ื ื” ื•ื“ืงืœื™ื.
02:09
And in the area thatโ€™s now Japan, people made sake from rice.
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ื•ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืคืŸ, ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฆืจื• ืกืืงื” ืžืื•ืจื–.
02:13
Almost every region of the globe had its own fermented drinks.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื›ืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ืžื•ืชืกืกื™ื.
02:17
As alcohol consumption became part of everyday life,
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ื›ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื,
02:21
some authorities latched onto effects they perceived as positiveโ€”
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ื›ืžื” ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื‘ืจื• ืœื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืชืคืฉื• ื›ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช --
02:25
Greek physicians considered wine to be good for health,
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ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื• ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช,
02:28
and poets testified to its creative qualities.
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ื•ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ื”ืขื™ื“ื• ืขืœ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•.
02:32
Others were more concerned about alcoholโ€™s potential for abuse.
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ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ.
02:36
Greek philosophers promoted temperance.
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ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืงื™ื“ืžื• ืื™ืคื•ืง.
02:38
Early Jewish and Christian writers in Europe integrated wine into rituals
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ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืฉื™ืœื‘ื• ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื˜ืงืกื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
02:43
but considered excessive intoxication a sin.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื• ื”ืฉืชื›ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื–ืžืช ืœื—ื˜ื,
02:46
And in the middle east, Africa, and Spain,
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ื•ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ืกืคืจื“,
02:49
an Islamic rule against praying while drunk
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ื—ื•ืง ืื™ืกืœืืžื™ ื ื’ื“ ืชืคื™ืœื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ื›ืจื•ืช
02:52
gradually solidified into a general ban on alcohol.
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ื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉ ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœืื™ืกื•ืจ ื’ื•ืจืฃ ื ื’ื“ ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ.
02:57
Ancient fermented beverages had relatively low alcohol content.
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ืœืžืฉืงืื•ืช ืžื•ืชืกืกื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืชื›ื•ืœืช ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื ืžื•ื›ื”.
03:01
At about 13% alcohol,
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘- 13% ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ,
03:04
the by-products wild yeasts generate during fermentation
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ืชื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฉืฉืžืจื™ ื‘ืจ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ืชืกืกื”
03:07
become toxic and kill them.
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ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืจืขื™ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืจื’ื™ื ืื•ืชื.
03:09
When the yeasts die,
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ื›ืฉื”ืฉืžืจื™ื ืžืชื™ื,
03:11
fermentation stops and the alcohol content levels off.
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ื”ืชืกื™ืกื” ื ืคืกืงืช ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ืžืชืื–ื ื•ืช.
03:15
So for thousands of years, alcohol content was limited.
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ืื– ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื, ืชื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช.
03:18
That changed with the invention of a process
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ื–ื” ื”ืฉืชื ื” ืขื ื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš
03:21
called distillation.
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ืฉื ืงืจื ื–ื™ืงื•ืง.
03:22
9th century Arabic writings describe boiling fermented liquids
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ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ืžื”ืžืื” ื” 9 ืžืชืืจื™ื ื”ืจืชื—ืช ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ืžื•ืชืกืกื™ื
03:27
to vaporize the alcohol in them.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื“ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ื.
03:29
Alcohol boils at a lower temperature than water,
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ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ืจื•ืชื— ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืžืžื™ื,
03:32
so it vaporizes first.
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ืžืชืื“ื” ืงื•ื“ื.
03:34
Capture this vapor, cool it down, and whatโ€™s left is liquid alcohol
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ืœื™ื›ื“ื• ืืช ื”ืื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืงืจืจื• ืื•ืชื, ื•ืžื” ืฉื ืฉืืจ ื–ื” ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื ื•ื–ืœื™
03:39
much more concentrated than any fermented beverage.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจื•ื›ื– ืžื›ืœ ืžืฉืงื” ืžื•ืชืกืก.
03:43
At first, these stronger spirits were used for medicinal purposes.
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื”ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช.
03:47
Then, spirits became an important trade commodity
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ืื–, ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืกื—ื•ืจื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”
03:51
because, unlike beer and wine, they didnโ€™t spoil.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื‘ื™ืจื” ื•ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ื ืœื ื”ืชืงืœืงืœื•.
03:55
Rum made from sugar
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ืจื•ื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืžืกื•ื›ืจ
03:56
harvested in European colonies in the Caribbean
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ืฉื ืืกืฃ ื‘ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืจื•ืคืื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื™ื‘ื™ื
03:59
became a staple for sailors
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ื”ืคืš ืœืžื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืœื—ื™ื
04:01
and was traded to North America.
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ื•ื ืกื—ืจ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
04:03
Europeans brought brandy and gin to Africa
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ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื‘ืจื ื“ื™ ื•ื’'ื™ืŸ ืœืืคืจื™ืงื”
04:06
and traded it for enslaved people, land,
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ื•ืกื—ืจื• ื‘ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ื™ื, ืื“ืžื”,
04:09
and goods like palm oil and rubber.
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ื•ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉืžืŸ ื“ืงืœื™ื ื•ื’ื•ืžื™.
04:12
Spirits became a form of money in these regions.
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ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
04:16
During the Age of Exploration,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ,
04:17
spirits played a crucial role in long distance sea voyages.
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ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœื™ื™ื ืžื™ืœืื• ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืžืกืขื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš.
04:21
Sailing from Europe to east Asia and the Americas could take months,
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ื”ืคืœื’ื•ืช ืžืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืœืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื” ื•ืœืืžืจื™ืงื•ืช ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืืจื•ืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื,
04:25
and keeping water fresh for the crews was a challenge.
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ื•ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื ืงื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืืชื’ืจืช.
04:28
Adding a bucket of brandy to a water barrel kept water fresh longer
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ื”ื•ืกืคืช ื“ืœื™ ื‘ืจื ื“ื™ ืœื—ื‘ื™ืช ืžื™ื ืฉืžืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:33
because alcohol is a preservative that kills harmful microbes.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืฉืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ืจื’ ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื.
04:38
So by the 1600s,
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ืื– ืขื“ ื”ืžืื” ื” 17,
04:40
alcohol had gone from simply giving animals a buzz
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ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืคืš ืžื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืื– ืœื—ื™ื•ืช
04:43
to fueling global trade and explorationโ€” along with all their consequences.
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ืœืžืชื“ืœืง ื”ืกื—ืจ ื•ื”ื—ืงืจ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ - ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
04:49
As time went on,
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ื›ืฉื”ื–ืžืŸ ืขื‘ืจ,
04:50
its role in human society would only get more complicated.
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ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœื• ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืจืง ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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