What happened when the United States banned alcohol - Rod Phillips

718,665 views ใƒป 2020-07-09

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:06
On January 17, 1920, six armed men robbed a Chicago freight train.
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ื‘ 17 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ, 1920, ืฉื™ืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ืžื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื“ื“ื• ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืฉื ื‘ืฉื™ืงื’ื•.
00:13
But it wasnโ€™t money they were after.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืกืฃ ืฉื”ื ื—ื™ืคืฉื•.
00:15
Less than one hour after spirits had become illegal
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ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืขื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืคืš ืœืœื ื—ื•ืงื™
00:18
throughout the United States,
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ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
00:20
the robbers made off with thousands of dollars worth of whiskey.
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ื”ืฉื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื• ืขื ื•ื•ื™ืกืงื™ ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืืœืคื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื.
00:24
It was a first taste of the unintended consequences of Prohibition.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื˜ืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืœื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ.
00:30
The nationwide ban on the production and sale of alcohol in the United States
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ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
00:34
came on the heels of a similar ban in Russia
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ื”ื’ื™ืข ืžื™ื™ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื”
00:37
that started as a wartime measure during World War I.
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ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื›ืฆืขื“ ืžืœื—ืžืชื™ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
00:41
But the view in the Western world of alcohol
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจืื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ
00:43
as a primary cause of social ills was much older.
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ื›ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืขืชื™ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:48
It first gained traction during the Industrial Revolution
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ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื“ื—ื™ืคื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช
00:51
as new populations of workers poured into cities
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ื›ืฉืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืขืจื™ื
00:54
and men gathered in saloons to drink.
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืืกืคื• ื‘ืกืœื•ื ื™ื ืœืฉืชื•ืช.
00:57
By the 19th century, anti-drinking groups called temperance movements
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ื•ื‘ืžืื” ื” 19, ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืฉืชื™ื” ืฉื ืงืจืื• ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืžืชื™ื ื•ืช
01:01
began to appear in the United States and parts of Europe.
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ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
01:05
Temperance groups believed that alcohol was the fundamental driver
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžืชื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื ื™ืข ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™
01:09
behind problems like poverty and domestic violence,
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ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืขื•ื ื™ ื•ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืชื™ืช,
01:12
and set out to convince governments of this.
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ื•ื™ืฆืื• ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื‘ื–ื”.
01:15
While some simply advocated moderate drinking,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื˜ืขื ื• ืœืžืชื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืชื™ื”,
01:18
many believed alcohol should be banned entirely.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืืกืจ ืœื’ืžืจื™.
01:22
These movements drew support from broad sectors of society.
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ื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืžื—ืœืงื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”.
01:25
Womenโ€™s organizations were active participants from the beginning,
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ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืžื”ืชืชื—ืœื”,
01:29
arguing that alcohol made men neglect their families and abuse their wives.
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ื•ื˜ืขื ื• ืฉืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื’ืจื ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื”ื–ื ื™ื— ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืชืขืœืœ ื‘ื ืฉื™ื.
01:34
Religious authorities, especially Protestants,
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ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืคืจื•ื˜ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื,
01:36
denounced alcohol as leading to temptation and sin.
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ื”ื•ืงื™ืข ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื›ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืคื™ืชื•ื™ ื•ื—ื˜ื.
01:40
Progressive labor activists believed alcohol consumption
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ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืคืจื•ื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ
01:43
harmed workersโ€™ ability to organize.
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ืคื’ืขื” ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืชืืจื’ืŸ.
01:46
Governments werenโ€™t strangers to the idea of prohibition, either.
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ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื’ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื–ืจื•ืช ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ.
01:50
In the United States and Canada, white settlers introduced hard liquors
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ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืงื ื“ื”, ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ืœื™ืงืจื™ื ืงืฉื™ื
01:53
like rum to Native communities,
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ื›ืžื• ืจื•ื ืœืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช,
01:56
then blamed alcohol for disrupting these communitiesโ€”
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ื•ืื– ื”ืืฉื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ืฉื”ืคืจื™ืข ืœืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื• --
01:59
though there were many other destructive aspects of their interactions.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืคื ื™ื ื”ืจืกื ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉืœื”ื.
02:03
The American and Canadian governments banned the sale of alcohol
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืงื ื“ื™ื•ืช ืืกืจื• ืžื›ื™ืจืช ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ
02:07
to Native populations and on reservation land.
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ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื™ืœื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ืื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช.
02:10
American temperance movements gained their first victories
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ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืžืชื™ื ื•ืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืจื• ืืช ื”ื ืฆื—ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
02:13
at the state and local levels,
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ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช,
02:15
with Maine and several other states banning the sale and production of liquor
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ืขื ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืžืกืคืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืืกืจื• ืขืœ ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื•ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืœื™ืงืจ
02:20
in the 1850s.
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 50 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื” 19.
02:22
In 1919 the 18th Amendment to the US Constitution
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ื‘ 1919 ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื” 18 ืœื—ื•ืงืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
02:26
banned the manufacture, sale, and transportation
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ืืกืจ ืขืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจ, ืžื›ื™ืจื”, ื•ื”ื•ื‘ืœื”
02:29
of all alcoholic beverages.
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ื”ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœื™ื.
02:32
The amendment took effect a year later under the Volstead Act.
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ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ืงืฃ ืฉื ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชื—ืช ื—ื•ืง ื•ื•ืœืกื˜ื“.
02:35
Since the act did not ban personal consumption,
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืง ืœื ืืกืจ ืขืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช,
02:39
wealthy people took the opportunity to stock up while restaurants and bars
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœืงื—ื• ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืื’ื•ืจ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžืกืขื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืืจื™ื
02:43
rushed to sell their remaining supply.
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ืžื™ื”ืจื• ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืœืื™ ืฉื ืฉืืจ.
02:46
Workers lost their jobs as distilleries, breweries, and wineries closed down.
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื›ืฉืžื–ืงืงื•ืช, ืžื‘ืฉืœื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ืจ, ื•ื™ืงื‘ื™ื ื ืกื’ืจื•.
02:51
Meanwhile, organized crime groups rushed to meet the demand for alcohol,
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืคืฉืข ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ ืžื™ื”ืจื• ืœืžืœื ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืœืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ,
02:56
establishing a lucrative black market in producing, smuggling,
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ื•ื”ืงื™ืžื• ืฉื•ืง ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจ, ื”ื‘ืจื—ื”,
03:00
and selling illicit liquor.
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ื•ืžื›ื™ืจืช ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ืœื ื—ื•ืงื™.
03:02
Often they worked side-by side with corrupt policemen
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื ืขื‘ื“ื• ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ืžื•ืฉื—ืชื™ื
03:06
and government officials,
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ื•ืคืงื™ื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœ,
03:07
even bombing the 1928 primary election for Illinois state attorney
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืคื™ืฆืฆื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืชื•ื‘ืข ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ืื™ืœื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ 1928
03:12
in support of a particular political faction.
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ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืคืœื’ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื.
03:16
Tens of thousands of illegal bars, known as "speakeasies,"
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ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื ื—ื•ืงื™ื™ื, ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื‘โ€œืกืคื™ืงืื™ื–ื™,โ€
03:20
began serving alcohol.
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ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ.
03:22
They ranged from dingy basement bars to elaborate dance-halls.
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ื”ื ื ืขื• ืžื‘ืจื™ ืžืจืชืฃ ืืคืœื•ืœื™ื™ื ืœืื•ืœืžื•ืช ืจื™ืงื•ื“ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื.
03:25
People could also make alcohol at home for their own consumption,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ืœื• ื’ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืœืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืคืจื˜ื™ืช,
03:29
or obtain it legally with a doctorโ€™s prescription or for religious purposes.
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ืื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื•ืงื™ ืืฆืœ ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื‘ืžืจืฉื ืื• ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื“ืชื™ื•ืช.
03:34
To prevent industrial alcohol from being consumed,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™,
03:38
the government required manufacturers to add harmful chemicals,
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื“ืจืฉื” ืžื™ืฆืจื ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื,
03:42
leading to thousands of poisoning deaths.
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ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœืืœืคื™ ืžื™ืชื•ืช ืžื”ืจืขืœื”.
03:46
We donโ€™t know exactly how much people were drinking during Prohibition
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืชื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ
03:49
because illegal alcohol wasnโ€™t regulated or taxed.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ืœื ื—ื•ืงื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื•ื˜ืจ ืื• ืžืžื•ืกื”.
03:53
But by the late 1920s,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 20 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื” 20,
03:54
it was clear that Prohibition had not brought the social improvements
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™
03:58
it had promised.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื˜ื—.
03:59
Instead it contributed to political corruption and organized crime
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื•ื ืชืจื ืœืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืคืฉืข ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ
04:04
and was flouted by millions of citizens.
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ื•ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ื–ื• ืœื•.
04:06
At one raid on an Detroit beer hall, the local sheriff, mayor and a congressman
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ื‘ืคืฉื™ื˜ื” ืื—ืช ื‘ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ื˜ืจื•ื™ื˜, ื”ืฉืจื™ืฃ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™, ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ืื™ืฉ ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก
04:12
were arrested for drinking.
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ื ืขืฆืจื• ื‘ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ื”.
04:14
With the start of the Great Depression in 1929,
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ืขื ื”ืชื—ืœืช ื”ืฉืคืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ 1929,
04:17
the government sorely needed the tax revenue from alcohol sales,
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื ื•ืืฉื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืžืžื™ืกื™ื ืžืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ,
04:21
and believed that lifting Prohibition would stimulate the economy.
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ื•ื”ืืžื™ื ื” ืฉื”ืกืจืช ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื™ืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”.
04:25
In 1933, Congress passed the 21st Amendment repealing the 18thโ€”
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ื‘ 1933, ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื” 21 ืœื—ื•ืงื” ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ืืช ื” 18 ---
04:30
the only amendment to be fully repealed.
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ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ืœื’ืžืจื™.
04:34
Members of the temperance movements
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ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืชื™ื ื•ืช
04:36
believed that alcohol was the root of societyโ€™s problems,
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ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”,
04:40
but the reality is more complicated.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:42
And while banning it completely didnโ€™t work,
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื™ืกื•ืจื• ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœื ืขื‘ื“,
04:45
the health and social impacts of alcohol remain concerns today.
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ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื ืฉืืจื•ืช ื“ืื’ื” ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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