Prohibition: Banning alcohol was a bad idea... - Rod Phillips

677,273 views ・ 2020-07-09

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

κ²€ν† : DK Kim
00:06
On January 17, 1920, six armed men robbed a Chicago freight train.
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1920λ…„ 1μ›” 17일에
무μž₯ 강도 6λͺ…이 μ‹œμΉ΄κ³  ν™”λ¬Ό μ—΄μ°¨λ₯Ό μŠ΅κ²©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:13
But it wasn’t money they were after.
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그듀이 λ…Έλ¦¬λŠ” 건 돈이 μ•„λ‹ˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:15
Less than one hour after spirits had become illegal
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λ―Έκ΅­ μ „μ—­μ—μ„œ μˆ μ„ κΈˆμ§€ν•œ 지 ν•œ μ‹œκ°„λ„ λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μ„ λ•Œ
00:18
throughout the United States,
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00:20
the robbers made off with thousands of dollars worth of whiskey.
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강도듀은 μœ„μŠ€ν‚€λ₯Ό 수천 λ‹¬λŸ¬μ–΄μΉ˜ ν›”μ³€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:24
It was a first taste of the unintended consequences of Prohibition.
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κΈˆμ£Όλ²•μ΄ μ‹œν–‰λœ ν›„, μ˜ˆμƒμΉ˜ λͺ»ν–ˆλ˜ 첫 번째 μ‚¬κ±΄μ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
00:30
The nationwide ban on the production and sale of alcohol in the United States
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술의 생산과 판맀λ₯Ό λ―Έκ΅­ μ „μ—­μ—μ„œ κΈˆμ§€ν•˜λŠ” 법은
00:34
came on the heels of a similar ban in Russia
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λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ 법이 있던 λŸ¬μ‹œμ•„λ₯Ό λ”°λ₯Έ 것인데
00:37
that started as a wartime measure during World War I.
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그것은 제1μ°¨ μ„Έκ³„λŒ€μ „ 쀑에 μ‹œν–‰λœ κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:41
But the view in the Western world of alcohol
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ„œμ–‘μ—μ„œ μˆ μ„
00:43
as a primary cause of social ills was much older.
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μ‚¬νšŒμ•…μ˜ μ£Ό μ›μΈμœΌλ‘œ λ³Έ 것은 훨씬 μ˜€λž˜μ „λΆ€ν„°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:48
It first gained traction during the Industrial Revolution
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처음 μ‹œμž‘μ€ μ‚°μ—…ν˜λͺ… λ•Œμ˜€λŠ”λ°
00:51
as new populations of workers poured into cities
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μƒˆ κ·Όλ‘œμžλ“€μ΄ λ„μ‹œλ‘œ λͺ°λ €μ™€
00:54
and men gathered in saloons to drink.
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λ‚¨μžλ“€μ΄ μˆ μ§‘μ— λͺ¨μ΄κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν•˜λ©΄μ„œλΆ€ν„°μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:57
By the 19th century, anti-drinking groups called temperance movements
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19μ„ΈκΈ°μ—λŠ” μˆ μ„ λ§ˆμ‹œμ§€ λ§μžλŠ” 금주 μš΄λ™μ΄
01:01
began to appear in the United States and parts of Europe.
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λ―Έκ΅­κ³Ό 유럽 μΌλΆ€μ—μ„œ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:05
Temperance groups believed that alcohol was the fundamental driver
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κΈˆμ£ΌνšŒλŠ” 술이 κ°€μ • 폭λ ₯κ³Ό κ°€λ‚œκ³Ό 같은 문제의
01:09
behind problems like poverty and domestic violence,
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근본적인 원인이라고 μƒκ°ν•˜κ³ 
01:12
and set out to convince governments of this.
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μ •λΆ€λ₯Ό μ„€λ“ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμ£ .
01:15
While some simply advocated moderate drinking,
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일뢀 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μ λ‹Ήν•œ μŒμ£ΌλŠ” ν—ˆμš©ν•΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€κ³  μ£Όμž₯ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ
01:18
many believed alcohol should be banned entirely.
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λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ΄ μˆ μ€ μ™„μ „νžˆ κΈˆμ§€λ˜μ–΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:22
These movements drew support from broad sectors of society.
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금주 μš΄λ™μ€ μ‚¬νšŒ λ§Žμ€ λΆ„μ•Όμ—μ„œ 지지λ₯Ό λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:25
Women’s organizations were active participants from the beginning,
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μ—¬μ„±λ‹¨μ²΄λŠ” μ²˜μŒλΆ€ν„° 금주 μš΄λ™μ„ 적극적으둜 λ²Œμ΄λ©΄μ„œ
01:29
arguing that alcohol made men neglect their families and abuse their wives.
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λ‚¨μžλ“€μ΄ 술 λ•Œλ¬Έμ— 가정을 μ†Œν™€νžˆ ν•˜κ³  아내듀을 ν•™λŒ€ν•œλ‹€κ³  μ£Όμž₯ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:34
Religious authorities, especially Protestants,
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쒅ꡐ 단체듀, 특히 κ°œμ‹ κ΅μ—μ„œλŠ”
01:36
denounced alcohol as leading to temptation and sin.
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유혹과 μ£„μ•…μœΌλ‘œ μ΄λˆλ‹€κ³  μˆ μ„ 맹렬히 λΉ„λ‚œν–ˆμ£ .
01:40
Progressive labor activists believed alcohol consumption
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진보적 노동 μš΄λ™κ°€λ“€μ€ μˆ μ„ λ§ˆμ‹œλŠ” 것이
01:43
harmed workers’ ability to organize.
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κ·Όλ‘œμžλ“€μ˜ 쑰직λ ₯을 ν•΄μΉœλ‹€κ³  μ£Όμž₯ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:46
Governments weren’t strangers to the idea of prohibition, either.
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정뢀도 κΈˆμ£Όμ— κ΄€ν•œ μ£Όμž₯듀을 λͺ¨λ₯΄μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μ£ .
01:50
In the United States and Canada, white settlers introduced hard liquors
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λ―Έκ΅­κ³Ό μΊλ‚˜λ‹€μ˜ 백인 정착민듀은
럼주 같은 λ„μˆ˜κ°€ 높은 μˆ μ„ μ›μ£Όλ―Όλ“€μ—κ²Œ νΌνŠΈλ¦¬κ³ λŠ”
01:53
like rum to Native communities,
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01:56
then blamed alcohol for disrupting these communitiesβ€”
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술이 이 지역 곡동체λ₯Ό λΆ„μ—΄μ‹œν‚¨λ‹€κ³  μ£Όμž₯ν–ˆμ£ .
01:59
though there were many other destructive aspects of their interactions.
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λ¬Όλ‘  κ³΅λ™μ²΄μ˜ λΆ„μ—΄μ—λŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ μ΄μœ λ„ λ§Žμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:03
The American and Canadian governments banned the sale of alcohol
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λ―Έκ΅­κ³Ό μΊλ‚˜λ‹€ μ •λΆ€λŠ” 원주민듀과 원주민 λ³΄ν˜Έκ΅¬μ—­μ—
02:07
to Native populations and on reservation land.
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μˆ μ„ νŒλ§€ν•˜λŠ” 것을 κΈˆμ§€ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:10
American temperance movements gained their first victories
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미ꡭ의 금주 μš΄λ™μ€ λͺ‡λͺ‡ 주와 지방뢀터 μ„±κ³΅ν–ˆλŠ”λ°
02:13
at the state and local levels,
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02:15
with Maine and several other states banning the sale and production of liquor
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메인 주와 λ‹€λ₯Έ λͺ‡ 곳의 μ£Όμ—μ„œλŠ”
1850λ…„λŒ€μ— 술의 생산과 판맀λ₯Ό μ€‘μ§€ν–ˆμ£ .
02:20
in the 1850s.
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1919λ…„ λ―Έκ΅­ μˆ˜μ • ν—Œλ²• 18μ‘°λŠ”
02:22
In 1919 the 18th Amendment to the US Constitution
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02:26
banned the manufacture, sale, and transportation
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λͺ¨λ“  μ£Όλ₯˜μ˜ 제쑰, νŒλ§€μ™€
02:29
of all alcoholic beverages.
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μœ ν†΅ μˆ˜λ‹¨μ„ κΈˆμ§€ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:32
The amendment took effect a year later under the Volstead Act.
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이 쑰항은 κΈˆμ£Όλ²•μ— 따라 1λ…„ 후에 λ°œνš¨λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:35
Since the act did not ban personal consumption,
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κ·Έ 법은 개인의 술 μ†ŒλΉ„λŠ” κΈˆμ§€ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—,
02:39
wealthy people took the opportunity to stock up while restaurants and bars
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λΆ€μžλ“€μ€ κ·Έ 기회λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄μ„œ μˆ μ„ λΉ„μΆ•ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
λ°˜λ©΄μ— 식당과 μˆ μ§‘μ€ 남은 μˆ μ„ μ„œλ‘˜λŸ¬ νŒ”μ•„λ²„λ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:43
rushed to sell their remaining supply.
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02:46
Workers lost their jobs as distilleries, breweries, and wineries closed down.
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λ…Έλ™μžλ“€μ€ 일자리λ₯Ό μžƒμ—ˆλŠ”λ°
증λ₯˜μ†Œ, 포도주 μ–‘μ‘°μž₯, μ–‘μ‘°μž₯이 문을 λ‹«μ•˜κ±°λ“ μš”.
02:51
Meanwhile, organized crime groups rushed to meet the demand for alcohol,
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ν•œνŽΈ, 범죄 쑰직듀은 술의 μˆ˜μš”λ₯Ό μΆ©μ‘±ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
02:56
establishing a lucrative black market in producing, smuggling,
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μˆ˜μ§€λ§žλŠ” μ•”μ‹œμž₯을 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ μˆ˜μ΅μ„±μ΄ 보μž₯된 λΆˆλ²• μ£Όλ₯˜μ˜
생산, λ°€μˆ˜μ™€ 판맀λ₯Ό μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:00
and selling illicit liquor.
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03:02
Often they worked side-by side with corrupt policemen
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λΆ€νŒ¨ν•œ κ²½μ°°κ³Ό μ •μΉ˜μΈλ“€μ΄ κ·Έλ“€κ³Ό ν•¨κ»˜ 일을 맣이 ν–ˆμ£ .
03:06
and government officials,
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03:07
even bombing the 1928 primary election for Illinois state attorney
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1928λ…„ 일리노이 μ£Ό 지방 검사 μ˜ˆλΉ„ μ„ κ±°μ—μ„œλŠ”
03:12
in support of a particular political faction.
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νŠΉμ • νŒŒλ²Œμ„ μ§€μ§€ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 폭탄을 νˆ¬μ²™ν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:16
Tens of thousands of illegal bars, known as "speakeasies,"
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β€˜μ£Όλ₯˜ 밀맀점’이라 뢈리던 수만 곳의 λΆˆλ²• μˆ μ§‘μ—μ„œ
03:20
began serving alcohol.
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μˆ μ„ νŒλ§€ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:22
They ranged from dingy basement bars to elaborate dance-halls.
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μ§€μ €λΆ„ν•œ μ§€ν•˜ μˆ μ§‘λΆ€ν„° κ³ κΈ‰ 무도μž₯κΉŒμ§€ λ‹€μ–‘ν–ˆμ£ .
03:25
People could also make alcohol at home for their own consumption,
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μ§‘μ—μ„œ μˆ μ„ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ§ˆμ‹œκΈ°λ„ ν–ˆκ³ ,
03:29
or obtain it legally with a doctor’s prescription or for religious purposes.
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μ˜μ‚¬ μ²˜λ°©μ „μ„ λ°›κ±°λ‚˜ 쒅ꡐ적 이유둜 합법적인 ꡬ맀도 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:34
To prevent industrial alcohol from being consumed,
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κ³΅μ—…μš© μ•Œμ½”μ˜¬μ˜ ꡬ맀λ₯Ό 막기 μœ„ν•΄
03:38
the government required manufacturers to add harmful chemicals,
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μ •λΆ€λŠ” μ œμ‘°μ‚¬λ“€μ—κ²Œ ν•΄λ‘œμš΄ λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ μ²¨κ°€ν•˜λ„λ‘ ν–ˆλŠ”λ°
03:42
leading to thousands of poisoning deaths.
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ν™”ν•™ 물질 μ€‘λ…μœΌλ‘œ 수천 λͺ…이 μ‚¬λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:46
We don’t know exactly how much people were drinking during Prohibition
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κΈˆμ£Όλ²• μ‹œν–‰ 쀑 μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 음주λ₯Ό ν–ˆλŠ”μ§€λŠ” μ •ν™•νžˆ λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:49
because illegal alcohol wasn’t regulated or taxed.
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λΆˆλ²• μˆ μ€ κ·œμ œλ˜κ±°λ‚˜ μ„ΈκΈˆμ΄ λΆ€κ³Όλ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜κ±°λ“ μš”.
03:53
But by the late 1920s,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 1920λ…„λŒ€ ν›„λ°˜ λ¬΄λ ΅μ—λŠ”
03:54
it was clear that Prohibition had not brought the social improvements
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κΈˆμ£Όλ²•μ΄ μ•½μ†ν–ˆλ˜ μ‚¬νšŒμ  κ°œμ„  νš¨κ³Όκ°€ μ—†λ‹€λŠ” 것이 ν™•μ‹€ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:58
it had promised.
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03:59
Instead it contributed to political corruption and organized crime
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λŒ€μ‹  λΆ€νŒ¨ μ •μΉ˜μ™€ 쑰직 범죄가 λ§Œμ—°ν–ˆκ³ 
04:04
and was flouted by millions of citizens.
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μ‹œλ―Όλ“€ 수백만 λͺ…이 λ²”λ²•μžκ°€ λ˜μ—ˆμ£ .
04:06
At one raid on an Detroit beer hall, the local sheriff, mayor and a congressman
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λ””νŠΈλ‘œμ΄νŠΈμ—μ„œ λ§₯주집을 λ‹¨μ†ν•˜μž
지방 λ³΄μ•ˆκ΄€, μ‹œμž₯κ³Ό ν•˜μ› μ˜μ›μ΄ 음주둜 μ²΄ν¬λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:12
were arrested for drinking.
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1930
04:14
With the start of the Great Depression in 1929,
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1929λ…„ λŒ€κ³΅ν™©μ˜ μ‹œμž‘κ³Ό ν•¨κ»˜
04:17
the government sorely needed the tax revenue from alcohol sales,
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μ •λΆ€λŠ” μ£Όλ₯˜ νŒλ§€μ— λΆ™λŠ” μ„ΈκΈˆμ΄ λͺΉμ‹œ ν•„μš”ν•΄μ‘Œκ³ 
04:21
and believed that lifting Prohibition would stimulate the economy.
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κΈˆμ£Όλ²•μ„ ν•΄μ œν•˜λŠ” 것이 κ²½μ œμ— 도움이 될 거둜 λ―Ώμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:25
In 1933, Congress passed the 21st Amendment repealing the 18thβ€”
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1933λ…„, μ˜νšŒλŠ” 21번째 μˆ˜μ • 쑰항을 μž…λ²•ν•΄μ„œ
18번째 μˆ˜μ • 쑰항을 μ „λ©΄ νμ§€ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:30
the only amendment to be fully repealed.
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μœ μΌν•˜κ²Œ μ™„μ „νžˆ νμ§€λœ μ‘°ν•­μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:34
Members of the temperance movements
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금주 μš΄λ™μ„ ν–ˆλ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€
04:36
believed that alcohol was the root of society’s problems,
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술이 μ‚¬νšŒ 문제의 근원이라고 μƒκ°ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ
04:40
but the reality is more complicated.
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ν˜„μ‹€μ€ λ”μš± λ³΅μž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:42
And while banning it completely didn’t work,
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κΈˆμ£Όλ²•μ€ μ „ν˜€ νš¨κ³Όκ°€ μ—†μ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ
04:45
the health and social impacts of alcohol remain concerns today.
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술둜 μΈν•œ 건강 λ¬Έμ œμ™€ μ‚¬νšŒμ  영ν–₯은 μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ κΉŒμ§€ κ³„μ†λ˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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