History vs. Henry VIII - Mark Robinson and Alex Gendler

2,170,388 views ใƒป 2018-11-12

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:06
He was a powerful king whose break with the church of Rome
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืœืš ื—ื–ืง, ืฉื”ื™ืคืจื“ื•ืชื• ืžื”ื›ื ืกื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืžื
00:10
would forever change the course of English history.
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ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืœื ืฆื— ืืช ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช.
00:13
But was he a charismatic reformer or a bullying tyrant?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื”ื™ื” ืจืคื•ืจืžื˜ื•ืจ ื›ืจื™ื–ืžื˜ื™ ืื• ืขืจื™ืฅ ืžืื™ื™ื?
00:16
Find out on History versus Henry VIII.
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ื’ืœื• ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ื ืจื™ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™.
00:21
Judge: Order, order. Now, who do we have here? Looks like quite the dashing fellow.
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ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜: ืกื“ืจ, ืกื“ืจ, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืคื”? ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื ืื”.
00:25
Defense: Indeed, your honour. This is Henry VIII, the acclaimed king
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ื”ื’ื ื”: ื‘ืืžืช, ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื•, ื–ื” ื”ื ืจื™ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™, ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื ื•ื“ืข
00:28
who reformed England's religion and government
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ืฉืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ื“ืช ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœ
00:31
and set it on course to becoming a modern nation.
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ื•ื”ืขืœื” ืื•ืชื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืื•ืžื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช.
00:34
Prosecutor: I beg to differ. This is a cruel, impulsive, and extravagant king
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ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื”: ืื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืขืœ ื›ืš. ื”ื•ื ืžืœืš ืื›ื–ืจ, ืื™ืžืคื•ืœืกื™ื‘ื™ ื•ืืงืกื˜ืจื•ื•ื’ื ื˜ื™
00:38
who had as little regard for his people as he did for his six wives.
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ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืื›ืคืช ืžืื ืฉื™ื• ื›ืžื• ืœืฉืฉ ื ืฉื•ืชื™ื•.
00:42
Judge: Six wives?
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ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜: ืฉืฉ ื ืฉื™ื?
00:44
Defense: Your honor, Henry's first marriage was arranged for him
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ื”ื”ื’ื ื”: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื•, ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ืจื™ ื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื
00:47
when he was only a child.
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจืง ื™ืœื“.
00:48
He only married Catherine of Aragon to strengthen Englandโ€™s alliance with Spain.
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ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืฉื ืœืงื˜ืจื™ืŸ ืžืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ืขื ืกืคืจื“.
00:53
Prosecutor: An alliance he was willing to toss aside with no regard for the nation.
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ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื”: ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ืš ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื›ืคืชื™ื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื”.
00:57
Defense: Henry had every regard for the nation.
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ื”ื”ื’ื ื”: ืœื”ื ืจื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื›ืคืชื™ื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื”.
00:59
It was imperative to secure the Tudor dynasty by producing a male heir โ€“
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ื˜ื™ื•ื“ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืงืช ื™ื•ืจืฉ ื–ื›ืจ --
01:04
something Catherine failed to do in over twenty years of marriage.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืงื˜ืจื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 20 ืฉื ื•ืช ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ.
01:08
Prosecutor: It takes two to make an heir, your honor.
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ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข: ื–ื” ืœื•ืงื— ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื™ื•ืจืฉ, ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื•.
01:10
Defense: Ahem. Regardless, England needed a new queen to ensure stability,
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ื”ื”ื’ื ื”: ืื”ื, ืขื ื–ืืช, ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืžืœื›ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช,
01:15
but the Pope refused to annul the union and let the king remarry.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ ืกืจื‘ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื•ืœืชืช ืœืžืœืš ืœื”ื ืฉื ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
01:19
Judge: Sounds like quite a pickle. Canโ€™t argue with the Pope.
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ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜: ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืžื• ื—ืชื™ื›ืช ื‘ืขื™ื”. ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื›ื— ืขื ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ.
01:22
Prosecutor: And yet thatโ€™s exactly what the king decided to do.
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ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข: ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉื”ืžืœืš ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
01:25
He uprooted the countryโ€™s religious foundations
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ื”ื•ื ืขืงืจ ืืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื“ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืชื•
01:28
and broke the Church of England away from Rome,
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ื•ื”ืคืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ืžืจื•ืžื,
01:31
leading to centuries of strife.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื‘ืœ.
01:33
Defense: All Henry did was give the Church honest domestic leadership.
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ื”ื”ื’ื ื”: ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืจื™ ืขืฉื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืกื™ื” ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื›ื ื”.
01:36
He freed his subjects from the corrupt Roman Catholic establishment.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื ืชื™ื ื™ื• ืžื”ืžืžืกื“ ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ ื”ืžื•ืฉื—ืช.
01:40
And by rejecting the more radical changes of the Protestant reformation,
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ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ืช,
01:43
he allowed his people to preserve most of their religious traditions.
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ื”ื•ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื• ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
01:47
Prosecutor: Objection! The Church had been a beloved and popular institution
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ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข: ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช! ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืžืกื“ ืื”ื•ื‘ ื•ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™
01:50
that brought comfort and charity to the masses.
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ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ื ื—ืช ื•ืฆื“ืงื” ืœื”ืžื•ื ื™ื.
01:53
Thanks to Henry, church property was seized;
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ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ื ืจื™, ื ื›ืกื™ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื” ื”ื•ืœืืžื•;
01:56
hospitals closed, and precious monastic libraries lost forever,
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ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื ืกื’ืจื•, ื•ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ื™ืงืจื•ืช ืื‘ื“ื• ืœืขื“,
02:00
all to enrich the Crown.
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ื”ื›ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืชืจ.
02:02
Defense: Some of the funds were used to build new cathedrals
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ื”ื”ื’ื ื”: ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื›ืกืคื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืงืชื“ืจืœื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
02:05
and open secular schools.
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ื•ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื™ื.
02:07
And it was necessary for England to bring its affairs
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืœืื ื’ืœื™ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื”
02:09
under its own control rather than Romeโ€™s.
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ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ืจื•ืžื.
02:12
Prosecutor: You mean under Henryโ€™s control.
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ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข: ืืชื” ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ื ืจื™.
02:15
Defense: Not true. All of the kingโ€™s major reforms went through Parliament.
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ื”ื”ื’ื ื”: ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ื›ืœ ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืš ืขื‘ืจื• ื‘ืคืจืœืžื ื˜.
02:19
No other country of the time allowed its people such a say in government.
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ืืฃ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ืœื ืืคืฉืจื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื›ื–ื” ื›ื•ื— ื‘ืžืžืฉืœ.
02:22
Prosecutor: He used Parliament as a rubber stamp for his own personal will.
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ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข: ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ื›ื—ื•ืชืžืช ื’ื•ืžื™ ืœืจืฆื•ื ื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™.
02:26
Meanwhile he ruled like a tyrant, executing those he suspected of disloyalty.
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื˜ ื›ืžื• ืขืจื™ืฅ, ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจื’ ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื—ืฉื“ ื‘ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ื ืืžื ื•ืช.
02:31
Among his victims were the great statesman and philosopher Thomas More
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืื™ืฉ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ืชื•ืžืืก ืžื•ืจ
02:35
โ€“ once his close friend and advisor โ€“
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-- ืคืขื ื—ื‘ืจื• ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ื•ื™ื•ืขืฆื• --
02:37
and Anne Boleyn, the new queen Henry had torn the country apart to marry.
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ื•ืืŸ ื‘ื•ืœื™ืŸ, ื”ืžืœื›ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉื”ื ืจื™ ืงืจืข ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืืชื”.
02:42
Judge: He executed his own wife?
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ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜: ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจื’ ืืช ืืฉืชื•?
02:45
Defense: Thatโ€ฆwasnโ€™t King Henryโ€™s initiative.
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ื”ื”ื’ื ื”: ื–ื”.... ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื ืจื™.
02:48
She was accused of treason in a power struggle
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืืฉืžื” ื‘ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช
02:50
with the Kingโ€™s minister, Thomas Cromwell.
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ืขื ืฉืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืš, ืชื•ืžืืก ืงื•ืจื ื•ื•ืœ.
02:53
Prosecutor: The trial was a sham
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ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข: ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ืœืžืจืื”
02:54
and she wouldnโ€™t have been convicted without Henryโ€™s approval.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจืฉืขืช ื‘ืœื™ ืื™ืฉื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืจื™.
02:57
Besides, he wasnโ€™t too upset by the outcome -
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื–ื”, ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ืื’ ืžื“ื™ ืžื”ืชื•ืฆืื” --
03:00
he married Jane Seymour just 11 days later!
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ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืฉื ืœื’'ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืžื•ืจ ืจืง 11 ื™ืžื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ!
03:03
Defense: A marriage that, I note, succeeded in producing a male heir
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ื”ื”ื’ื ื”: ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื, ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืขื™ืจ, ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื™ื•ืจืฉ ื–ื›ืจ
03:06
and guaranteeing a stable successionโ€ฆ
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ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื”...
03:09
though the new queen tragically died in childbirth.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืžืœื›ื” ืžืชื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ืจืื’ื™ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืœื™ื“ื”.
03:12
Prosecutor: This tragedy didnโ€™t deter him
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ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข: ื”ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืœื ืžื ืขื” ืžืžื ื•
03:13
from an ill conceived fourth marriage to Anne of Cleves,
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ืžื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ื ืœืืŸ ืžืงืœื•ื•ื”,
03:17
which Henry then annulled on a whim and used as an excuse to execute Cromwell.
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ืฉื”ื ืจื™ ืื– ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ืกืชื ื•ื”ืฉืชืฉืžืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ื›ืชืจื•ืฅ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจื’ ืืช ืงืจื•ืžื•ื•ืœ.
03:22
As if that werenโ€™t enough, he then married Catherine Howard
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ื•ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง, ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืฉื ืื– ืœืงืช'ืจื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื•ืืจื“
03:25
โ€“ a cousin of Anne Boleyn โ€“ before having her executed too.
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-- ื‘ืช ื“ื•ื“ืชื” ืฉืœ ืืŸ ื‘ื•ืœื™ืŸ -- ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื’ื ืื•ืชื” ืœื”ื•ืจื’.
03:30
Defense: She was engaged in adultery to which she confessed!
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ื”ื”ื’ื ื”: ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืืฉืžื” ื‘ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ื•ื“ืชื” ื‘ื”!
03:33
Regardless, Henryโ€™s final marriage to Catherine Parr
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ, ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ืจื™ ืœืงืช'ืจื™ืŸ ืคืืจ
03:36
was actually very successful.
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ื”ื™ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืฆืœื—ื”.
03:38
Prosecutor: His sixth! It only goes to show he was an intemperate king
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ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื”: ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•! ื–ื” ืจืง ืžืจืื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืœืš ื—ื ืžื–ื’
03:41
who allowed faction and intrigue to rule his court,
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ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœืคืœื’ื™ื ื•ืื™ื ื˜ืจื™ื’ื•ืช ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื—ืฆืจื•,
03:45
concerned only with his own pleasure and grandiosity.
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ืžื•ื“ืื’ ืจืง ืœื”ื ืื” ื•ืœืคืืจ ืฉืœื•.
03:48
Defense: That grandiosity was part of the kingโ€™s role as a model for his people.
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ื”ื”ื’ื ื”: ื”ืคืืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืš ื›ืžื•ื“ืœ ืœืื ืฉื™ื•.
03:52
He was a learned scholar and musician who generously patronized the arts,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื•ืžื“ ื•ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ ืฉืื™ืžืฅ ื‘ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช,
03:56
as well as being an imposing warrior and sportsman.
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืœื•ื—ื ืžืื™ื™ื ื•ืกืคื•ืจื˜ืื™.
03:59
And the lavish tournaments he hosted
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ื•ื”ื˜ื•ืจื ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžืคื•ืืจื™ื ืฉืืจื—
04:01
enhanced Englandโ€™s reputation on the world stage.
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ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืžื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช.
04:04
Prosecutor: And yet both his foreign and domestic policies were a disaster.
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ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื”: ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื•ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืืกื•ืŸ.
04:08
His campaigns in France and his brutal invasion of Scotland drained the treasury,
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ื”ืžืกืขื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื‘ืฆืจืคืช ื•ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ื”ื‘ืจื•ื˜ืœื™ืช ืฉืœื• ืœืกืงื•ื˜ืœื ื“ ืจื•ืงื ื• ืืช ื”ืื•ืฆืจ,
04:13
and his attempt to pay for it by debasing the coinage led to constant inflation.
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ื•ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ืœืฉืœื ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื”ื•ืจื“ืช ื”ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื”.
04:18
The lords and landowners responded by removing access to common pastures
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ื”ืœื•ืจื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื• ื‘ื”ืกืจืช ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืฉื˜ื—ื™ ืžืจืขื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื
04:22
and turning the peasant population into beggars.
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ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ืœืžื‘ืงืฉื™ ื ื“ื‘ื•ืช.
04:25
Defense: Beggars who would soon become yeomen farmers.
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ื”ื”ื’ื ื”: ืงื‘ืฆื ื™ื ืฉื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืื™ื›ืจื™ื ืขืฆืžืื™ื™ื.
04:28
The enclosures made farming more efficient, and created a labor surplus
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ื”ืžื›ืœืื•ืช ื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืขื™ืœื”, ื•ื™ืฆืจื• ืขื•ื“ืฃ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื
04:32
that laid the foundation for the Industrial Revolution.
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ืฉื”ื ื™ื—ื• ืืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช.
04:35
England would never have become the great power that it did without them
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ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœื›ื•ื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื”ื
04:39
โ€ฆand without Henry.
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... ื•ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื ืจื™.
04:41
Judge: Well, I think no matter what,
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ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜: ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื”,
04:42
we can all agree he looks great in that portrait.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ืžืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืคื•ืจื˜ืจื˜ ื”ื–ื”.
04:46
A devout believer who broke with the Church.
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ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื ืืžืŸ ืฉื ืคืจื“ ืžื”ื›ื ืกื™ื”.
04:49
A man of learning who executed scholars.
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ืื™ืฉ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจื’ ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื.
04:51
A king who brought stability to the throne,
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ืžืœืš ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืชืจ,
04:54
but used it to promote his own glory,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื”ืชื”ื™ืœื” ืฉืœื•,
04:56
Henry VIII embodied all the contradictions of monarchy
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ื”ื ืจื™ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ ื’ื™ืœื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื ืืจื›ื™ื”
05:00
on the verge of the modern era.
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ืขืœ ืกืฃ ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™.
05:02
But separating the ruler from the myth is all part of putting history on trial.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคืจื“ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ ืžื”ืžื™ืชื•ืก ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืžืฉืคื˜.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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