Romance and revolution: The poetry of Pablo Neruda - Ilan Stavans

592,391 views ใƒป 2019-07-23

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Shlomo Adam ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
"ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื›ื” ืงืฆืจื” ื•ื”ืฉื›ื—ื” - ื›ื” ืืจื•ื›ื”" ืื”ื‘ื” ืคื‘ืœื• ื ืจื•ื“ื”,
00:07
Pablo Neruda published his first collection of poems at age 19.
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ืคื‘ืœื• ื ืจื•ื“ื” ืคื™ืจืกื ืืช ืืกื•ืคืช ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 19.
00:11
He went on to win the Nobel Prize in Literatureโ€”
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ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช --
00:14
and also rescue 2,000 refugees,
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ื•ื’ื ื”ืฆื™ืœ 2,000 ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื,
00:17
spend three years in political exile,
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ืฉื”ื” ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช,
00:20
and run for president of Chile.
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ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขืœ ื ืฉื™ืื•ืช ืฆ'ื™ืœื”.
00:22
A romantic and a revolutionary,
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ื›ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื•ืžื”ืคื›ืŸ,
00:24
Neruda was one of the most celebrated poets of the 20th century,
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ื ืจื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ื”ืžื”ื•ืœืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20,
00:29
but also one of the most accessible and controversial.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื•ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื.
00:32
Originally written in Spanish,
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ืฉื™ืจื™ื•, ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื‘ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช,
00:34
his poems often use straightforward language and everyday experience
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ืžืจื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื
00:39
to create lasting impact.
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ื•ืžื•ืชื™ืจื™ื ืจื•ืฉื ื‘ืœ-ื™ื™ืžื—ื”.
00:42
Neruda was born Ricardo Eliezer Neftalรญ Reyes Basoalto
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ื ืจื•ื“ื” ื ื•ืœื“ ื›ืจื™ืงืจื“ื• ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื ืคืชืœื™ ืจื™ื™ืก ื‘ึผึทืกื•ืืœื˜ื•
00:46
in a small Chilean town in 1904.
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ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื” ืฆ'ื™ืœื™ืื ื™ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘-1904.
00:50
His father didnโ€™t want him to be a poet,
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ืื‘ื™ื• ืœื ืจืฆื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ืจืจ,
00:52
so at sixteen he began to write under the pen name โ€œPablo Neruda.โ€
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 16 ื‘ืฉื ื”ืขื˜ "ืคื‘ืœื• ื ืจื•ื“ื”".
00:57
The poems in his early collection "Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair"
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ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืืกื•ืคื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื•, "ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื™ืจื™ ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ืฉื™ืจ ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ ืื—ื“",
01:02
were tender and perceptive,
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ื”ื™ื• ืขื ื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื—ื“ื™-ืชืคื™ืฉื”,
01:04
illuminating the subtleties of love and enchantment.
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ื•ืฉืคื›ื• ืื•ืจ ืขืœ ื“ืงื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื”ื™ืงืกืžื•ืช.
01:08
In "Poem VI," for example, he writes:
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ื‘"ืฉื™ืจ ืžืก' 6", ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืชื‘:
01:11
โ€œTu recuerdo es de luz, de humo, de estanque en calma!/
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(ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช) "ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš ื”ื•ื ืื•ืจ, ืขืฉืŸ, ืื’ื ืฉื•ืงื˜!
01:17
Mรกs allรก de tus ojos ardรญan los crepรบsculos.โ€
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"ื”ืจื—ืง ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืขื™ื ื™ื™ืš ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขืจื• ื‘ืฉืงื™ืขื”."
01:21
Later, he poured this attention to detail into poems of appreciation
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ืœื™ืžื™ื, ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆืง ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื™ื‘ื• ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื
ืœืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืœืขืฆืžื™ื ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื.
01:26
for everyday objects.
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01:28
Many of the 225 short poems in his collection "All the Odes"
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืž-225 ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืงืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืืกื•ืคื” "ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืชื”ื™ืœื”"
01:33
are dedicated to the assortment of small,
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ืžื•ืงื“ืฉื™ื ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืกืชืžื™ื™ื ืฉืžืงื™ืคื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•,
01:35
apparently insignificant items that surround us,
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01:39
from a pair of shoelaces to a watermelon.
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ืžื–ื•ื’ ืฉืจื•ื›ื™ ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ื•ืขื“ ืื‘ื˜ื™ื—.
01:42
An onion is mรกs hermosa que un ave/ de plumas cegadoras,
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ื‘ืฆืœ ื”ื•ื (ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช) "ื™ืคื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉื ื•ืฆื•ืชื™ื” ืžืกื ื•ื•ืจื•ืช",
01:48
while a tuna in the market is a bala del profundo/
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ื•ืื™ืœื• ื˜ื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื™ื (ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช) "ื˜ื•ืจืคื“ื• ืžืžืขืžืงื™ื,
01:52
ocรฉano, proyectil natatorio, te vi, muerto.
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"ื˜ื™ืœ ืฉื—ืฆื” ืืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก, ื”ืžื•ื ื— ืœืคื ื™ ืžืช."
01:57
Despite this early literary success,
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ื—ืจืฃ ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื• ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช,
02:00
Neruda struggled financially,
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ื ืจื•ื“ื” ืกื‘ืœ ืžืงืฉื™ื™ื ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื™ื,
02:02
and took a series of diplomatic jobs in places such as Burma, Indonesia,
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ื•ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžืฉืจื•ืช ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื‘ื•ืจืžื”, ืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื”,
02:07
Singapore and Spain.
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ืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ ื•ืกืคืจื“.
02:09
In 1936, while Neruda was working at the consulate in Madrid,
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ื‘-1936, ื›ืฉื ืจื•ื“ื” ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืงื•ื ืกื•ืœื™ื” ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ื“,
02:14
civil war broke out
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ืคืจืฆื” ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื
02:16
and the government was overthrown by a fascist military dictatorship.
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ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื•ืคืœื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืจื•ื“ื ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืคืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืช.
02:20
Neruda organized an evacuation of refugees from Spain to Chile,
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ื ืจื•ื“ื” ืืจื’ืŸ ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืžืกืคืจื“ ืœืฆ'ื™ืœื”
02:25
saving 2,000 lives.
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ื•ื”ืฆื™ืœ 2,000 ื ืคืฉ.
02:27
Over a period of twenty years,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ืช 20 ืฉื ื”
02:29
Neruda captured his experiences abroad in a three volume poetry collection
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ื ืจื•ื“ื” ืชื™ืžืฆืช ืืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ื‘ืืกื•ืคื” ื‘ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื›ืจื›ื™ ืฉื™ืจื”
02:33
titled "Residence on Earth."
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ื‘ืฉื "ืชื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื".
02:36
Many of these poems were experimental and surreal,
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื™ืจื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื ืกื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืกื•ืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื,
02:39
merging epic landscapes, supernatural themes,
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ื•ื”ื ืžื™ื–ื’ื• ื ื•ืคื™ ืื’ื“ื”, ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืขืœ-ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื
02:43
and feelings of longing with discussion of political strife
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ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื’ืขื’ื•ืข ืœืฆื“ ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื
02:48
and a poetโ€™s responsibility to speak out against injustice.
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืข ืืช ืงื•ืœื• ื ื’ื“ ืื™-ื”ืฆื“ืง.
02:52
In โ€œI Explain a Few Thingsโ€
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ื‘"ืื ื™ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื"
02:54
he lingers on haunting details of the destruction of the Spanish Civil War.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชืขื›ื‘ ืขืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืจื•ื“ืคื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืžื”ื”ืจืก ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื“.
03:00
For the rest of his life,
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ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉืืจื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื•
03:01
Neruda remained committed to revolutionary ideals.
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ื ืจื•ื“ื” ื ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืœืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ื ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ื™ื.
03:05
His politics led to several years of exile
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื“ืขื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื’ืœื” ืžืืจืฆื• ืœืฉื ื™ื ืžืกืคืจ
03:08
before he was able to return to Chile in 1952.
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ื‘ื˜ืจื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฆ'ื™ืœื” ื‘-1952.
03:12
While in exile,
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ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช
03:13
he published his influential "Canto General."
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ื”ื•ื ืคืจืกื ืืช ื”"ืงื ื˜ื• ื—ื ืจืœ" ืจื‘ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœื•.
03:16
The book attempts to retell the entire history of Latin America through poetry,
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ื”ืกืคืจ ืžื ืกื” ืœืกืคืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื” ืืช ื›ืœ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช,
03:22
touching on everything from its flora and fauna
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ื•ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืžื”ื—ื™ ื•ื”ืฆื•ืžื— ืฉืœื”
03:25
to its politics and wars,
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ื•ืขื“ ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช,
03:27
but above all paying homage to the common people
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ืืš ืžืขืœ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืžื—ื•ื•ื” ืœืขื ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜
03:30
behind its civilizationsโ€™ achievements.
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ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืฅ.
03:34
Although he continued to travel,
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ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืฉื‘ ืžื’ืœื•ืชื•,
03:35
after returning from exile
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03:37
Neruda lived in Chile for the rest of his life.
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ื ืจื•ื“ื” ื—ื™ ื‘ืฆ'ื™ืœื” ืœืžืฉืš ืฉืืจื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื•.
03:40
In 1970, at age 66,
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ื‘-1970, ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 66,
03:43
Neruda ran for president of Chile before yielding to Salvador Allende
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ื ืจื•ื“ื” ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืœื ืฉื™ืื•ืช ืฆ'ื™ืœื”, ืืš ื”ื•ื‘ืก ืข"ื™ ืกืœื‘ื“ื•ืจ ืื™ื™ื ื“ื”
03:47
and becoming his close advisor.
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ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืœื™ื•ืขืฆื• ื”ืงืจื•ื‘.
03:50
But in 1973, Allende was overthrown in a military coup by General Augusto Pinochet.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘-1973 ื”ื•ื“ื— ืื™ื™ื ื“ื” ื‘ื”ืคื™ื›ื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ืจืœ ืื’ื•ืกื˜ื• ืคื™ื ื•ืฉื”.
03:56
Neruda died in the hospital a couple of weeks later.
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ื ืจื•ื“ื” ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ.
04:00
Because of the timing of his death so soon after the coup,
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ืžื•ืขื“ ืžื•ืชื•, ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื” ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื”ืคื™ื›ื”,
04:04
rumors swirled that he had died of sadness or even been assassinated,
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ืขื•ืจืจ ืฉืžื•ืขื•ืช ื›ืื™ืœื• ืžืช ืžืฆืขืจ ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืชื ืงืฉื•ืช,
04:09
but the hospital recorded his cause of death as cancer.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื™ ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžืช ืžืกืจื˜ืŸ.
04:13
Today, Nerudaโ€™s lines are recited at protests and marches worldwide.
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ืฉื•ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื ืจื•ื“ื” ื‘ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžืฆืขื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
04:18
Much like his life,
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ื“ื™ ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื•,
04:19
Nerudaโ€™s poems bridged romance and revolution
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ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื ืจื•ื“ื” ืžื’ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ ืœืžื”ืคื›ื ื™
04:22
by emphasizing the everyday moments worth fighting for.
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ื‘ื”ื“ื’ืฉืช ืจื’ืขื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื ืฉืœืžืขื ื ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืื‘ืง.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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