The deadly irony of gunpowder - Eric Rosado

3,066,520 views ใƒป 2013-11-04

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: benyamin zinshtein
00:09
Everybody loves fireworks --
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ื›ื•ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื–ื™ืงื•ืงื™ื --
00:11
the lights, the colors,
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ื”ืื•ืจื•ืช, ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื,
00:12
and, of course, the big boom.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื‘ื•ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
00:15
But the history of fireworks
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื™ืงื•ืงื™ื
00:16
isn't all hugs and celebrations.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ื›ื•ืœื” ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืงื™ื ื•ื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ืช.
00:19
Long before epic fireworks displays,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืžื•ืคืขื™ ื”ื–ื™ืงื•ืงื™ื ื”ืืคื™ื™ื,
00:21
chemists in China invented the key ingredient
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ื›ื™ืžืื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื• ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื
00:24
that propels those bright lights into the sky.
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ืฉืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื”ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœืฉืžื™ื™ื.
00:27
That invention was what we now call gunpowder.
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ื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื‘ืงืช ืฉืจื™ืคื”.
00:30
Our story begins back in ancient China
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืกื™ืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”
00:32
in the mid-ninth century
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ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ืช
00:34
where early Chinese alchemists
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ื›ืฉืืœื›ื™ืžืื™ื ืกื™ื ื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื
00:36
were trying to create a potion for immortality.
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ื ื™ืกื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื™ืงื•ื™ ืœื—ื™ื™ ื ืฆื—.
00:39
Instead, what they created was a flammable powder
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื™ืฆืจื• ื”ื™ื” ืื‘ืงื” ื“ืœื™ืงื”
00:42
that burned down many of their homes.
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ืฉืฉืจืคื” ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ืชื™ื”ื.
00:45
They quickly realized that this black powder,
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ื”ื ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืื‘ืงื” ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื•,
00:47
which they called fire medicine,
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ืœื” ื”ื ืงืจืื• ืชืจื•ืคืช ืืฉ,
00:49
was precisely the opposite of something
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื”ืคืš ืžืžืฉื”ื•
00:51
that would make you live forever.
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ืฉื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉืš ืœืชืžื™ื“.
00:53
In these early days,
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ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
00:54
the Chinese hadn't yet figured out
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ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ
00:56
how to make the powder explode;
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ืื™ืš ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื‘ืงื” ืœื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฅ;
00:58
it was simply very flammable,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ื“ืœื™ืงื”,
01:00
and their armies used it
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ื•ื”ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื”
01:01
to make flaming arrows
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื™ืฆื™ื ื‘ื•ืขืจื™ื
01:02
and even a flamethrower.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื•ืจื™ื.
01:04
But once they figured out the right proportions
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื
01:06
of ingredients to create a blast,
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ืฉืœ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ,
01:08
they began using the powder even more,
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ื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื‘ืงืช ืฉืจื™ืคื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:10
creating fireworks to keep evil spirits away
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ื•ื™ืฆืจื• ื–ื™ืงื•ืงื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืจืขื•ืช
01:13
and bombs to defend themselves
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ื•ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื
01:15
against Mongol invaders.
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ืžื•ืœ ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื ืžื•ื ื’ื•ืœื™ื™ื.
01:17
It was these Mongols, most likely,
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ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžื•ื ื’ื•ืœื™ื, ื›ื ืจืื”,
01:19
who spread the invention of gunpowder
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ืฉื”ืคื™ืฆื• ืืช ื”ืžืฆืืช ืื‘ืงืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืคื”
01:21
across the world.
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ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
01:22
After fielding Chinese attacks,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื ืกืช ืžืชืงืคื•ืช ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืช,
01:25
they learned how to produce the powder themselves
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ื”ื ืœืžื“ื• ืื™ืš ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื‘ืงื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื
01:27
and brought it with them
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ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืื•ืชื” ืื™ืชื
01:28
on their conquests in Persia and India.
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ื‘ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืืช ืคืจืก ื•ื”ื•ื“ื•.
01:31
William of Rubruck,
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ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ืžืจื•ื‘ืจื•ืง,
01:32
a European ambassador to the Mongols,
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ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ืืจื•ืคืื™ ืœืžื•ื ื’ื•ืœื™ื,
01:34
was likely responsible for bringing gunpowder
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ื”ื™ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืื—ืจืื™ ืœื”ื‘ืืช ืื‘ืงืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืคื”
01:36
back to Europe around 1254.
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ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 1254.
01:39
From there, engineers and military inventors
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ืžืคื”, ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ื•ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื
01:42
created all kinds of destructive weapons.
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ื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื›ืœื™ ื”ื ืฉืง ื”ื”ืจืกื ื™ื™ื.
01:44
From bombs to guns to cannons,
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ืžืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืœืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืชื•ืชื—ื™ื,
01:47
gunpowder left its mark on the world
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ืื‘ืงืช ืฉืจื™ืคื” ื”ืฉืื™ืจื” ืืช ื—ื•ืชืžื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
01:49
in some pretty terrible ways,
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื“ื™ ื ื•ืจืื™ื•ืช,
01:51
in contrast to the beautiful marks
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื”ื™ืคื™ืคื™ื™ื
01:52
it can leave in the air.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ.
01:54
So, how does black powder propel
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ืื–, ืื™ืš ืื‘ืงื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ืžืื™ืฆื”
01:56
fireworks into the sky?
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ื–ื™ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืฉืžื™ื™ื?
01:58
You might have seen old Westerns or cartoons
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ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืจืื™ืชื ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื ืื• ืžืขืจื‘ื•ื ื™ื
02:00
where a trail of gunpowder is lit
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ื‘ื”ื ืฉื•ื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ืื‘ืง ืฉืจื™ืคื” ืžื•ืฆืช
02:02
and it leads to a large and obviously explosive barrel.
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ื•ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื—ื‘ื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื ืคื™ืฆื” ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืจ.
02:05
Once the fire gets to the barrel,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืืฉ ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœื—ื‘ื™ืช,
02:07
a large boom occurs.
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ื‘ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืชืจื—ืฉ.
02:08
But why doesn't the trail itself explode?
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื” ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืœื ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฅ?
02:11
The reason is that burning the powder
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื‘ืงื” ื‘ื•ืขืจืช
02:13
releases energy and gases.
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ืžืฉื—ืจืจืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ื’ื–ื™ื.
02:15
While the trail is burning,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ื•ืขืจ,
02:17
these are easily released into the surrounding air.
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ืืœื” ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจื™ื ืœืื•ื™ืจ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘.
02:20
But when the gunpowder
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ืื‘ืงื”
02:21
is contained within the barrel,
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ืžื•ื›ืœืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื—ื‘ื™ืช,
02:23
the energy and gases cannot easily escape
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ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ื’ื–ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ื‘ืงืœื•ืช
02:26
and build up until
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ื•ื ื‘ื ื™ื ืขื“
02:27
BOOM!
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ื‘ื•ื!
02:29
Firework canisters provide
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ืžื™ื›ืœื™ ื–ื™ืงื•ืงื™ื ืžืกืคืงื™ื
02:31
a single, upward-facing outlet
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ืคืชื— ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืžื•ืคื ื” ืžืขืœื”
02:33
to channel this explosive energy.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืขืœ ืืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ.
02:35
The wick ignites the gunpowder
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ื”ืคืชื™ืœ ืžืฆื™ืช ืืช ืื‘ืงืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืคื”
02:37
and the energy takes
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ื•ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœื•ืงื—ืช
02:38
the easiest exit from the canister,
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ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ื”ืงืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืžื™ื›ืœ,
02:40
launching the firework high into the sky.
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ื•ืžืฉื’ืจืช ืืช ื”ื–ื™ืงื•ืง ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืฉืžื™ื.
02:42
The flame then makes its way
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ื”ืืฉ ืื– ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื“ืจื›ื”
02:44
through the firework's encasing
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ื“ืจืš ืฆื™ืคื•ื™ ื”ื–ื™ืงื•ืง
02:45
and the same reaction occurs
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ื•ืื•ืชื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืงื•ืจื™ืช
02:47
high above our heads.
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ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืขืœ ืจืืฉื™ื ื•.
02:48
So, while the Chinese alchemists
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ืื–, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืืœื›ื™ืžืื™ื ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื
02:50
never found the compound for eternal life,
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ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืžืฆืื• ืืช ื”ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ ื ืฆื—,
02:52
they did find something
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ื”ื ื›ืŸ ืžืฆืื• ืžืฉื”ื•
02:54
that would go on to shape all of civilization,
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ืฉื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”,
02:56
something that has caused
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื’ืจื
02:57
many tragic moments in human history,
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1986
ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืจื’ืขื™ื ื˜ืจื’ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
02:59
and yet still gives us hope
84
179592
1967
ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืชืงื•ื•ื”
03:01
when we look up in celebration
85
181559
1701
ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืžืขืœื” ื‘ื—ื’ื™ื’ื”
03:03
at the colorful night sky.
86
183260
2385
ื‘ืฉืžื™ ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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