Why aren't we only using solar power? - Alexandros George Charalambides

648,949 views ใƒป 2014-06-19

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:07
We have some good reasons to completely
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืžื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื’ืžืจื™
00:09
switch over to solar power.
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ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืœืจื™ืช.
00:11
It's cheaper in many cases,
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ื–ื” ื–ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืžืงืจื™ื,
00:12
and definitely more sustainable
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ื•ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื
00:14
than our dependance on traditional power plants
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ืžื”ืชืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื›ื•ื— ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช
00:17
that use resources like coal,
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ืฉืžืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืคื—ื,
00:18
which will eventually run out.
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ืฉื™ื’ืžืจื• ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ.
00:20
So why don't we replace these
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ืื– ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื
00:22
traditional plants with solar energy?
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ืืช ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืœืจื™ืช?
00:24
Because there's one factor that makes
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื’ื•ืจื ืื—ื“
00:26
solar power very unpredictable:
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ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืœืจื™ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืฆืคื•ื™ื”:
00:28
cloud cover.
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ืขื ื ื™ื.
00:30
As the sun's rays move towards Earth,
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ื›ืฉืงืจื ื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื ืขื•ืช ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
00:32
some get absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere,
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ื—ืœืงืŸ ื ืกืคื’ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื”,
00:34
some are reflected back into outer space,
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ื—ืœืงืŸ ืžื•ื—ื–ืจื•ืช ืœื—ืœืœ,
00:36
but the rest make it to the Earth's surface.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
00:39
The ones that aren't deviated
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ืืœื” ืฉืœื ืกื•ื˜ื•ืช
00:41
are called direct irradiance.
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ื ืงืจืื•ืช ืงืจื™ื ื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื”.
00:43
The ones that are deflected by clouds
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ืืœื” ืฉื ืฉื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื ื ื™ื
00:45
are called diffuse irradiance.
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ื ืงืจืื•ืช ืงืจื™ื ื” ืžืคื•ื–ืจืช.
00:47
And those rays that first get reflected by a surface,
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ื•ื”ืงืจื ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืฉืžื•ื—ื–ืจื•ืช ืจืืฉื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—,
00:50
like a nearby building,
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื,
00:51
before reaching the solar energy system
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืกื•ืœืจื™ืช
00:54
are called reflected irradiance.
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ื ืงืจืื™ื ืงืจื™ื ื” ืžื•ื—ื–ืจืช.
00:56
But before we can examine how clouds
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืขื ื ื™ื
00:58
affect the sun's rays and electricity production,
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ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืงืจื ื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื•ืขืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ืฉืžืœ,
01:01
let's see how these solar energy systems work.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืจืื” ืื™ืš ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืืœื• ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช.
01:04
First up, we have solar towers.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืกื•ืœืจื™ื™ื.
01:06
These are made up of a central tower
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ืืœื” ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืžื’ื“ืœ ืžืจื›ื–ื™
01:08
surrounded by a huge field of mirrors
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ืžื•ืงืฃ ื‘ืฉื“ื” ืžืจืื•ืช ืขืฆื•ื
01:11
that track the sun's path and focus
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ืฉืขื•ืงื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื•ืžืžืงื“ื•ืช
01:13
only the direct rays onto a single point on the tower,
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ืจืง ืืช ื”ืงืจื ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ื“ืœ,
01:16
kind of like an eager beachgoer.
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ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืื™ืฉ ืžืชืœื”ื‘ ืฉื”ื•ืœืš ืœื—ื•ืฃ.
01:19
The heat generated by these rays
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ื”ื—ื•ื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงืจื ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
01:21
is so immense that it can be used to boil water
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ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ื–ืง ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœื”ืจืชื—ืช ืžื™ื
01:24
producing steam that drives a traditional turbine,
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ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืงื™ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉืžื ื™ืข ื˜ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช,
01:27
which makes electricity.
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ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœ.
01:29
But when we say solar energy systems,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืœืจื™ืช,
01:31
we're usually talking about photovoltaics,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืขืœ ืชืื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื•-ื•ื•ืœื˜ืื™ื,
01:34
or solar panels,
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ืื• ืคื ืœื™ื ืกื•ืœืจื™ื™ื,
01:35
which are the systems most commonly used
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ืฉื”ื ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื ืคื•ืฅ
01:37
to generate solar power.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืœืจื™ืช.
01:38
In solar panels,
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ื‘ืคื ืœื™ื ืกื•ืœืจื™ื™ื,
01:39
photons from the sun's rays hit the surface of a panel,
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ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืžืงืจื™ื ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื˜ื— ื”ืคื ืœ,
01:42
and electrons are released
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ื•ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉืชื—ืจืจื™ื
01:44
to get an electric current going.
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ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื–ืจื ื—ืฉืžืœื™.
01:46
Solar panels can use all types of irradiance,
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ืคื ืœื™ื ืกื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ื ื”,
01:49
while solar towers can only use direct irradiance,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืกื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืจืง ื‘ืงืจื™ื ื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื”,
01:53
and this is where clouds become important
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ื•ืคื” ื”ืขื ื ื™ื ื ืขืฉื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื
01:56
because depending on their type and location
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ืžืกืชืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืกื•ื’ ื•ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื”ื
01:58
relative to the sun,
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ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืฉืžืฉ,
01:59
they can either increase or decrease
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืื• ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืื• ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช
02:01
the amount of electricity produced.
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ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืฆืจืช.
02:04
For instance, even a few cumulus clouds
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืžื” ืขื ื ื™ ืงื•ืžื•ืœื•ืก
02:06
in front of the sun can reduce
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ืžื•ืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช
02:07
the electricity production in solar towers
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ืืช ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืกื•ืœืจื™ื
02:10
to almost zero because of this dependence on direct rays.
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ืœื›ืžืขื˜ ืืคืก ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืงืจื ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช.
02:14
In solar panels, those clouds would decrease
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ื‘ืคืื ืœื™ื ืกื•ืœืจื™ื™ื, ื”ืขื ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ืคื—ื™ืชื•
02:16
energy output as well,
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ืืช ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื’ื ื›ืŸ,
02:18
though not as much
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื”
02:19
because solar panels can use all types of irradiance.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืคื ืœื™ื ืกื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืงืจื™ื ื”.
02:22
However, all this depends on the clouds exact positioning.
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื ื™ื.
02:26
Due to reflection, or a particular phenomeon
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ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืฉืชืงืคื•ืช, ืื• ืชื•ืคืขื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช
02:28
called Mie scattering,
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ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ืžื™,
02:30
the sun's rays can actually be focused forward
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ืงืจื ื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืžื•ืงื“ื™ื ืงื“ื™ืžื”
02:33
by clouds to create a more than 50% increase
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื ื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 50%
02:36
in the solar irradiance reaching a solar panel.
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ื‘ืงืจื™ื ื” ื”ืกื•ืœืจื™ืช ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœืคื ืœ ื”ืกื•ืœืจื™.
02:39
If this potential increase isn't accounted for,
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ืื ืœื ืžืชื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ื”ื–ื•,
02:42
it could damage the solar panel.
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื–ื™ืง ืœืคื ืœื™ื ื”ืกื•ืœืจื™ื™ื.
02:44
Why does this matter?
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ืœืžื” ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื”?
02:45
Well, you wouldn't want this lesson to stop
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืืชื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื™ืคืกื™ืง
02:47
just because a cloud passed over the panel on your roof.
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ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืขื ืŸ ืขื‘ืจ ืžืขืœ ื”ืคื ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื’ ืฉืœื›ื.
02:51
In solar towers, huge tanks of molten salt or oil
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ื‘ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืกื•ืœืจื™ื™ื, ืžื™ื›ืœื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืœื— ืžื•ืชืš ืื• ืฉืžืŸ
02:54
can be used to store any excess heat
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื’ื•ืจ ื—ื•ื ืขื•ื“ืฃ
02:56
and use it when needed,
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ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš,
02:58
so that's how they manage the problem
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ืื– ื›ืš ืืชื ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื”
02:59
of fluctuating solar irradiance to smooth out
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ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ื ืช ืฉืžืฉ ืžืฉืชื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื–ืŸ
03:02
electricity production.
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ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ืฉืžืœ.
03:03
But in the case of solar panels,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืคื ืœื™ื ืกื•ืœืจื™ื™ื,
03:05
there currently isn't any way to affordably
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ืื™ืŸ ื›ืจื’ืข ื“ืจืš ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ืจื”
03:07
store extra energy.
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ืœืื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืขื•ื“ืคืช.
03:09
That's where traditional power plants come in
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ืฉื ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื›ื•ื— ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื ื›ื ืกื•ืช
03:11
because to correct for any fluctuations
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืงืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ืŸ
03:13
in these solar powered plants,
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ื‘ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืกื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช.
03:15
extra electricity from traditional sources
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ื—ืฉืžืœ ืขื•ื“ืฃ ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื
03:18
always needs to be available.
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ืชืžื™ื“ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ืžื™ืŸ.
03:20
But then why aren't these tradtional power plants
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ืœืžื” ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
03:22
just used as a backup,
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ืœื ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ืจืง ื›ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™,
03:24
instead of us humans depending on them
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืกืชืžื›ื• ืขืœื™ื”ื
03:26
as our main sources of energy?
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ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™?
03:28
Because it's impossible for an employee
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“
03:30
at a coal fired or a nuclear plant
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ื‘ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื›ื•ื— ืคื—ืžื™ืช ืื• ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช
03:32
to turn a knob to produce
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ืœืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืืช ื”ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ื•ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ
03:33
more or less electricity depending
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื• ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ื›ืชืœื•ืช
03:35
on how many clouds there are in the sky.
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ืขื ื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื.
03:37
The response time would simply be too slow.
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ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื™ื˜ื™ ืžื“ื™.
03:40
Instead, to accommodate these fluctuations,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืœืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
03:42
some extra electricity from traditional power plants
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ื—ืฉืžืœ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืžืชื—ื ื•ืช ื›ื•ื— ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช
03:45
is always being produced.
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ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื™ื•ืฆืจ.
03:48
On clear sky days,
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ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื ืงื™ื™ื,
03:49
that extra electricity might be wasted,
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ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื–ื” ืžื‘ื•ื–ื‘ื–,
03:51
but when cloudy skies prevail,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืžืขื•ื ื ื™ื,
03:53
it's what fills the gap.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืžืžืœื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืกืจ.
03:55
This is what we currently depend on
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ืขืœ ื–ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืชืžื›ื™ื ื›ืจื’ืข
03:56
for a constant supply of energy.
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ืœืืกืคืงื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื—ืฉืžืœ.
03:58
For this reason, a lot of researchers
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ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื•, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื
04:00
are interested in forcasting the motion
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ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”
04:02
and formation of clouds through satellite images
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ื•ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืขื ื ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ
04:05
or cameras that look up at the sky
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ืื• ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ืฉืžื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœืฉืžื™ื™ื
04:07
to maximize the energy from solar power plants
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืงืกื ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืชื—ื ื•ืช ื›ื•ื— ืกื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช
04:10
and minimize energy waste.
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ื•ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื– ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
04:13
If we could accomplish that,
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ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื–ื”,
04:14
you'd be able to enjoy this video
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ืืชื ืชื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื ื•ืช ืžืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื–ื”
04:16
powered solely by the sun's rays,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืคืขืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงืจื ื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืœื‘ื“,
04:18
no matter what the weather,
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื” ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ,
04:20
although if the sun is shining,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื–ื•ืจื—ืช,
04:21
you may be tempted to venture outside
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ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืชืชืคืชื• ืœืฆืืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”
04:24
to go and do a different kind of cloud gazing.
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ื•ืชื—ื•ื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืขื ื ื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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