Why can't some birds fly? - Gillian Gibb

2,020,457 views ใƒป 2018-10-18

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:06
In the lush rainforests of Australia, birds roost
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ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ื’ืฉื ื”ืฉื•ืคืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”, ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืงื ื ื•ืช
00:09
in the low branches and amble across the forest floor,
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ื‘ืขื ืคื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ืœืื™ื˜ืŸ ืขืœ ืจืฆืคืช ื”ื™ืขืจ,
00:13
enjoying the shade and tropical fruits.
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ื ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืฆืœ ื•ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื.
00:16
But the jungle isnโ€™t theirs alone.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื’'ื•ื ื’ืœ ืœื ืฉื™ื™ืš ืจืง ืœื”ืŸ.
00:18
A dingo is prowling in the shadows,
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ื“ื™ื ื’ื• ืื•ืจื‘ ื‘ืฆืœืœื™ื,
00:21
and fruit wonโ€™t satisfy his appetite.
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ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืœื ื™ืฉื‘ื™ืขื• ืืช ืชืื‘ื•ื ื•.
00:24
The birds flee to safety
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ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื•ืจื—ื•ืช ืœื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ
00:26
all but the cassowary,
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ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื”ืงื–ื•ืืจ,
00:27
who canโ€™t clear the ground on her puny wings.
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ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืจื•ืžื ืžืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข ืขื ื›ื ืคื™ื• ื”ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช.
00:30
Instead, she attacks, sending the dingo running for cover
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืงืฃ, ืฉื•ืœื— ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื ื’ื• ืœื—ืคืฉ ืžื—ืกื”
00:34
with one swipe of her razor-sharp toe claws.
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ืขื ื—ื‘ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ืคืจื™ ืจื’ืœื™ื• ื”ื—ื“ื•ืช ื›ืชืขืจ.
00:38
The cassowary is one of approximately 60
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ื”ืงื–ื•ืืจ ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ืขืจืš 60
00:40
living species of flightless birds.
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ืžื™ื ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ืคื•ืช ื—ืกืจื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืชืขื•ืคื”.
00:43
These earthbound avians live all over the world,
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ื”ืขื•ืคื•ืช ืฆืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข ื”ืืœื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
00:46
from the Australian outback to the
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ืžื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™
00:48
African savanna to Antarctic shores.
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ื“ืจืš ื”ืกื•ื•ืื ื” ื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื•ืขื“ ื—ื•ืคื™ ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”.
00:51
They include some species of duck and all
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ื”ื ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื›ืžื” ืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ื•ื–ื™ื,
00:53
species of penguin, secretive swamp dwellers
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ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื, ืฉื•ื›ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืช ื—ืฉืื™ื™ื
00:56
and speedy ostriches, giant emus, and tiny kiwis.
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ื•ื™ืขื ื™ื ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ืืžื• ืขื ืงื™ื•ืช, ื•ืงื™ื•ื•ื™ ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื.
01:00
Though the common ancestor of all modern birds could fly,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืขื•ืฃ,
01:04
many different bird species have independently
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื ื™ ืขื•ืคื•ืช
01:06
lost their flight.
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ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืชืœื•ื™.
01:08
Flight can have incredible benefits,
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ืœืชืขื•ืคื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชื•ืขืœื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช,
01:10
especially for escaping predators, hunting,
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื‘ืจื™ื—ื” ืžื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื, ืฆื™ื™ื“,
01:13
and traveling long distances.
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ื•ืžืกืข ืœืžืจื—ืงื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื.
01:15
But it also has high costs:
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื” ื’ื ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช:
01:18
it consumes huge amounts of energy
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ื”ื™ื ืฆื•ืจื›ืช ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
01:20
and limits body size and weight.
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ื•ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื•ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
01:23
A bird that doesnโ€™t fly conserves energy,
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ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื ืขืคื” ื—ื•ืกื›ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
01:26
so it may be able to survive on a scarcer
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฆื—ื™ื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:28
or less nutrient-rich food source than one that flies.
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ืื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ืžืืœื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืขื•ืฃ.
01:32
The Takahe of New Zealand, for example,
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ื”ื˜ืงื”ื ืžื ื™ื• ื–ื™ืœื ื“, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
01:35
lives almost entirely on the
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ืžืชื‘ืกืกืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืš ื•ืจืง
01:36
soft base of alpine grasses.
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ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืฉืื™ื ื”ืืœืคื™ื ื™ื.
01:40
For birds that nest or feed on the ground,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžืงื ื ื•ืช ืื• ืื•ื›ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข,
01:42
this predisposition to flightlessness
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ื”ื ื˜ื™ื” ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืชืขื•ืคื”
01:45
can be even stronger.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:47
When a bird species doesnโ€™t face
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ื›ืฉืžื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืœื ืขื•ืžื“
01:49
specific pressures to fly, it can stop flying
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ื‘ืคื ื™ ืœื—ืฅ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืœืขื•ืฃ, ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœืขื•ืฃ
01:53
in as quickly as a few generations.
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ืชื•ืš ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
01:55
Then, over thousands or millions of years,
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ืื–, ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ืื• ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
01:58
the birdsโ€™ bodies change to match this new behavior.
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ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ื–ื•.
02:01
Their bones, once hollow to minimize weight,
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ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ, ืฉืคืขื ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœื•ืœื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืงืœ,
02:04
become dense.
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ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื“ื—ื•ืกื•ืช.
02:06
Their sturdy feathers turn to fluff.
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ื”ื ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื—ืกื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืœืคืœื•ืžื”.
02:08
Their wings shrink,
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ื”ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ืช,
02:09
and in some cases disappear entirely.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืงืจื™ื ื ืขืœืžื•ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™.
02:13
And the keel-like protrusion on their sternums,
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ื•ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื“ืžื•ื™ ืชื—ืชื™ืช ืกื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื–ื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
02:15
where the flight muscles attach, shrinks or disappears,
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ืฉื ืฉืจื™ืจื™ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ ืื• ื ืขืœื,
02:19
except in penguins, who repurpose their flight muscles
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืืฉืจ ืืฆืœ ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื, ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉืจื™ืจื™ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ืฉืœื”ื
02:22
and keels for swimming.
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ื•ื‘ืฉื“ืจื™ืช ืœืฉื—ื™ื”.
02:25
Most often, flightlessness evolves after
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ืœืจื•ื‘, ื—ื•ืกืจ ืชืขื•ืคื” ืžืชืคืชื— ืื—ืจื™
02:27
a bird species flies to an island
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ืฉืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืฃ ืœืื™
02:29
where there are no predators.
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ื‘ื• ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื.
02:31
As long as these predator-free circumstances last,
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ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื ื˜ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื•ืช,
02:35
the birds thrive, but they are vulnerable
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ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืŸ ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช
02:37
to changes in their environment.
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ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
02:39
For instance, human settlers bring dogs,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ื›ืœื‘ื™ื,
02:41
cats, and stowaway rodents to islands.
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ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื, ื•ืžื›ืจืกืžื™ื ื—ื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืื™ื™ื.
02:45
These animals often prey on flightless birds
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ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืฆื“ื•ืช ืขื•ืคื•ืช ื—ืกืจื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืชืขื•ืคื”
02:47
and can drive them to extinction.
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื›ื—ื™ื“ ืื•ืชื.
02:49
In New Zealand, stoats introduced by European settlers
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ื‘ื ื™ื• ื–ื™ืœื ื“, ืกืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ืืจื•ืคืื™ื
02:53
have threatened many native species of flightless bird.
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ืื™ื™ืžื• ืขืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ืคื•ืช ื—ืกืจื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืชืขื•ืคื”.
02:56
Some have gone extinct while others are endangered.
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ื›ืžื” ื”ื•ื›ื—ื“ื• ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื—ืจื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืชื—ืช ืกื›ื ืช ื”ื›ื—ื“ื”.
02:59
So in spite of the energy-saving advantages
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ืื– ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
03:02
of flightlessness, many flightless bird species have
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ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ืชืขื•ืคื”, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ืคื•ืช ื—ืกืจื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืชืขื•ืคื”
03:05
only a short run before going the way of the dodo.
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ืžืžืฉ ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืžืฆื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ื“ื•.
03:10
But a few flightless birds have survived on
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ืคื•ืช ื—ืกืจื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืชืขื•ืคื”
03:12
mainlands alongside predators aplenty.
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ืฉืจื“ื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื.
03:15
Unlike most small flightless species that
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืชืขื•ืคื”
03:17
come and go quickly, these giants have been
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ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื•ื ืขืœืžื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ืขื ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื”
03:20
flightless for tens of millions of years.
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ื”ื™ื• ื—ืกืจื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืชืขื•ืคื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
03:23
Their ancestors appeared around the same time
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ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ
03:25
as the first small mammals, and they were probably
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ื‘ื• ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ื•ื”ืŸ ื›ื ืจืื”
03:28
able to survive because they were evolvingโ€”
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ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื›ื™ ื”ืŸ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• --
03:31
and growingโ€”at the same time
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ื•ื’ื“ืœื• -- ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ
03:33
as their mammalian predators.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
03:36
Most of these birds, like emus and ostriches,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืืœื•, ื›ืžื• ื”ืืžื• ื•ื”ื™ืขืŸ,
03:39
ballooned in size, weighing hundreds of
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ื”ืชื ืคื—ื• ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื, ื•ืฉืงืœื• ืžืื•ืช ืงื™ืœื•ื’ืจืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:41
pounds more than wings can lift.
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ืžืขื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื•ืžื ืœืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
03:43
Their legs grew thick, their feet sturdy,
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ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื”ืชืขื‘ื•, ื›ืคื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:46
and newly developed thigh muscles turned
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ื•ืฉืจื™ืจื™ ื™ืจืš ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•
03:49
them into formidable runners.
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ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ืืชื ืœืจืฆื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื™ื.
03:52
Though they no longer use them to fly,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืœื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชืขื•ืคื”,
03:54
many of these birds repurpose
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืขื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื”
03:55
their wings for other means.
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ื‘ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
03:57
They can be spotted tucking their heads beneath them
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ืฉืžื™ื ืืช ืจืืฉื ืžืชื—ืชืŸ
04:00
for warmth, flashing them at prospective mates,
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ืœื—ื™ืžื•ื, ื”ืฆื’ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’ ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื,
04:02
sheltering eggs with them, or even using them
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ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืื™ืชืŸ, ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ
04:05
to steer as they charge across the plains.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžืŸ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืจื™ืฆื” ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื.
04:08
They may be flightless, but theyโ€™re still winging it.
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ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ ื—ืกืจื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืชืขื•ืคื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื“ืจ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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