Why can't some birds fly? - Gillian Gibb

1,984,467 views ใƒป 2018-10-18

TED-Ed


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: M. E. ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:06
In the lush rainforests of Australia, birds roost
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ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฌด์„ฑํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆผ์—์„œ
์ƒˆ๋“ค์€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋‚˜๋ญ‡๊ฐ€์ง€์—์„œ ์‰ฌ๊ณ , ์ˆฒ์„ ๋Š๊ธ‹ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฑธ์–ด ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ
00:09
in the low branches and amble across the forest floor,
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00:13
enjoying the shade and tropical fruits.
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๊ทธ๋Š˜๊ณผ ์—ด๋Œ€๊ณผ์ผ์„ ์ฆ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:16
But the jungle isnโ€™t theirs alone.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ •๊ธ€์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค๋งŒ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:18
A dingo is prowling in the shadows,
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๋”ฉ๊ณ ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋“ค ์ฃผ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐํšŒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:21
and fruit wonโ€™t satisfy his appetite.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์‹์š•์€ ๊ณผ์ผ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ฑ„์›Œ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:24
The birds flee to safety
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์ƒˆ๋“ค์€ ๋”ฉ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ•ด ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๋„๋ง๊ฐ€์ง€๋งŒ,
00:26
all but the cassowary,
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๋ณด์ž˜๊ฒƒ ์—†๋Š” ๋‚ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํ™”์‹์กฐ๋Š” ๋„๋ง๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:27
who canโ€™t clear the ground on her puny wings.
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00:30
Instead, she attacks, sending the dingo running for cover
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๋Œ€์‹  ํ™”์‹์กฐ๋Š” ์ •๋ง ๋‚ ์นด๋กœ์šด ๋ฐœํ†ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋”ฉ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ํ›„๋ ค์ณ ๋„๋ง๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:34
with one swipe of her razor-sharp toe claws.
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ํ™”์‹์กฐ๋Š” ์•ฝ 60์—ฌ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‚ ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:38
The cassowary is one of approximately 60
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00:40
living species of flightless birds.
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00:43
These earthbound avians live all over the world,
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๋•…์—์„œ๋งŒ ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ฐ์ง€์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:46
from the Australian outback to the
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ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์˜ ์˜ค์ง€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
00:48
African savanna to Antarctic shores.
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ์‚ฌ๋ฐ”๋‚˜์™€ ๋‚จ๊ทน ์ง€์—ญ๊นŒ์ง€์š”.
00:51
They include some species of duck and all
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๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์˜ค๋ฆฌ์™€
00:53
species of penguin, secretive swamp dwellers
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ํŽญ๊ท„, ๋น„๋ฐ€์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋Šช์ง€์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค
00:56
and speedy ostriches, giant emus, and tiny kiwis.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋น ๋ฅธ ํƒ€์กฐ, ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—๋ฎค, ์ž‘์€ ํ‚ค์œ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:00
Though the common ancestor of all modern birds could fly,
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ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒˆ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต๋œ ์กฐ์ƒ์€ ๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
01:04
many different bird species have independently
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๋งŽ์€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ƒˆ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„ํ–‰๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ƒ์‹คํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:06
lost their flight.
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01:08
Flight can have incredible benefits,
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๋น„ํ–‰์€ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ด์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:10
especially for escaping predators, hunting,
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ํŠนํžˆ ํฌ์‹์ž๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋„๋ง์น  ๋•Œ, ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅํ•  ๋•Œ,
01:13
and traveling long distances.
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๋จผ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด๋™ํ•  ๋•Œ ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:15
But it also has high costs:
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋†’์€ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:18
it consumes huge amounts of energy
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๋ง‰๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–‘์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์†Œ๋น„ํ•˜๊ณ 
01:20
and limits body size and weight.
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๋ชธ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ์™€ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:23
A bird that doesnโ€™t fly conserves energy,
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๋‚ ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์•„๋‚„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
01:26
so it may be able to survive on a scarcer
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๋จน์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์˜์–‘๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•ด๋„ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์ž˜ ์ƒ์กดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:28
or less nutrient-rich food source than one that flies.
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01:32
The Takahe of New Zealand, for example,
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๊ทธ ์˜ˆ๋กœ, ๋‰ด์งˆ๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์—ด์•…ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๊ณ ์‚ฐ์ง€๋Œ€์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ํƒ€์นดํ—ค๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:35
lives almost entirely on the
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01:36
soft base of alpine grasses.
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01:40
For birds that nest or feed on the ground,
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๋˜ํ•œ ๋•…์— ๋‘ฅ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ‹€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋จน์ด๋Š” ์ƒˆ์—๊ฒŒ
01:42
this predisposition to flightlessness
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๋‚ ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์„ฑํ–ฅ์€
01:45
can be even stronger.
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๋” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:47
When a bird species doesnโ€™t face
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์ƒˆ๋Š” ๋‚ ์•„์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๋–„
01:49
specific pressures to fly, it can stop flying
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๋ช‡ ์„ธ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋น„ํ–‰ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:53
in as quickly as a few generations.
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01:55
Then, over thousands or millions of years,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ฒœ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋…„ ์ดํ›„
01:58
the birdsโ€™ bodies change to match this new behavior.
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๊ทธ ์ƒˆ๋“ค์˜ ๋ชธ์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ–‰๋™์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:01
Their bones, once hollow to minimize weight,
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๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๋ฅผ ์ตœ์†Œํ™” ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋น„์›Œ๋‘” ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ผˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:04
become dense.
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ํŠผํŠผํ•œ ๊นƒํ„ธ์€ ๋” ํ’์„ฑํ•ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:06
Their sturdy feathers turn to fluff.
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02:08
Their wings shrink,
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๋‚ ๊ฐœ๋Š” ์ž‘์•„์ง€๊ณ 
02:09
and in some cases disappear entirely.
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:13
And the keel-like protrusion on their sternums,
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๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋‚ ๊ฐœ๊ทผ์œก์˜ ํ‰๊ณจ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์šฉ๊ณจ๋Œ๊ธฐ๋Š”
02:15
where the flight muscles attach, shrinks or disappears,
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์ž‘์•„์ง€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:19
except in penguins, who repurpose their flight muscles
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์ˆ˜์ค‘์ƒํ™œ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ํŽญ๊ท„์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ ์š”.
02:22
and keels for swimming.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ƒˆ๋“ค์€ ํฌ์‹์ž๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ์„ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•œ ํ›„ ๋‚ ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:25
Most often, flightlessness evolves after
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02:27
a bird species flies to an island
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02:29
where there are no predators.
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02:31
As long as these predator-free circumstances last,
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ํฌ์‹์ž ์—†๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ์ง€์†๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
02:35
the birds thrive, but they are vulnerable
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๊ทธ ์ƒˆ๋“ค์€ ๋ฒˆ์„ฑํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ์ทจ์•ฝํ•ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:37
to changes in their environment.
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02:39
For instance, human settlers bring dogs,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฐœ, ๊ณ ์–‘์ด์™€
02:41
cats, and stowaway rodents to islands.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๋ชฐ๋ž˜ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์˜จ ์„ค์น˜๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์„ฌ์— ์™”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
02:45
These animals often prey on flightless birds
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ๋‚ ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋“ค์„ ์žก์•„๋จน๊ณ 
02:47
and can drive them to extinction.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๋ฉธ์ข…์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:49
In New Zealand, stoats introduced by European settlers
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๋‰ด์งˆ๋žœ๋“œ์—์„œ, ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์ธ๋“ค์ด ๋“ค์—ฌ์˜จ ๋‹ด๋น„๋Š”
02:53
have threatened many native species of flightless bird.
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๋‚ ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ํ† ์ข…์ƒˆ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:56
Some have gone extinct while others are endangered.
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ฉธ์ข… ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ฉธ์ข…๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:59
So in spite of the energy-saving advantages
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๋‚ ์ง€ ์•Š์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํšจ์œจ์ด ์ข‹์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
03:02
of flightlessness, many flightless bird species have
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๋งŽ์€ ์ƒˆ๋“ค์ด ๋„๋„์ƒˆ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์–ผ๋งˆ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:05
only a short run before going the way of the dodo.
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03:10
But a few flightless birds have survived on
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ช‡๋ช‡์˜ ๋‚ ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋Š”
03:12
mainlands alongside predators aplenty.
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๋ณธํ† ์—์„œ ํฌ์‹์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:15
Unlike most small flightless species that
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๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์›€์ง์—ฌ์„œ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์€ ๋‚ ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ์ƒˆ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ
03:17
come and go quickly, these giants have been
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๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ
03:20
flightless for tens of millions of years.
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์ˆ˜์ฒœ๋งŒ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋‚ ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:23
Their ancestors appeared around the same time
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์กฐ์ƒ์€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ž‘์€ ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:25
as the first small mammals, and they were probably
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ƒ์กดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:28
able to survive because they were evolvingโ€”
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜ ํฌ์‹์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์ง„ํ™”, ์„ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:31
and growingโ€”at the same time
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03:33
as their mammalian predators.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋“ค ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€, ์—๋ฎค์™€ ํƒ€์กฐ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
03:36
Most of these birds, like emus and ostriches,
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03:39
ballooned in size, weighing hundreds of
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๋‚ ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐฑ ํŒŒ์šด๋“œ ์ด์ƒ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์›Œ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:41
pounds more than wings can lift.
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03:43
Their legs grew thick, their feet sturdy,
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๋‘๊บผ์›Œ์ง„ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ, ํŠผํŠผํ•ด์ง„ ๋ฐœ๊ณผ
03:46
and newly developed thigh muscles turned
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์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋œ ํ—ˆ๋ฒ…์ง€ ๊ทผ์šฑ์€
03:49
them into formidable runners.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์–ด๋งˆ์–ด๋งˆํ•œ ์ฃผ์ž๋กœ ์ง„ํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:52
Though they no longer use them to fly,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๋‚ ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‚ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ
03:54
many of these birds repurpose
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๋‚ ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋“ค ์ค‘ ๋งŽ์€ ์ƒˆ๋“ค์€
03:55
their wings for other means.
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๋‚ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์šฉ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:57
They can be spotted tucking their heads beneath them
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๋ณด์˜จ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋จธ๋ฆฌ ์•„๋ž˜์— ๋‚ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์ง‘์–ด๋„ฃ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ 
04:00
for warmth, flashing them at prospective mates,
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๋‚ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ ์ด์„ฑ์„ ์œ ํ˜นํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:02
sheltering eggs with them, or even using them
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๋˜ ๋‚ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์•Œ์„ ํ’ˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
ํ‰์•ผ๋ฅผ ์งˆ์ฃผํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์กฐ์ข…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:05
to steer as they charge across the plains.
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04:08
They may be flightless, but theyโ€™re still winging it.
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๋‚ ์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋‚ ๊ฐฏ์ง“ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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