The mysterious science of pain - Joshua W. Pate

1,919,379 views ใƒป 2019-05-20

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:07
In 1995, the British Medical Journal
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ื‘ 1995, ื”ื™ืจื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืœืจืคื•ืื”
00:09
published an astonishing report about a 29-year-old builder.
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ืคืจืกื ืžืืžืจ ืžืคืชื™ืข ืขืœ ื‘ื ืื™ ื‘ืŸ 29.
00:14
He accidentally jumped onto a 15-centimeter nail,
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ืงืคืฅ ืขืœ ืžืกืžืจ ื‘ืื•ืจืš 15 ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจ,
00:18
which pierced straight through his steel-toed boot.
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ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื™ืฉืจ ื“ืจืš ื ืขืœื• ื”ืžื•ื’ื ืช ื‘ืคืœื“ื”.
00:22
He was in such agonizing pain that even the smallest movement was unbearable.
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ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉ ื›ืื‘ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ื–ืง ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื›ื™ ืงื˜ื ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืกื‘ืœืช.
00:27
But when the doctors took off his boot, they faced a surprising sight:
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื”ืกื™ืจื• ืืช ื ืขืœื•, ื”ื ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ืžืจืื” ืžืคืชื™ืข:
00:32
the nail had never touched his foot at all.
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ื”ืžืกืžืจ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ื’ืข ื‘ืจื’ืœื•.
00:35
For hundreds of years,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื,
00:37
scientists thought that pain was a direct response to damage.
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื›ืื‘ ื”ื•ื ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืœืคื’ื™ืขื”.
00:41
By that logic, the more severe an injury is, the more pain it should cause.
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ืœืคื™ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ื›ืื‘ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:46
But as weโ€™ve learned more about the science of pain,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืžื“ืข ื”ื›ืื‘,
00:49
weโ€™ve discovered that pain and tissue damage donโ€™t always go hand in hand,
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ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื›ืื‘ ื•ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืจืงืžื•ืช ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื“,
00:55
even when the bodyโ€™s threat signaling mechanisms are fully functioning.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ืื™ืชื•ืช ื”ืื™ื•ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืžืœื•ืื.
00:59
Weโ€™re capable of experiencing severe pain out of proportion to an actual injury,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ื›ืื‘ ื—ืžื•ืจ ื‘ืœื™ ืคืจื•ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื” ืœืคื’ื™ืขื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช,
01:05
and even pain without any injury,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืื‘ ื‘ืœื™ ืคื’ื™ืขื”,
01:07
like the builder, or the well-documented cases of male partners
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื‘ื ืื™, ืื• ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืชื•ืขื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื
01:12
of pregnant women experiencing pain during the pregnancy or labor.
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ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืจื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื›ืื‘ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืœื™ื“ื”.
01:18
Whatโ€™s going on here?
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ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืคื”?
01:19
There are actually two phenomena at play:
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ื™ืฉ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉืชื™ ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืฉืžืฉื—ืงื•ืช ืชืคืงื™ื“:
01:22
the experience of pain, and a biological process called nociception.
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ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืื‘, ื•ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉื ืงืจื ื ื•ืกื™ืกืคืฆื™ื”.
01:27
Nociception is part of the nervous systemโ€™s protective response
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ื ื•ืกื™ืกืคืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื
01:31
to harmful or potentially harmful stimuli.
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ืœื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ืžื–ื™ืง ืื• ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื–ื™ืง.
01:34
Sensors in specialized nerve endings
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ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื
01:37
detect mechanical, thermal, and chemical threats.
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ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ืžื›ืื ื™ื™ื, ืชืจืžื™ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื.
01:40
If enough sensors are activated,
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ืื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื ืžื•ืคืขืœื™ื,
01:43
electrical signals shoot up the nerve to the spine and on to the brain.
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ืื•ืชื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ืขืฆื‘ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ื•ืœืžื•ื—.
01:47
The brain weighs the importance of these signals
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉื•ืงืœ ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืชื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
01:50
and produces pain if it decides the body needs protection.
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ื•ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื›ืื‘ ืื ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ื’ื ื”.
01:55
Typically, pain helps the body avoid further injury or damage.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™, ื›ืื‘ ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžืคื’ื™ืขื” ืื• ืคืฆื™ืขื” ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
01:59
But there are a whole set of factors besides nociception
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืกื˜ ืฉืœื ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื ื•ืกื™ืกืคืฆื™ื”
02:03
that can influence the experience of painโ€” and make pain less useful.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืื‘ -- ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื›ืื‘ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืขื™ืœ.
02:08
First, there are biological factors that amplify nociceptive signals to the brain.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื™ืฉ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื•ืช ื ื•ืกื™ืกืคื˜ื™ื™ื ืœืžื•ื—.
02:14
If nerve fibers are activated repeatedly,
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ืื ืกื™ื‘ื™ ืขืฆื‘ ืžื•ืคืขืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื•ื–ืจ,
02:17
the brain may decide they need to be more sensitive
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ื”ืžื•ื— ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื
02:20
to adequately protect the body from threats.
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ืœื”ื’ืŸ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืื™ื•ืžื™ื.
02:22
More stress sensors can be added to nerve fibers
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ ืœื—ืฅ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื•ื•ืกืฃ ืœืกื™ื‘ื™ ืขืฆื‘
02:26
until they become so sensitive that even light touches to the skin
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื›ืš ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื ื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืจ
02:30
spark intense electrical signals.
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ืžืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืื•ืชื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื.
02:33
In other cases,
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ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
02:34
nerves adapt to send signals more efficiently, amplifying the message.
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ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืื•ืชื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช, ื•ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืกืจ.
02:39
These forms of amplification
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ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื”
02:41
are most common in people experiencing chronic pain,
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ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ืืฆืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื›ืื‘ ื›ืจื•ื ื™,
02:44
which is defined as pain lasting more than 3 months.
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ืฉืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื›ื›ืื‘ ืฉื ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 3 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.
02:48
When the nervous system is nudged into an ongoing state of high alert,
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ื›ืฉืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื ื“ื—ืคืช ืœืžืฆื‘ ืžืชืžืฉืš ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”,
02:53
pain can outlast physical injury.
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ื›ืื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื’ื™ืขื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืช.
02:56
This creates a vicious cycle in which the longer pain persists,
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžืขื’ืœ ืื›ื–ืจื™ ื‘ื• ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื›ืื‘ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:00
the more difficult it becomes to reverse.
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ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื•.
03:03
Psychological factors clearly play a role in pain too,
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ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืื‘ ื’ื ื”ื,
03:06
potentially by influencing nociception and by influencing the brain directly.
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ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ื ื•ืกื™ืกืคืฆื™ื” ื•ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช.
03:12
A personโ€™s emotional state, memories,
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ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืื“ื, ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
03:15
beliefs about pain and expectations about treatment
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ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื›ืื‘ ื•ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ
03:18
can all influence how much pain they experience.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ื›ืื‘ ื”ื ื™ื—ื•ื•.
03:21
In one study,
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ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืื—ื“,
03:22
children who reported believing they had no control over pain
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ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื• ืฉื”ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื›ืื‘
03:27
actually experienced more intense pain
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื—ื•ื• ื›ืื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื–ืง
03:29
than those who believed they had some control.
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ืžืืœื” ืฉื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™.
03:32
Features of the environment matter too:
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ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื’ื ื”ืŸ:
03:35
In one experiment,
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ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืื—ื“,
03:36
volunteers with a cold rod placed on the back of their hand
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ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื ืขื ืžื•ื˜ ืงืจ ืฉืžื•ืงื ืขืœ ื’ื‘ ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœื”ื
03:40
reported feeling more pain when they were shown a red light than a blue one,
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ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื• ืฉื”ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืื‘ ื›ืฉื”ืจืื• ืœื”ื ืื•ืจ ืื“ื•ื ื•ืœื ื›ื—ื•ืœ,
03:45
even though the rod was the same temperature each time.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื”ืžื•ื˜ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื›ืœ ืคืขื.
03:49
Finally, social factors like the availability of family support
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช
03:53
can affect perception of pain.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืชืคื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื›ืื‘.
03:55
All of this means that a multi-pronged approach to pain treatment
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื’ื™ืฉื” ืจื‘-ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื›ืื‘
03:59
that includes pain specialists, physical therapists, clinical psychologists, nurses
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ืฉื›ื•ืœืœืช ืžื•ืžื—ื™ ื›ืื‘, ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ื˜ืจืคื™ืกื˜ื™ื, ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืื—ื™ื•ืช
04:05
and other healthcare professionals is often most effective.
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ื•ืžืงืฆื•ืขื ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.
04:09
Weโ€™re only beginning to uncover the mechanisms behind the experience of pain,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจืง ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ื›ืื‘,
04:13
but there are some promising areas of research.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจ.
04:16
Until recently,
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ืขื“ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
04:17
we thought the glial cells surrounding neurons were just support structures,
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ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉื”ืชืื™ื ื”ื’ืœื™ืืœื™ื ืฉืžืงื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืจืง ืžื‘ื ื” ืชืžื™ื›ื”,
04:22
but now we know they have a huge role in influencing nociception.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืขืฆื•ื ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ื ื•ืกื™ืฆืคื™ื”.
04:27
Studies have shown that disabling certain brain circuits in the amygdala
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ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืจืื• ืฉื”ืฉื‘ืชืช ืžืขื’ืœื™ ืžื•ื— ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืืžื™ื’ื“ืœื”
04:31
can eliminate pain in rats.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื›ืื‘ ื‘ืขื›ื‘ืจื•ืฉื™ื.
04:34
And genetic testing in people with rare disorders
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ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช
04:37
that prevent them from feeling pain
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ืฉืžื•ื ืขื•ืช ืžื”ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืื‘
04:39
have pinpointed several other possible targets for drugs
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ืžื™ืงื“ื• ื›ืžื” ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืœืชืจื•ืคื•ืช
04:42
and perhaps eventually gene therapy.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื’ื ื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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