The mysterious science of pain - Joshua W. Pate

1,937,483 views ・ 2019-05-20

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Hwihyeon Gil κ²€ν† : Won Jang
00:07
In 1995, the British Medical Journal
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1995λ…„ μ˜κ΅­μ˜ν•™μ €λ„μ€
00:09
published an astonishing report about a 29-year-old builder.
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29μ„Έμ˜ ν•œ κ±΄μΆ•μ—…μžμ— λŒ€ν•œ λ†€λΌμš΄ λ³΄κ³ μ„œλ₯Ό λ°œν‘œν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:14
He accidentally jumped onto a 15-centimeter nail,
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κ·ΈλŠ” μ‹€μˆ˜λ‘œ 15cm의 λͺ» μœ„λ‘œ λ›°μ–΄μ˜¬λžκ³ 
00:18
which pierced straight through his steel-toed boot.
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λͺ»μ€ μ•žμ½”κ°€ μ‡ λ‘œ 된 μ•ˆμ „ν™”λ₯Ό μ™„μ „νžˆ κ΄€ν†΅ν•΄λ²„λ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:22
He was in such agonizing pain that even the smallest movement was unbearable.
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κ·ΈλŠ” λ„ˆλ¬΄λ‚˜ κ³ ν†΅μŠ€λŸ¬μ›Œμ„œ μ•„μ£Ό μž‘μ€ μ›€μ§μž„λ„ 참지 λͺ»ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:27
But when the doctors took off his boot, they faced a surprising sight:
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ˜μ‚¬λ“€μ΄ 그의 μ‹ λ°œμ„ λ²—κΈ°μž λ†€λΌμš΄ μž₯면을 λ§ˆμ£Όν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:32
the nail had never touched his foot at all.
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λͺ»μ€ 그의 발 κ·Όμ²˜λ„ κ±΄λ“œλ¦¬μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ˜ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:35
For hundreds of years,
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λͺ‡λ°± λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ, κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€
00:37
scientists thought that pain was a direct response to damage.
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ν†΅μ¦μ΄λž€ 손상에 λŒ€ν•œ 직접적 λ°˜μ‘μ΄λΌκ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:41
By that logic, the more severe an injury is, the more pain it should cause.
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이에 λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄ 뢀상이 μ‹¬ν• μˆ˜λ‘ 그둜 μΈν•œ 톡증도 더 컀야 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:46
But as we’ve learned more about the science of pain,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν†΅μ¦μ˜ 과학에 λŒ€ν•΄ 더 λ§Žμ€ 것을 μ•Œκ²Œ 될수둝
00:49
we’ve discovered that pain and tissue damage don’t always go hand in hand,
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톡증과 신체 쑰직의 손상이 μ–Έμ œλ‚˜ κ΄€λ ¨ μžˆμ§€λŠ” μ•Šλ‹€λŠ” κ±Έ μ•Œκ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:55
even when the body’s threat signaling mechanisms are fully functioning.
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μ‹ μ²΄μ˜ μœ„ν—˜ μ‹ ν˜Έ λ©”μ»€λ‹ˆμ¦˜μ΄ μ™„μ „νžˆ κ°€λ™ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ„ λ•Œμ‘°μ°¨λ„μš”.
00:59
We’re capable of experiencing severe pain out of proportion to an actual injury,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ‹€μ œ 뢀상에 λΉ„λ‘€ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” μ‹¬κ°ν•œ 톡증을 κ²ͺ을 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:05
and even pain without any injury,
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μ‹¬μ§€μ–΄λŠ” 아무 뢀상도 없이 κ³ ν†΅μŠ€λŸ¬μ›Œ ν•  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:07
like the builder, or the well-documented cases of male partners
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μ΄μ „μ˜ κ±΄μΆ•μ—…μž 사둀 λ˜λŠ” μž„μ‚°λΆ€μ˜ 남성 νŒŒνŠΈλ„ˆλ“€μ΄
01:12
of pregnant women experiencing pain during the pregnancy or labor.
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μž„μ‹ μ΄λ‚˜ μΆœμ‚°μ˜ 고톡을 κ²ͺλŠ” 이미 μž…μ¦λœ 사둀듀도 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:18
What’s going on here?
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λŒ€μ²΄ 무슨 일이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” κ±ΈκΉŒμš”?
01:19
There are actually two phenomena at play:
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μ—¬κΈ°μ—” 사싀 두 가지 ν˜„μƒμ΄ κ²°λΆ€λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:22
the experience of pain, and a biological process called nociception.
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ν†΅μ¦μ˜ κ²½ν—˜ 그리고 톡각 μˆ˜μš©μ΄λΌλŠ” 생물학적 과정이 그것이죠.
01:27
Nociception is part of the nervous system’s protective response
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톡각 μˆ˜μš©μ€ 신체가 μ†μƒλ˜κ±°λ‚˜ 손상될 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆλŠ” μžκ·Ήμ— λŒ€ν•œ
01:31
to harmful or potentially harmful stimuli.
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μ‹ κ²½κ³„μ˜ λ°©μ–΄ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:34
Sensors in specialized nerve endings
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λΆ„ν™”λœ μ‹ κ²½ λ§λ‹¨μ˜ 감각 μˆ˜μš©κΈ°λ“€μ€
01:37
detect mechanical, thermal, and chemical threats.
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물리적인 μœ„ν˜‘μ΄λ‚˜ μ—΄, 화학적 μœ„ν—˜μ„ κ°μ§€ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:40
If enough sensors are activated,
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감각을 κ°μ§€ν•˜λŠ” μˆ˜μš©κΈ°λ“€μ΄ μΆ©λΆ„νžˆ ν™œμ„±ν™”λ˜λ©΄
01:43
electrical signals shoot up the nerve to the spine and on to the brain.
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척좔와 λ‡Œμ˜ μ‹ κ²½λ“€λ‘œ μ „κΈ° μ‹ ν˜Έλ“€μ΄ λ³΄λ‚΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:47
The brain weighs the importance of these signals
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λ‘λ‡ŒλŠ” μ‹ ν˜Έμ˜ μ€‘μš”λ„μ— 따라
01:50
and produces pain if it decides the body needs protection.
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신체 λ°©μ–΄κ°€ ν•„μš”ν• μ§€λ₯Ό νŒλ‹¨ν•˜κ³  톡증을 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:55
Typically, pain helps the body avoid further injury or damage.
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보톡 톡증은 신체가 μ•žμœΌλ‘œ 더 큰 λΆ€μƒμ΄λ‚˜ 손상을 μž…μ§€ μ•Šκ²Œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:59
But there are a whole set of factors besides nociception
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 톡각 수용 외에도 ν†΅μ¦μ˜ κ²½ν—˜μ— 영ν–₯을 μ£Όκ³ 
02:03
that can influence the experience of painβ€” and make pain less useful.
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톡증을 덜 μœ μš©ν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” μš”μΈμ—λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬ 가지가 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:08
First, there are biological factors that amplify nociceptive signals to the brain.
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μš°μ„ , λ‘λ‡Œμ— 톡각 수용 μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό μ¦ν­μ‹œν‚€λŠ” 생물학적 μš”μ†Œκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:14
If nerve fibers are activated repeatedly,
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μ‹ κ²½ μ„¬μœ κ°€ 반볡적으둜 ν™œμ„±ν™”λ˜λ©΄
02:17
the brain may decide they need to be more sensitive
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λ‘λ‡ŒλŠ” 신체λ₯Ό μœ„ν—˜μ—μ„œ μΆ©λΆ„νžˆ λ³΄ν˜Έν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
02:20
to adequately protect the body from threats.
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λ”μš± λ―Όκ°ν•΄μ§€κΈ°λ‘œ κ²°μ •ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:22
More stress sensors can be added to nerve fibers
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μ‹ κ²½ μ„¬μœ μ— μ••λ ₯을 κ°μ§€ν•˜λŠ” μˆ˜μš©κΈ°κ°€ λ§Žμ•„μ§€κ²Œ 되면
02:26
until they become so sensitive that even light touches to the skin
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피뢀에 μ•„μ£Ό κ°€λ³κ²Œ 슀치기만 해도 κ°•λ ¬ν•œ μ „κΈ° μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό μœ λ°œν•  μ •λ„λ‘œ
02:30
spark intense electrical signals.
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μ•„μ£Ό λ―Όκ°ν•΄μ§ˆ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:33
In other cases,
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λ‹€λ₯Έ κ²½μš°λ‘œλŠ”
02:34
nerves adapt to send signals more efficiently, amplifying the message.
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신경이 λ©”μ‹œμ§€λ₯Ό μ¦ν­μ‹œμΌœ μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό 효율적으둜 보내기도 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:39
These forms of amplification
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이런 ν˜•νƒœμ˜ 증폭은
02:41
are most common in people experiencing chronic pain,
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λ§Œμ„± 톡증을 κ²ͺλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ ν”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:44
which is defined as pain lasting more than 3 months.
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λ§Œμ„± 톡증은 톡증이 3κ°œμ›” 이상 μ§€μ†λ˜λŠ” 경우λ₯Ό λ§ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:48
When the nervous system is nudged into an ongoing state of high alert,
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μ‹ κ²½κ³„μ˜ 경계 νƒœμ„Έκ°€ μ§€μ†λ˜λ©΄
02:53
pain can outlast physical injury.
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톡증은 신체적인 뢀상보닀 더 였래갈 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:56
This creates a vicious cycle in which the longer pain persists,
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μ΄λŠ” 톡증이 였래 μ§€μ†λ μˆ˜λ‘ νšŒλ³΅ν•˜κΈ°λŠ” 더 μ–΄λ €μ›Œμ§€λŠ”
03:00
the more difficult it becomes to reverse.
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μ•…μˆœν™˜μ„ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:03
Psychological factors clearly play a role in pain too,
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심리적 μš”μΈλ„ 톡증에 영ν–₯을 μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:06
potentially by influencing nociception and by influencing the brain directly.
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톡각 μˆ˜μš©μ— 영ν–₯을 μ£Όκ±°λ‚˜ λ‡Œμ— 직접 영ν–₯을 끼칠 수 있죠.
03:12
A person’s emotional state, memories,
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μΈκ°„μ˜ μ •μ„œ μƒνƒœ, κΈ°μ–΅,
03:15
beliefs about pain and expectations about treatment
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톡증에 λŒ€ν•œ 믿음, μΉ˜λ£Œμ— λŒ€ν•œ κΈ°λŒ€ 등이
03:18
can all influence how much pain they experience.
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μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ 고톡을 λŠλΌλŠ” 정도에 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:21
In one study,
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ν•œ 연ꡬ에 λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄
03:22
children who reported believing they had no control over pain
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톡증은 μ‘°μ ˆν•  수 μ—†λ‹€κ³  λ―ΏλŠ” 아이가
03:27
actually experienced more intense pain
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약간은 μ‘°μ ˆν•  수 μžˆλ‹€κ³  λ―ΏλŠ” 아이보닀
03:29
than those who believed they had some control.
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 더 μ‹¬ν•œ 고톡을 λŠκΌˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:32
Features of the environment matter too:
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ν™˜κ²½μ  μš”μ†Œλ„ 영ν–₯을 μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:35
In one experiment,
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μ–΄λ–€ μ‹€ν—˜μ—μ„œλŠ”
03:36
volunteers with a cold rod placed on the back of their hand
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μ§€μ›μžμ˜ 손등에 μ°¨κ°€μš΄ λ§‰λŒ€λ₯Ό 놓고 빨간색 λΆˆλΉ›μ„ 보여쀬을 λ•Œ
03:40
reported feeling more pain when they were shown a red light than a blue one,
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νŒŒλž€μƒ‰ λΆˆλΉ›μ„ 보여쀬을 λ•Œλ³΄λ‹€ 더 큰 톡증을 λŠκΌˆλ‹€κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:45
even though the rod was the same temperature each time.
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λ§‰λŒ€μ˜ μ˜¨λ„λŠ” λ˜‘κ°™μ•˜λŠ”λ°λ„μš”.
03:49
Finally, social factors like the availability of family support
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λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ κ°€μ‘±μ˜ 지원과 같은 μ‚¬νšŒμ μΈ μš”μ†Œλ“€λ„
03:53
can affect perception of pain.
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ν†΅μ¦μ˜ 지각에 영ν–₯을 쀄 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:55
All of this means that a multi-pronged approach to pain treatment
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결둠적으둜 톡증 μΉ˜λ£Œμ—λŠ” λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 보건의료 μ „λ¬Έκ°€λ“€,
03:59
that includes pain specialists, physical therapists, clinical psychologists, nurses
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톡증 μ „λ¬Έκ°€, λ¬Όλ¦¬μΉ˜λ£Œμ‚¬, μž„μƒ μ‹¬λ¦¬ν•™μž, κ°„ν˜Έμ‚¬λ“€μ˜
04:05
and other healthcare professionals is often most effective.
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닀각적인 μ ‘κ·Ό 방식이 보톡은 κ°€μž₯ νš¨κ³Όμ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:09
We’re only beginning to uncover the mechanisms behind the experience of pain,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 톡증을 κ²½ν—˜ν•˜λŠ” λ©”μ»€λ‹ˆμ¦˜μ— λŒ€ν•΄ 이제 막 μ•Œμ•„κ°€λŠ” λ‹¨κ³„μ΄μ§€λ§Œ
04:13
but there are some promising areas of research.
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μ•žμœΌλ‘œ μœ λ§ν•œ 연ꡬ 뢄야듀도 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:16
Until recently,
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μ΅œκ·ΌκΉŒμ§€λ„ μš°λ¦¬λŠ”
04:17
we thought the glial cells surrounding neurons were just support structures,
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λ‰΄λŸ°μ„ 감싸고 μžˆλŠ” 신경아ꡐ세포가 λ‹¨μˆœν•œ 지지 ꡬ쑰물이라고 μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:22
but now we know they have a huge role in influencing nociception.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ΄μ œλŠ” 톡각 μˆ˜μš©μ— 영ν–₯을 μ£ΌλŠ” μ€‘μš”ν•œ μ—­ν• μ΄λΌλŠ” 것을 μ•Œκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:27
Studies have shown that disabling certain brain circuits in the amygdala
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연ꡬ에 λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄ νŽΈλ„μ²΄ μ•ˆμ— μžˆλŠ” νŠΉμ • λ‘λ‡Œ 회둜λ₯Ό μ†μƒμ‹œν‚€λ©΄
04:31
can eliminate pain in rats.
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μ₯λŠ” 고톡을 λŠλΌμ§€ λͺ»ν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:34
And genetic testing in people with rare disorders
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고톡을 λŠλΌμ§€ λͺ»ν•˜λŠ” 희귀병을 가진 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ— λŒ€ν•œ μœ μ „μž 검사λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•΄μ„œλŠ”
04:37
that prevent them from feeling pain
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04:39
have pinpointed several other possible targets for drugs
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λͺ‡ 가지 μ•½λ¬Ό ν‘œμ μ„ μ°Ύμ•„λƒˆκ³ 
04:42
and perhaps eventually gene therapy.
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κ²°κ΅­μ—λŠ” μ•„λ§ˆ μœ μ „μž μΉ˜λ£ŒκΉŒμ§€ κ°€λŠ₯ν•΄μ§ˆ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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