The science of imagination - Andrey Vyshedskiy

856,800 views ใƒป 2016-12-12

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Roni Ravia
00:07
Imagine, for a second, a duck teaching a French class,
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื•, ืœืฉื ื™ื”, ื‘ืจื•ื•ื– ืžืœืžื“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช,
00:11
a ping-pong match in orbit around a black hole,
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ืžืฉื—ืง ืคื™ื ื’ ืคื•ื ื’ ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ,
00:15
a dolphin balancing a pineapple.
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ื“ื•ืœืคื™ืŸ ืžืื–ืŸ ืื ื ืก ืขืœ ืืคื•.
00:17
You probably haven't actually seen any of these things,
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืœื ืจืื™ืชื ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžืืœื” ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช,
00:21
but you could imagine them instantly.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืช ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช.
00:23
How does your brain produce an image of something you've never seen?
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ืื™ืš ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืจืื™ืชื?
00:27
That may not seem hard,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื ืจืื” ืงืฉื”,
00:28
but that's only because we're so used to doing it.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืจืง ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
00:31
It turns out that this is actually a complex problem
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื–ื•ื”ื™ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืขื™ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช
00:34
that requires sophisticated coordination inside your brain.
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ืฉื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืชืื•ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื.
00:38
That's because to create these new, weird images,
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ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
00:41
your brain takes familiar pieces and assembles them in new ways,
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื ืœื•ืงื— ืžืจืื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื•ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช,
00:46
like a collage made from fragments of photos.
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ื›ืžื• ืงื•ืœืื’' ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืžื’ื–ืจื™ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช.
00:49
The brain has to juggle a sea of thousands of electrical signals
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชืœื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืœืคื™ ืื•ืชื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื
00:53
getting them all to their destination at precisely the right time.
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ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ืœื™ืขื“ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
00:58
When you look at an object,
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื,
00:59
thousands of neurons in your posterior cortex fire.
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ืืœืคื™ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืงื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื ื™ื•ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื.
01:03
These neurons encode various characteristics of the object:
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ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืงื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆื:
01:06
spiky, fruit, brown, green, and yellow.
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ืžืฉื•ื ืŸ, ืคืจื™, ื—ื•ื, ื™ืจื•ืง, ื•ืฆื”ื•ื‘.
01:11
This synchronous firing strengthens the connections between that set of neurons,
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ื™ืจื™ ื”ืื•ืชื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื ื›ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ื–ื” ืžื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ื–ื•,
01:15
linking them together into what's known as a neuronal ensemble,
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ื•ืžืงืฉืจ ืื•ืชื ื™ื—ื“ ืœืžื” ืฉืงืจื•ื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™,
01:20
in this case the one for pineapple.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืžืงื•ืฉืจ ืœืื ื ืก.
01:22
In neuroscience, this is called the Hebbian principle,
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ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื—, ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื™ืื ื™,
01:25
neurons that fire together wire together.
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ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืจื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื—ื“.
01:28
If you try to imagine a pineapple later,
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ืื ืชื ืกื• ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื ืก ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ,
01:30
the whole ensemble will light up, assembling a complete mental image.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื™ื•ืืจ, ื•ื™ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืช ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช.
01:35
Dolphins are encoded by a different neuronal ensemble.
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ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื ืžืงื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ืื—ืจ.
01:39
In fact, every object that you've seen
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ืœ ืขืฆื ืฉืจืื™ืชื
01:41
is encoded by a neuronal ensemble associated with it,
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ืžืงื•ื“ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžืงื•ืฉืจ ืืœื™ื•,
01:45
the neurons wired together by that synchronized firing.
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ืื•ืชื ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื—ื‘ืจื• ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืจื™ ื”ืžืกื•ื ื›ืจืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
01:49
But this principle doesn't explain the infinite number of objects
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืœื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื™ื
01:52
that we can conjure up in our imaginations without ever seeing them.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื ื• ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืจืื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื.
01:57
The neuronal ensemble for a dolphin balancing a pineapple doesn't exist.
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ื”ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ ืœื“ื•ืœืคื™ืŸ ื”ืžืื–ืŸ ืื ื ืก ืขืœ ืืคื• ืœื ืงื™ื™ื.
02:02
So how come you can imagine it anyway?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืœื“ืžื™ื™ื ื•?
02:04
One hypothesis, called the Mental Synthesis Theory,
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ื”ื™ืคื•ืชื–ื” ืื—ืช, ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืชืื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืกื™ื ืชื–ื” ื”ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืช,
02:07
says that, again, timing is key.
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ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ื•ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื”ืชื–ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืคืชื—.
02:11
If the neuronal ensembles for the dolphin and pineapple
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ืื ื”ืจื›ื‘ื™ ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืœืคื™ืŸ ื•ืื ื ืก
02:13
are activated at the same time,
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ืžื•ืคืขืœื™ื ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช,
02:16
we can perceive the two separate objects as a single image.
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ืื– ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื ื”ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืชืคืก ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ื›ืชืžื•ื ื” ืื—ืช.
02:20
But something in your brain has to coordinate that firing.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชืื ืืช ื”ื™ืจื™ ื”ื–ื”.
02:24
One plausible candidate is the prefrontal cortex,
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ืžื•ืขืžื“ืช ืื—ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืื•ื ื” ื”ืงื“ื ืžืฆื—ื™ืช,
02:27
which is involved in all complex cognitive functions.
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ืฉืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช.
02:31
Prefrontal cortex neurons are connected to the posterior cortex
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ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื ื” ื”ืงื“ื ืžืฆื—ื™ืช ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืื•ื ื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืงื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช
02:35
by long, spindly cell extensions called neural fibers.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืชืื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื•ืžืคื•ืชืœื•ืช ื”ื ืงืจืื•ืช ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื.
02:40
The mental synthesis theory proposes that like a puppeteer pulling the strings,
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ืชืื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืกื™ื ืชื–ื” ื”ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืช ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืฉื›ืžื• ื‘ื•ื‘ืื™ ืฉืžื•ืฉืš ื‘ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื,
02:44
the prefrontal cortex neurons send electrical signals
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ื›ืš ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื ื” ื”ืงื“ื ืžืฆื—ื™ืช ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื
02:47
down these neural fibers
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ื“ืจืš ื”ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
02:49
to multiple ensembles in the posterior cortex.
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ืœืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ื™ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืงื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช.
02:53
This activates them in unison.
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ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืชืื•ื ืžืœื.
02:56
If the neuronal ensembles are turned on at the same time,
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ืื ื”ืจื›ื‘ื™ ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ืคืขืœื™ื ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช,
02:59
you experience the composite image just as if you'd actually seen it.
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ืืชื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืžืฉ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืจืื™ืชื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
03:04
This conscious purposeful synchronization
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ื”ืกื™ื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืžื•ื“ืข ื”ื–ื”
03:06
of different neuronal ensembles by the prefrontal cortex
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ืฉืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ื™ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื•ื ื” ื”ืงื“ื ืžืฆื—ื™ืช
03:09
is called mental synthesis.
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ื ืงืจื ืกื™ื ืชื–ื” ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืช.
03:12
In order for mental sythesis to work,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืกื™ื ืชื–ื” ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืช ืชืขื‘ื•ื“,
03:13
signals would have to arrive at both neuronal ensembles at the same time.
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ืื•ืชื•ืช ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ื™ ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช.
03:19
The problem is that some neurons
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืžืกืคืจ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื
03:21
are much farther away from the prefrontal cortex than others.
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ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื—ืจื™ื ืžื”ืื•ื ื” ื”ืงื“ื ืžืฆื—ื™ืช.
03:25
If the signals travel down both fibers at the same rate,
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ืื ื”ืื•ืชื•ืช ื ืขื™ื ื“ืจืš ืฉื ื™ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืงืฆื‘,
03:28
they'd arrive out of sync.
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ื”ื ืœื ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืžืกื•ื ื›ืจื ื™ื.
03:31
You can't change the length of the connections,
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ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื,
03:33
but your brain, especially as it develops in childhood,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืคืชื— ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืช,
03:37
does have a way to change the conduction velocity.
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ื™ืฉ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื”.
03:40
Neural fibers are wrapped in a fatty substance called myelin.
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ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ื ืขื˜ืคื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉื•ืžื ื™ ื”ื ืงืจื ืžื™ื™ืœื™ืŸ.
03:45
Myelin is an insulator
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ืžื™ื™ืœื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“
03:47
and speeds up the electrical signals zipping down the nerve fiber.
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ื”ืžืื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ืื•ืชื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ืกื™ื‘ ื”ืขืฆื‘.
03:51
Some neural fibers have as many as 100 layers of myelin.
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ืžืกืคืจ ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื ืขื˜ื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-100 ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ืœื™ืŸ.
03:55
Others only have a few.
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ืื—ืจื™ื ืขื˜ื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
03:57
And fibers with thicker layers of myelin
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ื•ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ืขื ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ืœื™ืŸ
04:00
can conduct signals 100 times faster or more
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืคื™ 100 ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:04
than those with thinner ones.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืืœื” ืขื ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื“ืงื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:06
Some scientists now think that this difference in myelination
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ืžืกืคืจ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืฉื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืžื™ื™ืœื™ื ืฆื™ื”
04:09
could be the key to uniform conduction time in the brain,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœื–ืžื ื™ ื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื”ืื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—,
04:13
and consequently, to our mental synthesis ability.
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ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืกื™ื ืชื–ื” ื”ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
04:16
A lot of this myelination happens in childhood,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื™ื™ืœื™ื ืฆื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืช,
04:20
so from an early age,
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ืื– ืžื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ,
04:21
our vibrant imaginations may have a lot to do with building up brains
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ืœื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืžืจืฅ ืฉืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ืงืฉืจ ื”ื“ื•ืง ืขื ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžื•ื—
04:26
whose carefully myelinated connections
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ืฉื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื• ื”ืขื˜ื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื™ืœื™ืŸ
04:28
can craft creative symphonies throughout our lives.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื ื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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