How fiction can change reality - Jessica Wise

801,490 views ใƒป 2012-08-23

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Yifat Adler ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:14
Emily Dickinson said over a century ago
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ืืžื™ืœื™ ื“ื™ืงื ืกื•ืŸ ืืžืจื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžืื” ืฉื ื™ื
00:16
that "There is no frigate like a book to take us lands away ..."
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ืฉืึตื™ืŸ ืคึผึฐืจึดื™ื’ึธื˜ึธื” ื›ึผึฐืžื•ึน ืกึตืคึถืจ ืœึฐื”ึทืกึผึดื™ืขึตื ื•ึผ ืึถืœ ืึทืจึฐืฆื•ึนืช-ืžึถืจึฐื—ึธืง. [ืชืจื’ื•ื: ืื‘ืจื”ื ืจื’ืœืกื•ืŸ]
ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
00:19
And it's true.
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00:20
When we pick up a book, turn on the TV, or watch a movie,
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืกืคืจ, ืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืื• ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืกืจื˜,
00:24
we're carried away down the currents of story into a world of imagination.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื™ืฉืื™ื ืขืœ ื’ืœื™ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื“ื™ืžื™ื•ืŸ.
00:28
And when we land, on a shore that is both new and familiar,
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ื•ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ื—ืชื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื•ืฃ ื—ื“ืฉ ืื‘ืœ ืžื•ื›ืจ,
ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฉื•ื ื”.
00:32
something strange happens.
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00:34
Stepping onto the shore, we're changed.
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชื ื™ื.
00:36
We don't retrace the footsteps of the authors
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืจื’ืœื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืื• ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช,
00:38
or characters we followed here.
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00:40
No; instead, we walk a mile in their shoes.
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ืœื. ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจืช ื“ืจืš ื‘ืชื•ืš ื ืขืœื™ื”ื.
00:43
Researchers in psychology, neuroscience, child development and biology
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื—, ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
00:47
are finally starting to gain quantifiable scientific evidence,
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ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืฆื‘ื•ืจ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืœื›ื™ืžื•ืช
ื”ืžืจืื•ืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื•ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื“ืขื•:
00:51
showing what writers and readers have always known:
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00:53
that stories have a unique ability to change a person's point of view.
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ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื.
00:57
Scholars are discovering evidence that stories shape culture,
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ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžื’ืœื™ื ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืช
01:00
and that much of what we believe about life comes not from fact,
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืืœื ืžืกื™ืคื•ืจืช,
01:03
but from fiction -
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ืฉื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช,
01:05
that our ideas of class, marriage and even gender are relatively new,
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ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื’ื“ืจ ื“ื™ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
ื•ืฉืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื“ื’ืœื• ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื
01:09
and that many ideologies which held fast for centuries
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01:12
were revised within the 18th century,
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ื”ืฉืชื ื• ื‘ืžืื” ื”-18, ื•ืขื•ืฆื‘ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืคื™ ื”ืจื•ืžื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื.
01:14
and redrafted in the pages of the early novel.
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01:17
Imagine a world where class, and not hard work,
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื•ืœื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงืฉื” ืงื•ื‘ืข ืืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื.
01:19
decides a person's worth;
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01:21
a world where women are simply men's more untamed copy;
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ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื• ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืŸ ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื.
ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื• ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืžืชื•ืš ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉื ื™.
01:25
a world where marriage for love is a novel notion.
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01:28
Well, that was the world in which Samuel Richardson's "Pamela"
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื• "ืคืžืœื”" ืฉืœ ืกืžื•ืืœ ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
01:31
first appeared.
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01:32
Richardson's love story starred a poor, serving-class heroine,
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ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืจืชืช ืขื ื™ื™ื”
01:35
who is both more superior and smarter than her upper-class suitor.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื’ื ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื’ื ื—ื›ืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืžื—ื–ืจ ืฉืœื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”.
01:39
The book, challenging a slew of traditions,
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ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ืคืฅ ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช
01:42
caused quite a ruckus.
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ื’ืจื ืœืกืขืจื”.
01:44
There was more press for "Pamela" than for Parliament.
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ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ "ืคืžืœื”" ืžืืฉืจ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜.
01:47
It spawned intense debate and several counter-novels.
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ื”ืกืคืจ ืขื•ืจืจ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืกื•ืขืจ ื•ื›ืžื” ืจื•ืžื ื™-ื ื’ื“ ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื•.
01:49
Still, for all those who couldn't accept "Pamela,"
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืฉืœื ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช "ืคืžืœื”",
01:52
others were eager for this new fictional world.
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื‘ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื–ื”.
01:54
This best seller and all its literary heirs -
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ืจื‘ ื”ืžื›ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•,
01:57
"Pride and Prejudice," "Jane Eyre," and yes, even "Twilight" -
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ื’ืื•ื•ื” ื•ื“ืขื” ืงื“ื•ืžื”, ื’'ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืจ, ื•ื›ืŸ, ืืคื™ืœื• ื“ืžื“ื•ืžื™ื,
02:00
have continuously shared the same tale and taught similar lessons,
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ื—ืœืงื• ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœื™ืœื”, ื•ืœื™ืžื“ื• ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื
02:04
which are now conventional and commonplace.
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ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื ืžื•ืกื›ืžื™ื ื•ืฉื’ืจืชื™ื™ื.
02:07
Similarly, novels have helped shape the minds of thought leaders
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื”, ืจื•ืžื ื™ื ืกื™ื™ืขื• ืœืขืฆื‘ ืืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื
02:10
across history.
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ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื—ืฉื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
02:11
Some scholars say that Darwin's theory of evolution
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ื™ืฉื ื ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉืชื™ืื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื“ืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ
02:14
is highly indebted to the plots he read and loved.
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ื—ื‘ื” ื—ื•ื‘ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืขืœื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืงืจื ื•ืื”ื‘.
02:16
His theory privileges intelligence, swiftness, and adaptability to change -
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ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื• ืžืงื ื” ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืœืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื”,
ืœื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื - ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื™ื.
02:21
all core characteristics in a hero.
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02:23
Whether you're reading "Harry Potter" or "Great Expectations,"
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืืชื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืืช ื”ืืจื™ ืคื•ื˜ืจ ืื• ืืช ืชืงื•ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช,
02:26
you're reading the kind of plot that inspired Darwin.
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ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ืขื ื™ืงื• ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœื“ืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ.
02:29
Yet, recent studies show that his theory might not be the whole story.
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ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืจืื• ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื• ืœื ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืชื•.
02:32
Our sense of being a hero - one man or one woman
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ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ - ืื“ื ืื—ื“, ืื• ืื™ืฉื” ืื—ืช, ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื™ืŸ ืื—ื“
02:35
or even one species taking on the challenges of the world -
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ื”ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืžื•ืœ ืืชื’ืจื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื ืžื•ื˜ืขื™ื.
02:38
might be wrong.
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02:39
Instead of being hardwired for competition
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ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœืชื—ืจื•ืช,
02:42
for being the solitary heroes in our own story,
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ืื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื ื•.
02:45
we might instead be members of a shared quest.
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ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืกืข ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ.
02:48
More Hobbit than Harry.
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ื“ื•ืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœ"ื”ื•ื‘ื™ื˜" ืžืืฉืจ ืœ"ื”ืืจื™ ืคื•ื˜ืจ".
02:50
Sometimes, of course, the shoes we've been walking in
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ืœืขื™ืชื™ื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื ืขืœื™ื ื• ื ืฉื—ืงื•ืช.
02:52
can get plain worn out.
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02:53
After all, we haven't walked just one mile
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ื”ืจื™ ืœื ื”ืœื›ื ื• ื›ื‘ืจืช ื“ืจืš ืื—ืช ื‘ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืกื˜ืŸ ืื• ืžืืจืง ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืŸ,
02:56
in Jane Austen's or Mark Twain's shoes -
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02:58
we've walked about 100 trillion miles in them.
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ื”ืœื›ื ื• ื‘ื”ืŸ ื›ืžืื” ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื‘ืจื•ืช ื“ืจืš.
03:01
This isn't to say that we can't read and enjoy the classics;
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ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื ื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœืงืจื•ื ื•ืœื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืงืœืกื™ืงื•ืช,
03:03
we should travel with Dickens,
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฆืขื•ื“ ืœืฆื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืงื ืก,
03:05
let Pip teach us what to expect from ourselves,
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ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืคื™ืค ืžื” ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืžืขืฆืžื ื•,
03:08
have a talk with Austen and Elizabeth about our prides and prejudices.
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ืœืฉื•ื—ื— ืขื ืื•ืกื˜ืŸ ื•ืขื ืืœื™ื–ื‘ืช ืขืœ ื”ื’ืื•ื•ืช ื•ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
03:12
We should float with Twain down the Mississippi,
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ืœืฆื•ืฃ ืขื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ืžื™ืกื™ืกื™ืคื™,
03:14
and have Jim show us what it means to be good.
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ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื’'ื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื.
03:17
But on our journey, we should also keep in mind
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ืืš ื‘ืžืกืขื ื•, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ
03:19
that the terrain has changed.
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ืฉื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืฉืชื ืชื”. ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืงื ื•ืช ืžื’ืคื™ื™ื
03:21
We'll start shopping around for boots
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ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืฆืขื™ื“ื” ืืœ ืชื•ืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ื—ื“ืฉื”.
03:23
that were made for walking into a new era.
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03:25
Take, for instance, Katniss Everdeen and her battle with the Capitol.
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ืงื—ื•, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืืช ืงื˜ื ื™ืก ืื•ื•ืจื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืืช ืžืื‘ืงื” ื‘ืงืคื™ื˜ื•ืœ.
03:29
Can "Hunger Games" lead us into thinking about capitalism in a new way?
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ื”ืื "ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื”ืจืขื‘" ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื”?
03:32
Can it teach us a lesson
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ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ื™ืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื ื• ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”?
03:34
about why the individual should not put herself before the group?
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03:37
Will "Uglies" reflect the dangers of pursuing a perfect body
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ื”ืื "ื›ืขื•ืจื™ื" ื™ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืกื›ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื
03:40
and letting the media define what is beautiful?
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ื•ื‘ืžืชืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืžื”ื• ื”ื™ื•ืคื™?
03:42
Will "Seekers" trod a path beyond global warming?
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ื”ืื ืกื“ืจืช ื”-Seekers ืชืกื™ื™ืข ืœื ื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช?
03:45
Will the life-and-death struggles of Toklo, Kallik, Lusa and the other bears
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ื”ืื ืžืื‘ืงื™ื”ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืœืžื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืงืœื•,
ืงืืœื™ืง, ืœื•ื–ื” ื•ืฉืืจ ื”ื“ื•ื‘ื™ื ืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช
03:49
chart a course for understanding animals and our place in their world?
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ื•ืžืงื•ืžื ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœืžืŸ?
03:53
Only the future will tell which stories will engage our imagination,
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ืจืง ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื™ืืžืจ ืืœื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื™ืขืกื™ืงื• ืืช ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื ื•,
ืืœื• ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื—ืจ,
03:57
which tales of make-believe we'll make tomorrow.
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04:00
But the good news is this:
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ืืš ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ:
04:01
there are new stories to venture in every day,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
04:05
new tales that promise to influence, to create and to spark change -
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ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข, ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
04:09
stories that you might even write yourself.
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืืชื ืชื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื›ื.
04:12
So I guess the final question is this:
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ื•ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ืื ื›ืš, ื”ื™ื:
04:15
What story will you try on next?
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ืžื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืชืคืœื™ื’ื• ืืœื™ื•?
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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