Is plant-based meat actually better for you? - Carolyn Beans

543,421 views ใƒป 2023-08-22

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:06
In 2021, a survey of over 1,000 Americans found that nearly two-thirds
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 2021, ืกืงืจ ืฉืœ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-1,000 ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื’ื™ืœื” ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื
00:12
had eaten plant-based meat alternatives in the past year.
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ืื›ืœื• ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ืฉืจ ืžื”ืฆื•ืžื— ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”.
00:16
Many cited potential health and environmental benefits
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืฆื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ ื•ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื
00:19
as their motivation.
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ื›ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื.
00:20
But are these alternative meats actually better for us and the planet?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื‘ืฉืจื™ื ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืืœื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ื• ื•ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ?
00:25
First, letโ€™s introduce the contenders.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืžืชื—ืจื™ื.
00:28
Meat from butchered animals, which weโ€™ll call farmed meat,
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ื‘ืฉืจ ืžื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ื˜ื•ืช, ืฉื ื›ื ื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืฉืจ ืžืขื•ื‘ื“,
00:31
is a complex structure of muscle fibers, connective tissues, and fat.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœ ืกื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืจื™ืจ, ืจืงืžื•ืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืฉื•ืžืŸ.
00:36
You may recognize meat from its role in the human diet,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืจ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื‘ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
00:40
stretching back to our speciesโ€™ very beginnings.
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ื—ื–ืจื” ืื—ื•ืจื” ืœืจืืฉื™ืช ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•.
00:44
Our next challenger, the plant-based meat alternative,
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ื”ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ื•ื ื—ืœื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ืช,
00:47
may look and taste like meat,
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ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื•ืœื˜ืขื•ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฉืจ,
00:49
but itโ€™s built with proteins, carbohydrates, fats,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื, ืคื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช, ืฉื•ืžื ื™ื,
00:52
and other molecules from plants.
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ื•ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžืฆืžื—ื™ื.
00:54
Transforming plant molecules into something that resembles meat
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื“ื•ืžื” ืœื‘ืฉืจ
00:58
takes effort.
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ืžืฆืจื™ืš ืžืืžืฅ.
01:00
Meatโ€™s fibrous texture is created by long rod-like proteins.
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ื”ืžืจืงื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ื ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ืžื•ื˜ื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื™ื.
01:05
To replicate this structure,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื›ืคืœ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื–ื”,
01:07
a plantโ€™s ball-shaped proteins can be pushed through an extruder device
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ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืฆืžื— ื ื“ื—ืกื™ื ื“ืจืš ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืœ
01:12
which forces them to unwind and join into long filaments.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืืœืฅ ืื•ืชื ืœื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ื•ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืกื™ื‘ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื.
01:17
To mimic animal fat, companies mix in fats and oils extracted from plants.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืช ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื™, ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ืžื ื™ื ื•ืฉืžื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคืงื™ื ืžืฆืžื—ื™ื.
01:23
One popular brand adds a beet juice pigment
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ืžื•ืชื’ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ืื—ื“ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ ืžื™ืฅ ืกืœืง
01:27
that changes the pattyโ€™s color as it cooks.
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ืฉืžืฉื ื” ืืช ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืงืฆื™ืฆื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชื‘ืฉืœืช.
01:30
Another adds an iron-containing molecule called heme,
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ืื—ืจ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื” ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืฉื ืงืจื โ€œื”ืโ€œ(heme),
01:34
which their team says is key to its meaty flavor.
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ืฉื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœื˜ืขื ื”ื‘ืฉืจื ื™ ืฉืœื•.
01:38
The resulting products come in many forms.
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ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืžืชืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช.
01:42
Finally, our last entrant: lab-grown meat.
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ืžืชื—ืจื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•: ื‘ืฉืจ ืฉื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”.
01:46
Also known as cell-based meat and cultured meat,
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ื™ื“ื•ืข ื’ื ื‘ืฉื ื‘ืฉืจ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืชืื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉืจ ืžืชื•ืจื‘ืช,
01:50
these products begin as animal stem cells
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ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืœื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื›ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื
01:53
that researchers coax to multiply and form into muscle.
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ืฉื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืฉื“ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืจื™ืจ.
01:58
Itโ€™s worth noting that lab-grown meats are largely still in development,
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ืจืื•ื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื‘ืฉืจื™ื ืฉื’ื“ืœื• ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื—,
02:03
so the exact process may change when theyโ€™re produced
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื™ื™ื•ืฆืจื•
02:06
at greater commercial scale.
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ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื—ืจื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:08
So which meat or lookalike is best for your health?
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ืื– ืื™ื–ื” ื‘ืฉืจ ืื• ื“ืžื•ื™ ื‘ืฉืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื?
02:12
Farmed meat is a vital source of protein and nutrients for many people.
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ื‘ืฉืจ ื—ืงืœืื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ืจ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื.
02:16
But researchers have also found links between diets
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืฆืื• ื’ื ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืื˜ื•ืช
02:19
high in red and processed meats
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ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืฉืจ ืื“ื•ื ื•ืžืขื•ื‘ื“
02:21
and health concerns like type 2 diabetes and heart disease.
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ื•ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืกื•ื›ืจืช ืกื•ื’ 2 ื•ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘.
02:26
One 2012 study concluded that swapping red meat
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ืžื—ืงืจ ืื—ื“ ืž-2012 ื”ืกื™ืง ืฉื”ื”ื—ืœืคื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ืื“ื•ื
02:29
for other options like chicken, nuts, or legumes for one meal a day
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ืœืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืขื•ืฃ, ืื’ื•ื–ื™ื, ืื• ืงื˜ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืืจื•ื—ื” ืื—ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื
02:34
can potentially reduce mortality risk by 7 to 19%.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืชืžื•ืชื” ื‘-7 ืขื“ 19%.
02:39
There is not enough data to know whether replacing red meat
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ืื™ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืื ืœื”ื—ืœืคืช ื‘ืฉืจ ืื“ื•ื
02:42
with a plant-based patty would have the same effect.
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ืขื ืงืฆื™ืฆื” ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฆืžื—ื™ ืชื”ื™ื” ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฉืคืขื”.
02:46
Plant-based meats, while containing just as much protein, calories, and iron
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ื‘ืฉืจื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฆืžื—ื™, ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ, ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืจื–ืœ
02:50
as farmed meat,
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฉืจ ืžืขื•ื‘ื“,
02:51
are highly processed and, therefore, high in sodium.
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ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืื•ื“, ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื ืชืจืŸ.
02:54
And many contain coconut oil, which has a lot of saturated fat,
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ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืžืŸ ืงื•ืงื•ืก, ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืจื•ื•ื™,
02:58
and, like red meat, may elevate heart disease risk.
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ื•ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฉืจ ืื“ื•ื, ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘.
03:02
Lab-grown meat, meanwhile,
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ืœื‘ืฉืจ ืฉื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”, ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื,
03:04
has the potential to offer the same nutritional qualities and health risks
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ื™ืฉ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื™ื
03:08
as farmed meat.
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฉืจ ืžืขื•ื‘ื“.
03:10
But we wonโ€™t know for sure until product development is further along.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื ื“ืข ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ื™ืชืงื“ื.
03:15
So which contender is better for the environment?
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ืื– ืื™ื–ื” ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”?
03:17
Animal agriculture generates an estimated 14.5%
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ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื ื™ื‘ื” ื›-14.5 ืื—ื•ื–
03:22
of human-caused greenhouse gas emissions.
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ืฉืœ ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื” ืฉื ื’ืจืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
03:25
Researchers estimate that producing plant-based meat substitutes
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื™ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื—ืœื™ืคื™ ื‘ืฉืจ ืžื”ืฆื•ืžื—
03:29
results in, on average, around 90% less greenhouse gas emissions
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ืžื‘ื™ื, ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข, ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 90% ืคื—ื•ืช ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื”
03:34
than an equivalent amount of beef,
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ืžื›ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ื‘ืงืจ,
03:36
63% less than pork, and 51% less than poultry.
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63% ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื‘ืฉืจ ื—ื–ื™ืจ, ื•-51% ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืคื•ืช.
03:42
Plant-based meat alternatives also tend to require far less land and water
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ื’ื ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ืฉืจ ืžื”ืฆื•ืžื— ื ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืื“ืžื” ื•ืžื™ื
03:47
than farmed meat.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืฉืจ ืžืขื•ื‘ื“.
03:49
And their production results in much lower levels of pollutants running off farms
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœื”ื ืžื‘ื™ื ืœืจืžื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื–ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ืจื—ื™ื ืžื”ื—ื•ื•ืช
03:53
and entering waterwaysโ€”
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ื•ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ืžื™ื-
03:55
which threaten both the environment and public health.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืื™ื™ื ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื’ื ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
03:58
As for lab-grown meat,
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื‘ืฉืจ ืฉื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”,
04:00
today the industry largely takes its stem cells
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ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืœื•ืงื—ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืืช ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข ืฉืœื”
04:03
from the muscle tissue of livestock.
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ืžืจืงืžืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื.
04:05
But how many animals will be required for these biopsies
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื” ื—ื™ื•ืช ื™ื™ื“ืจืฉื• ืœื‘ื™ื•ืคืกื™ื•ืช ืืœื•
04:09
once production scales up?
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื™ื’ื“ืœ?
04:11
It also isnโ€™t clear to what degree alternative meats
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ื’ื ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืฉืจื™ื ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื
04:14
will reduce the environmental impact of the farmed meats industry.
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ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ื”ื—ืงืœืื™.
04:18
What if, instead of replacing meat with alternatives,
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ืžื” ืื, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ื‘ืฉืจ ื‘ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช,
04:21
people continue to consume the same amount of farmed meat
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฆืจื•ืš ืื•ืชื” ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ืžืขื•ื‘ื“
04:24
while also eating newer options?
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ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืื›ื™ืœืช ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ?
04:29
While the verdict is still out on which meat is nutritionally superior,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืื™ื–ื” ื‘ืฉืจ ืžืขื•ืœื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ,
04:33
if you care about your personal impact on animal welfare,
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ืื ืื›ืคืช ืœื›ื ืžื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื ืขืœ ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
04:36
public health, and the environment,
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ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
04:38
plant-based meat tends to come out on top.
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ื‘ืฉืจ ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฆืžื—ื™ ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœืฆืืช ื›ืฉื™ื“ื• ืขืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”.
04:41
And switching to meat alternatives doesnโ€™t have to be an all-or-nothing decision.
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ื•ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ืฉืจ ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉืœ โ€‹โ€‹ื”ื›ืœ ืื• ื›ืœื•ื.
04:46
In fact, a 2022 study estimated that forgoing red meat at just one meal a day
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืฉื ืช 2022 ื”ืขืจื™ืš ืฉืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ืื“ื•ื ืจืง ื‘ืืจื•ื—ื” ืื—ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื
04:52
can decrease your personal dietary carbon emissions by as much as 48%.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืขื“ 48 ืื—ื•ื–.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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