The princess exiled from ancient Mesopotamia - Soraya Field Fiorio

743,193 views ใƒป 2020-03-23

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:06
4,300 years ago in ancient Sumer,
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ืœืคื ื™ 4300 ืฉื ื” ื‘ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”,
00:09
the most powerful person in the city of Ur was banished to wander the vast desert.
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ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืื•ึผืจ ื’ื•ืจืฉื” ืœืžื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘.
00:15
Her name was Enheduanna.
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ืฉืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืื ื”ื“ื•ืื ื”.
00:17
She was the high priestess of the moon god and historyโ€™s first known author.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื›ื•ื”ื ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ื•ื”ืกื•ืคืจืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
00:22
By the time of her exile, she had written 42 hymns and three epic poemsโ€”
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ืขื“ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”, ื”ื™ื ื›ืชื‘ื” 43 ืžื–ืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคื•ืืžื•ืช ืืคื™ื•ืช --
00:27
and Sumer hadnโ€™t heard the last of her.
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ื•ื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืขื•ื“ ื ื˜ื•ื™ื”.
00:30
Enheduanna lived 1,700 years before Sappho,
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ืื ื”ื“ื•ืื ื” ื—ื™ื” 1700 ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืกึทืืคึฐึผืคื•ึน,
00:34
1,500 years before Homer,
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1500 ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื•ืžืจ,
00:36
and about 500 years before the biblical patriarch Abraham.
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ื•ื‘ืขืจืš 500 ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื•.
00:41
She was born in Mesopotamia, the land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers,
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ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ืžืกื•ืคื˜ืžื™ื”, ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืจืช ื•ื”ื—ื™ื“ืงืœ,
00:45
and the birthplace of the first cities and high cultures.
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ื•ืžื•ืœื“ืช ื”ืขืจื™ื ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
00:49
Her father was King Sargon the Great, historyโ€™s first empire builder,
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ืื‘ื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืœืš ืกืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื‘ื•ื ื” ื”ืืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”,
00:53
who conquered the independent city-states of Mesopotamia under a unified banner.
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ืฉื›ื‘ืฉ ืืช ืขืจื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืขืฆืžืื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืกื•ืคื•ื˜ืžื™ื” ืชื—ืช ื“ื’ืœ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ.
00:58
Sargon was a northern Semite who spoke Akkadian,
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ืกืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืฉืžื™ ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืื›ื“ื™ืช,
01:01
and the older Sumerian cities in the south viewed him as a foreign invader.
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ื•ื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืจืื• ื‘ื• ืคื•ืœืฉ ื–ืจ.
01:06
They frequently revolted to regain their independence,
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ื”ื ืžืจื“ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ืขืฆืžืื•ืชื,
01:09
fracturing his new dynasty.
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ื•ืกื“ืงื• ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœื•.
01:11
To bridge the gap between cultures,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืฉืจ ืขืœ ื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช,
01:13
Sargon appointed his only daughter, Enheduanna, as high priestess
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ืกืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื” ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื• ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืื ื”ื“ื•ืื ื”, ืœื›ื•ื”ื ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
01:17
in the empireโ€™s most important temple.
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ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืžืœื›ื”.
01:20
Female royalty traditionally served religious roles,
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ื ืฉื™ื ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ืฉื™ืจืชื• ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื,
01:22
and she was educated to read and write in both Sumerian and Akkadian,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ื•ื ื›ื” ืœืงืจื•ื ื•ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื’ื ืฉื•ืžืจื™ืช ื•ื’ื ืื›ื“ื™ืช,
01:27
and make mathematical calculations.
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ื•ืœื‘ืฆืข ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืชืžื˜ื™ื™ื.
01:30
The world's first writing started in Sumer as a system of accounting,
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ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ืฉื•ืžืจ ื›ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ืื•ืช,
01:34
allowing merchants to communicate over long distances with traders abroad.
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ืฉืืคืฉืจื” ืœืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ืœืชืงืฉืจ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ืขื ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
01:39
Their pictogram system of record keeping developed into a script
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื™ืงื˜ื•ื’ืจืžื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืœื›ืชื‘
01:42
about 300 years before Enheduannaโ€™s birth.
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ื‘ืขืจืš 300 ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืœื™ื“ืชื” ืฉืœ ืื ื”ื“ื•ืื ื”.
01:46
This early writing style, called cuneiform,
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ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ื ื”ื–ื”, ืฉื ืงืจื ื›ืชื‘ ื™ืชื“ื•ืช,
01:49
was written with a reed stylus pressed into soft clay to make wedge-shaped marks.
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ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขื ืžืงืœ ืฉื ืœื—ืฅ ืœืชื•ืš ื—ื™ืžืจ ืจืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืงื•ื•ื™ื.
01:54
But until Enheduanna,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ ืื ื”ื“ื•ืื ื”,
01:56
this writing mostly took the form of record keeping and transcription,
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ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ืœืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืžืกื—ืจ ื•ืœืชืžืœื•ืœ,
02:00
rather than original works attributable to individual writers.
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ื•ืœื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืฉื•ื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื.
02:04
Enheduannaโ€™s Ur was a city of 34,000 people with narrow streets,
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ืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืื ื”ื“ื•ืื ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœ 34,000 ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื,
02:09
multi-storied brick homes, granaries, and irrigation.
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ื‘ืชื™ ืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื, ืืกืžื™ื, ื•ื”ืฉืงื™ื”.
02:13
As high priestess, Enheduanna managed grain storage for the city,
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ื›ื›ื•ื”ื ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ืื ื”ื“ื•ืื ื” ื ื™ื”ืœื” ืืช ืžืื’ืจื™ ื”ื“ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ,
02:17
oversaw hundreds of temple workers, interpreted sacred dreams,
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ื ื™ื”ืœื” ืžืื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืžืงื“ืฉ, ืชืจื’ืžื” ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื,
02:21
and presided over the monthly new moon festival
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ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืืช ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ื”ื—ื“ืฉ
02:23
and rituals celebrating the equinoxes.
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ื•ื˜ืงืกื™ื ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื™ืžื™ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ.
02:27
Enheduanna set about unifying the older Sumerian culture
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ืื ื”ื“ื•ืื ื” ืจืฆืชื” ืœืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื™ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”
02:30
with the newer Akkadian civilization.
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ืขื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ืื›ื“ื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:32
To accomplish this, she wrote 42 religious hymns
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื™ื ื›ืชื‘ื” 42 ืžื–ืžื•ืจื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื
02:36
that combined both mythologies.
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ืฉืฉืœื‘ื• ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช.
02:38
Each Mesopotamian city was ruled by a patron deity,
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ื›ืœ ืขื™ืจ ืžืกื•ืคื•ื˜ืžื™ืช ื ืฉืœื˜ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืœ ืžื’ืŸ,
02:41
so her hymns were dedicated to the ruling god of each major city.
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ืื– ื”ื”ืžื ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื” ื”ื•ืงื“ืฉื• ืœืืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืขื™ืจ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช.
02:46
She praised the cityโ€™s temple, glorified the godโ€™s attributes,
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื‘ื—ื” ืืช ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจ, ื”ื™ืœืœื” ืืช ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœ,
02:49
and explained the godโ€™s relationship to other deities within the pantheon.
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ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืืœ ืขื ืืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืคื ืชืื•ืŸ.
02:54
In her writing, she humanized the once aloof godsโ€”
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ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”, ื”ื™ื ื”ืื ื™ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืืœื™ื ืฉืคืขื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืจื—ืงื™ื --
02:58
now they suffered, fought, loved, and responded to human pleading.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื ืกื‘ืœื•, ื ืœื—ืžื•, ืื”ื‘ื•, ื•ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื• ืœืชื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื.
03:03
Enheduannaโ€™s most valuable literary contribution
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ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืื ื”ื“ื•ืื ื”
03:06
was the poetry she wrote to Inanna, goddess of war and desire,
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ืœืื™ื ื ื”, ืืœืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื”,
03:10
the divinely chaotic energy that gives spark to the universe.
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ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื›ืื•ืชื™ืช ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช ืฉื ืชื ื” ื ื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืœื™ืงื•ื.
03:14
Inanna delighted in all forms of sexual expression
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ืื™ื ื ื” ืฉืžื—ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื™
03:18
and was considered so powerful that she transcended gender boundaries,
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ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ืœื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ื–ืงื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืชืขืœืชื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื“ืจ,
03:22
as did her earthly attendants, who could be prostitutes, eunuchs or cross-dressers.
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ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื”ืืจืฆื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”, ืฉื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ื•ื ื•ืช, ืกืจื™ืกื™ื ื•ืงืจื•ืก-ื“ืจืกืจื™ื.
03:27
Enheduanna placed Inanna at the top of the pantheon as the most powerful deity.
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ืื ื”ื“ื•ืื ื” ืžื™ืงืžื” ืืช ืื™ื ืื ื” ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืคืชื ืื•ืŸ ื›ื™ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื—ื–ืงื”.
03:33
Her odes to Inanna mark the first time an author writes using the pronoun โ€œI,โ€
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ื”ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ืœืื™ื ืื ื” ืกื™ืžื ื• ืืช ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืกื•ืคืจืช ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื” ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ "ืื ื™,"
03:38
and the first time writing is used to explore deep, private emotions.
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ื•ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ื•ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื.
03:43
After the death of Enheduannaโ€™s father, King Sargon,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื ื”ื•ืื ื“ื”, ื”ืžืœืš ืกืจื’ื•ืŸ,
03:47
a general took advantage of the power vacuum and staged a coup.
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ื’ื ืจืœ ื ื™ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ืจื™ืง ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืข ื”ืคื™ื›ื”.
03:51
As a powerful member of the ruling family, Enheduanna was a target,
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ื›ื—ื‘ืจื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ืฉืœื˜ืช, ืื ื”ืื“ื•ืื ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื˜ืจื”,
03:55
and the general exiled her from Ur.
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ื•ื”ื’ื ืจืœ ื”ื’ืœื” ืื•ืชื” ืžืื•ืจ.
03:58
Her nephew, the legendary Sumerian king Naram-Sin,
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ืื—ื™ื™ื ื”, ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื™ ื”ืื’ื“ื™ ื ืจื-ืกื™ืŸ,
04:02
ultimately crushed the uprising and restored his aunt as high priestess.
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ื“ื™ื›ื ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื”ืคื™ื›ื” ื•ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื“ื•ื“ืชื• ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ื›ื›ื•ื”ื ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
04:07
In total, Enheduanna served as high priestess for 40 years.
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ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ, ืื ื”ืื“ื•ืื ื” ืฉื™ืจืชื” ื›ื›ื•ื”ื ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืžืฉืš 40 ืฉื ื”.
04:11
After her death, she became a minor deity,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืชื”, ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืืœื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช,
04:14
and her poetry was copied, studied, and performed throughout the empire
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ื•ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœื” ื”ื•ืขืชืงื”, ื ื—ืงืจื”, ื•ื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื”
04:18
for over 500 years.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื‘ืขืจืš 500 ืฉื ื”.
04:21
Her poems influenced the Hebrew Old Testament,
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ื”ืคื•ืืžื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ื”ืชื "ืš,
04:24
the epics of Homer, and Christian hymns.
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ื”ืืคื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืžืจ, ื•ื”ื”ืžื ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื™ื.
04:27
Today, Enheduannaโ€™s legacy still exists,
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ืื ื”ืื“ื•ืื ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžืช,
04:30
on clay tablets that have stood the test of time.
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ืขืœ ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ื™ืžืจ ืฉืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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