Who was the world's first author? - Soraya Field Fiorio

Prevoditelj: Petra Lauš Recezent: Sanda L

4,300 years ago in ancient Sumer,

Prije 4300 godina u drevnom Sumeru

the most powerful person in the city of Ur was banished to wander the vast desert.

najmoćnija je osoba u gradu Uru bila prognana da luta golemom pustinjom.

Her name was Enheduanna.

Njeno ime bilo je Enheduana.

She was the high priestess of the moon god and history’s first known author.

Ona je bila visoka svećenica boga Mjeseca i prva poznata spisateljica u svijetu.

By the time of her exile, she had written 42 hymns and three epic poems—

Prije nego što je prognana, napisala je 42 himne i tri epske pjesme

and Sumer hadn’t heard the last of her.

i tu nije bio kraj njenog stvaralaštva.

Enheduanna lived 1,700 years before Sappho,

Enheduana je živjela 1700 godina prije Sapfe,

1,500 years before Homer,

1500 godina prije Homera

and about 500 years before the biblical patriarch Abraham.

i oko 500 godina prije biblijskog patrijarha Abrahama.

She was born in Mesopotamia, the land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers,

Rođena je u Mezopotamiji, zemlji između rijeka Eufrata i Tigrisa,

and the birthplace of the first cities and high cultures.

na mjestu gdje su nastali prvi gradovi i visoke kulture.

Her father was King Sargon the Great, history’s first empire builder,

Njen otac bio je kralj Sargon Veliki, prvi čovjek koji je osnovao carstvo.

who conquered the independent city-states of Mesopotamia under a unified banner.

Osvojio je nezavisne gradove-države Mezopotamije pod ujedinjenom zastavom.

Sargon was a northern Semite who spoke Akkadian,

Sargon Veliki bio je sjeverni Semit, koji je govorio akadski jezik

and the older Sumerian cities in the south viewed him as a foreign invader.

i stariji sumerski gradovi na jugu smatrali su ga stranim agresorom.

They frequently revolted to regain their independence,

Često su dizali pobune kako bi vratili nezavisnost

fracturing his new dynasty.

slamajući njegovu novu dinastiju.

To bridge the gap between cultures,

Kako bi premostio jaz između kultura,

Sargon appointed his only daughter, Enheduanna, as high priestess

Sargon je svoju kćer jedinicu Enheduanu imenovao visokom svećenicom

in the empire’s most important temple.

u najvažnijem hramu u carstvu.

Female royalty traditionally served religious roles,

Članice kraljevske obitelji tradicionalno su imale religijske uloge,

and she was educated to read and write in both Sumerian and Akkadian,

ona je bila obrazovana da čita i piše sumerski i akadski jezik,

and make mathematical calculations.

kao i da računa.

The world's first writing started in Sumer as a system of accounting,

Prvo pismo na svijetu nastalo je u Sumeru kao sustav obračuna troškova

allowing merchants to communicate over long distances with traders abroad.

koji je trgovcima omogućio komunikaciju s drugim trgovcima izvan carstva.

Their pictogram system of record keeping developed into a script

Njihov piktogramski sustav bilježenja razvio se u slova

about 300 years before Enheduanna’s birth.

oko 300 godina prije Enheduanina rođenja.

This early writing style, called cuneiform,

To rano pismo zvano klinopis pisano je pisaljkom od trske

was written with a reed stylus pressed into soft clay to make wedge-shaped marks.

koja se lagano utiskivala u meku glinu i radila znakove oblika klina.

But until Enheduanna,

Do Enheduanina vremena

this writing mostly took the form of record keeping and transcription,

ovo je pismo većinom bilo korišteno za bilježenje i transkripciju,

rather than original works attributable to individual writers.

a ne u pisanju originalnih djela individualnih pisaca.

Enheduanna’s Ur was a city of 34,000 people with narrow streets,

Enheduanin Ur bio je grad od 34 000 ljudi s uskim ulicama,

multi-storied brick homes, granaries, and irrigation.

kućama od cigle na više katova, žitnicama i navodnjavanjem.

As high priestess, Enheduanna managed grain storage for the city,

Kao visoka svećenica, Enheduana je upravljala skladištenjem žitarica za grad,

oversaw hundreds of temple workers, interpreted sacred dreams,

nadzirala stotine radnika u hramu, tumačila svete snove,

and presided over the monthly new moon festival

mjesečno predsjedala festivalom mladog Mjeseca

and rituals celebrating the equinoxes.

kao i ritualima kojima se slave ekvinociji.

Enheduanna set about unifying the older Sumerian culture

Enheduana je započela ujedinjavanje starije sumerske kulture

with the newer Akkadian civilization.

i novije akadske civilizacije.

To accomplish this, she wrote 42 religious hymns

Kako bi to ostvarila, napisala je 42 religijske himne

that combined both mythologies.

koje su spajale obje mitologije.

Each Mesopotamian city was ruled by a patron deity,

Svakim je mezopotamskim gradom vladalo božanstvo koje ga je štitilo

so her hymns were dedicated to the ruling god of each major city.

pa su njene himne bile posvećene bogovima koji vladaju velikim gradovima.

She praised the city’s temple, glorified the god’s attributes,

Veličala je gradski hram, slavila karakteristike boga

and explained the god’s relationship to other deities within the pantheon.

i objašnjavala vezu boga s ostalim božanstvima u panteonu.

In her writing, she humanized the once aloof gods—

U svojim je zapisima ljudska svojstva dala rezerviranim bogovima,

now they suffered, fought, loved, and responded to human pleading.

sada su patili, borili se, voljeli i slušali što ih ljudi mole.

Enheduanna’s most valuable literary contribution

Enheduanin najdragocjeniji literarni doprinos

was the poetry she wrote to Inanna, goddess of war and desire,

bila je poezija napisana u čast Inani, božici rata i želje,

the divinely chaotic energy that gives spark to the universe.

božanskoj energiji kaosa koja pokreće svemir.

Inanna delighted in all forms of sexual expression

Inana je uživala u svim oblicima seksualnog izražaja,

and was considered so powerful that she transcended gender boundaries,

smatrala se tako moćnom da je nadilazila granice rodova,

as did her earthly attendants, who could be prostitutes, eunuchs or cross-dressers.

kao i neki od njenih zemaljskih sluga: prostitutke, eunusi ili transvestiti.

Enheduanna placed Inanna at the top of the pantheon as the most powerful deity.

Enheduana je Inanu, najmoćnije božanstvo, stavila u vrh panteona.

Her odes to Inanna mark the first time an author writes using the pronoun “I,”

Njene ode Inani označavaju prvi put da je neki pisac koristio zamjenicu "ja"

and the first time writing is used to explore deep, private emotions.

i prvi put da je netko pisanjem istraživao duboke i privatne osjećaje.

After the death of Enheduanna’s father, King Sargon,

Nakon smrti Enheduanina oca, Sargona Velikog,

a general took advantage of the power vacuum and staged a coup.

jedan general iskoristio je odsustvo moći i izveo državni udar.

As a powerful member of the ruling family, Enheduanna was a target,

Kao moćna članica vladajuće obitelji, Enheduana je bila meta

and the general exiled her from Ur.

i general ju je prognao iz Ura.

Her nephew, the legendary Sumerian king Naram-Sin,

Njen nećak, legendarni sumerski kralj Naram-Sin,

ultimately crushed the uprising and restored his aunt as high priestess.

ugušio je ustanak i vratio tetu na položaj visoke svećenice.

In total, Enheduanna served as high priestess for 40 years.

Enheduana je kao visoka svećenica služila 40 godina.

After her death, she became a minor deity,

Nakon smrti, postala je manje božanstvo

and her poetry was copied, studied, and performed throughout the empire

i njena je poezija bila prepisivana, proučavana i izvođena diljem carstva

for over 500 years.

više od 500 godina.

Her poems influenced the Hebrew Old Testament,

Njene su pjesme utjecale na hebrejski Stari zavjet,

the epics of Homer, and Christian hymns.

Homerove epove i kršćanske himne.

Today, Enheduanna’s legacy still exists,

Enheduanino nasljeđe postoji još i danas

on clay tablets that have stood the test of time.

na glinenim pločicama koje su odoljele testu vremena.