Who was the world's first author? - Soraya Field Fiorio

686,855 views ・ 2020-03-23

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

κ²€ν† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:06
4,300 years ago in ancient Sumer,
0
6795
3030
4,300λ…„ μ „ κ³ λŒ€ μˆ˜λ©”λ₯΄μ—μ„œ,
00:09
the most powerful person in the city of Ur was banished to wander the vast desert.
1
9825
5818
우λ₯΄μ˜ κ°€μž₯ κ°•λ ₯ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ μΆ”λ°©λ˜μ–΄ κ±°λŒ€ν•œ 사막을 λ– λŒκ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:15
Her name was Enheduanna.
2
15643
2110
κ·Έλ…€μ˜ 이름은 μ—”ν—€λ‘μ•ˆλ‚˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:17
She was the high priestess of the moon god and history’s first known author.
3
17753
4657
κ·Έλ…€λŠ” λ‹¬μ˜ μ‹ μ˜ μ—¬μ‚¬μ œμ΄μž 역사상 졜초의 μž‘κ°€μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:22
By the time of her exile, she had written 42 hymns and three epic poemsβ€”
4
22410
5366
μΆ”λ°© 무렡에, κ·Έλ…€λŠ” 42곑의 찬가와 μ„Έ 개의 μ„œμ‚¬μ‹œλ₯Ό μΌμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:27
and Sumer hadn’t heard the last of her.
5
27776
3180
μˆ˜λ©”λ₯΄λŠ” κ·Έλ…€μ˜ λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μ„ 듣지 λͺ»ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:30
Enheduanna lived 1,700 years before Sappho,
6
30956
3744
μ—”ν—€λ‘μ•ˆλ‚˜λŠ” μ‚¬ν¬μ˜ 1,700λ…„ 전에
00:34
1,500 years before Homer,
7
34700
2270
호머의 1,500λ…„ 전에
00:36
and about 500 years before the biblical patriarch Abraham.
8
36970
4170
μ‘±μž₯섀화에 λ‚˜μ˜€λŠ” μ•„λΈŒλΌν•¨λ³΄λ‹€ μ•½ 500λ…„ 전에 μ‚΄μ•˜λ˜ μ‚¬λžŒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:41
She was born in Mesopotamia, the land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers,
9
41140
4660
κ·Έλ…€κ°€ νƒœμ–΄λ‚œ 곳은 λ©”μ†Œν¬νƒ€λ―Έμ•„λ‘œ, ν‹°κ·Έλ¦¬μŠ€μ™€ μœ ν”„λΌν…ŒμŠ€κ°• 사이에 μžˆλŠ”
00:45
and the birthplace of the first cities and high cultures.
10
45800
3430
졜초둜 λ„μ‹œμ™€ κ³ κΈ‰λ¬Έν™”κ°€ νƒ„μƒν•œ μ§€μ—­μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:49
Her father was King Sargon the Great, history’s first empire builder,
11
49230
3962
κ·Έλ…€μ˜ μ•„λ²„μ§€μ˜€λ˜ 사λ₯΄κ³€ λŒ€μ™•μ€ μ—­μ‚¬μ˜ 첫 제ꡭ μ°½μ‹œμžμ΄λ©°,
00:53
who conquered the independent city-states of Mesopotamia under a unified banner.
12
53192
4998
ν†΅μΌλœ 기치 ν•˜μ— λ©”μ†Œν¬νƒ€λ―Έμ•„μ˜ 독립 λ„μ‹œκ΅­κ°€λ“€μ„ μ •λ³΅ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:58
Sargon was a northern Semite who spoke Akkadian,
13
58190
3500
사λ₯΄κ³€μ€ μ•„μΉ΄λ“œμ–΄λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” λΆλΆ€μ˜ μ…ˆμ‘±μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:01
and the older Sumerian cities in the south viewed him as a foreign invader.
14
61690
4442
λ‚¨λΆ€μ˜ ꡬ μˆ˜λ©”λ₯΄ ꡭ가듀은 κ·Έλ₯Ό μ™Έκ΅­ 침랡자라 μ—¬κ²ΌμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:06
They frequently revolted to regain their independence,
15
66132
3164
그듀은 독립을 되찾기 μœ„ν•΄ μˆ˜μ‹œλ‘œ μ €ν•­ν–ˆκ³ 
01:09
fracturing his new dynasty.
16
69296
2396
그의 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ™•μ‘°λ₯Ό λΆ„μ—΄μ‹œμΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:11
To bridge the gap between cultures,
17
71692
2030
λ¬Έν™”κ°„μ˜ 격차λ₯Ό 쒁히기 μœ„ν•΄
01:13
Sargon appointed his only daughter, Enheduanna, as high priestess
18
73722
4100
사λ₯΄κ³€μ€ 그의 ν•˜λ‚˜λΏμΈ λ”Έ, μ—”ν—€λ‘μ•ˆλ‚˜λ₯Ό μ—¬μ‚¬μ œλ‘œ μž„λͺ…ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:17
in the empire’s most important temple.
19
77822
2420
제ꡭ의 κ°€μž₯ μ€‘μš”ν•œ μ‹ μ „μ—μ„œμš”.
01:20
Female royalty traditionally served religious roles,
20
80242
2730
μ—¬μ„± 왕쑱은 μ „ν†΅μ μœΌλ‘œ 쒅ꡐ적인 역할을 λ§‘μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:22
and she was educated to read and write in both Sumerian and Akkadian,
21
82972
4570
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ κ·Έλ…€λŠ” μˆ˜λ©”λ₯΄μ–΄μ™€ μ•„μΉ΄λ“œμ–΄ λͺ¨λ‘ 읽고 μ“Έ 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ κ΅μœ‘λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:27
and make mathematical calculations.
22
87542
2798
그리고 수리적인 계산식을 λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 것도 λ°°μ› μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:30
The world's first writing started in Sumer as a system of accounting,
23
90340
3912
세계 졜초의 κΈ€μ“°κΈ°λŠ” μˆ˜λ©”λ₯΄μ˜ νšŒκ³„μ œλ„λ‘œ μ‹œμž‘λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:34
allowing merchants to communicate over long distances with traders abroad.
24
94252
4865
상인듀이 μž₯거리에 μžˆλŠ” ν•΄μ™Έ 상인듀과 μ˜μ‚¬μ†Œν†΅ν•˜λŠ”λ° μ“°μ˜€μ–΄μš”.
01:39
Their pictogram system of record keeping developed into a script
25
99117
3720
기둝보쑴에 μ‚¬μš©ν•œ μƒν˜•λ¬Έμž μ œλ„λŠ” κΈ€μžλ‘œ λ°œμ „ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:42
about 300 years before Enheduanna’s birth.
26
102837
3234
μ—”ν—€λ‘μ•ˆλ‚˜κ°€ νƒœμ–΄λ‚˜κΈ° μ•½ 300λ…„ μ „μ—μš”.
01:46
This early writing style, called cuneiform,
27
106071
2930
이 초창기의 κΈ€μ“°κΈ° 방식을 μ„€ν˜•λ¬ΈμžλΌ λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ”데,
쐐기 λͺ¨μ–‘ 흔적을 λ§Œλ“€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μ—°ν† λ‘œ 눌러 λ§Œλ“  κ°ˆλŒ€ λ°”λŠ˜μ„ μΌμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:49
was written with a reed stylus pressed into soft clay to make wedge-shaped marks.
28
109001
5303
01:54
But until Enheduanna,
29
114304
1850
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ—”ν—€λ‘μ•ˆλ‚˜ μ „κΉŒμ§€λŠ”
01:56
this writing mostly took the form of record keeping and transcription,
30
116154
3857
μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ κΈ€μ“°κΈ°κ°€ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ 기둝보쑴과 μŒμ„±ν‘œκΈ°μ˜ ν˜•νƒœλ‘œ μ‚¬μš©λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:00
rather than original works attributable to individual writers.
31
120011
4757
μž‘κ°€λ“€μ΄ κΈ°μ›ν•˜λŠ” μž‘ν’ˆμ˜ ν˜•νƒœλΌκΈ° λ³΄λ‹€λŠ”μš”.
02:04
Enheduanna’s Ur was a city of 34,000 people with narrow streets,
32
124768
4803
우λ₯΄λŠ” 34,000λͺ…μ˜ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ μ‚΄μ•˜λ˜ λ„μ‹œλ‘œ 쒁은 λ„λ‘œ,
02:09
multi-storied brick homes, granaries, and irrigation.
33
129571
4020
μ—¬λŸ¬μΈ΅μ˜ λ²½λŒμ§‘, 곑물 μ €μž₯고와 κ΄€κ°œκ°€ μžˆμ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
02:13
As high priestess, Enheduanna managed grain storage for the city,
34
133591
3905
μ—¬μ‚¬μ œλ‘œμ„œ, κ·Έλ…€λŠ” λ„μ‹œμ˜ 곑물 μ €μž₯κ³ λ₯Ό κ΄€λ¦¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:17
oversaw hundreds of temple workers, interpreted sacred dreams,
35
137496
3900
수백만 λͺ…μ˜ μ‹ μ „ λ…Έλ™μžλ“€μ„ κ°λ…ν•˜κ³  μ‹ μ„±ν•œ κΏˆμ„ ν•΄λͺ½ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:21
and presided over the monthly new moon festival
36
141396
2370
ν•œ 달에 ν•œ 번 맀월 μ΄ˆν•˜λ£¨μ™€
02:23
and rituals celebrating the equinoxes.
37
143766
3450
μΆ˜λΆ„κ³Ό 좔뢄을 κΈ°λ…ν•˜λŠ” μ˜μ‹μ„ μ£Όμž¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:27
Enheduanna set about unifying the older Sumerian culture
38
147216
3360
μ—”ν—€λ‘μ•ˆλ‚˜λŠ” ꡬ μˆ˜λ©”λ₯΄ λ¬Έν™”λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•©ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:30
with the newer Akkadian civilization.
39
150576
2270
μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ•„μΉ΄λ“œ λ¬Έλͺ…μœΌλ‘œμš”.
02:32
To accomplish this, she wrote 42 religious hymns
40
152846
3440
이λ₯Ό λ‹¬μ„±ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄, κ·Έλ…€λŠ” μ–‘μͺ½ μ‹ ν™”λ₯Ό κ²°ν•©ν•œ
02:36
that combined both mythologies.
41
156286
2330
42곑의 쒅ꡐ적 μ°¬κ°€λ₯Ό μΌμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:38
Each Mesopotamian city was ruled by a patron deity,
42
158616
3270
각 λ©”μ†Œν¬νƒ€λ―Έμ•„ λ„μ‹œλŠ” μˆ˜ν˜Έμ‹ μ΄ λ‹€μŠ€λ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:41
so her hymns were dedicated to the ruling god of each major city.
43
161886
4260
κ·Έλ…€μ˜ μ°¬κ°€λ₯Ό 각 μ£Όμš” λ„μ‹œλ₯Ό λ‹€μŠ€λ¦¬λŠ” μ‹ μ—κ²Œ λ°”μ³€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:46
She praised the city’s temple, glorified the god’s attributes,
44
166146
3840
κ·Έλ…€λŠ” λ„μ‹œμ˜ μ‹ μ „μ—μ„œ μ°¬μ†‘ν•˜κ³  μ‹ μ˜ 속성을 μ°¬μ–‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:49
and explained the god’s relationship to other deities within the pantheon.
45
169986
4265
그리고 νŒν…Œμ˜¨ μ‹ μ „μ—μ„œ μˆ˜ν˜Έμ‹ κ³Ό λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‹ λ“€κ³Όμ˜ 관계λ₯Ό μ„€λͺ…ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:54
In her writing, she humanized the once aloof godsβ€”
46
174251
4025
κ·Έλ…€λŠ” κΈ€μ—μ„œ, λƒ‰λ‹΄ν–ˆλ˜ 신듀을 μΈκ°„μ μœΌλ‘œ ν‘œν˜„ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:58
now they suffered, fought, loved, and responded to human pleading.
47
178276
5332
κ·Έ μ†μ—μ„œ 신듀은 고톡받고, μ‹Έμš°κ³ , μ‚¬λž‘ν•˜λ©° μΈκ°„μ˜ 간청에 λ°˜μ‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:03
Enheduanna’s most valuable literary contribution
48
183608
2800
μ—”ν—€λ‘μ•ˆλ‚˜μ˜ κ°€μž₯ κ°€μΉ˜μžˆλŠ” 문학적인 κΈ°μ—¬λŠ”
03:06
was the poetry she wrote to Inanna, goddess of war and desire,
49
186408
4093
κ·Έλ…€κ°€ μ΄λ‚œλ‚˜μ—κ²Œ 썼던 μ‹œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „μŸκ³Ό 갈망의 여신이며
03:10
the divinely chaotic energy that gives spark to the universe.
50
190501
4335
μ‹ μ˜ 힘인 혼돈의 μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ‘œ 우주λ₯Ό μžκ·Ήν•˜λŠ” μ‹ μ΄μ§€μš”.
03:14
Inanna delighted in all forms of sexual expression
51
194836
3295
μ΄λ‚œλ‚˜λŠ” μ„±κ³Ό κ΄€κ³„λ˜λŠ” ν‘œν˜„ 방식을 λ§ˆμŒμ— λ“€μ–΄ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:18
and was considered so powerful that she transcended gender boundaries,
52
198131
4170
κ·Έλ…€κ°€ μ„±λ³„μ˜ 경계λ₯Ό μ΄ˆμ›”ν–ˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 κ½€ κ°•λ ₯ν•˜λ‹€κ³  μ—¬κ²ΌμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:22
as did her earthly attendants, who could be prostitutes, eunuchs or cross-dressers.
53
202301
5555
λ§€μΆ˜λΆ€, λ‚΄μ‹œ, μ—¬μž₯을 ν• μˆ˜λ„ μžˆλŠ” κ·Έλ…€μ˜ 지상 μˆ˜ν–‰μ›λ“€ μ²˜λŸΌμš”.
03:27
Enheduanna placed Inanna at the top of the pantheon as the most powerful deity.
54
207856
5550
μ—”ν—€λ‘μ•ˆλ‚˜λŠ” κ°€μž₯ κ°•λ ₯ν•œ μ‹ μœΌλ‘œ νŒν…Œμ˜¨μ˜ κΌ­λŒ€κΈ°μ— μ΄λ‚œλ‚˜λ₯Ό λ‘μ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
03:33
Her odes to Inanna mark the first time an author writes using the pronoun β€œI,”
55
213406
4911
μ΄λ‚œλ‚˜λ₯Ό ν–₯ν•œ κ·Έλ…€μ˜ μ‹œλŠ” 졜초둜 μž‘κ°€κ°€ λŒ€λͺ…사 β€œI”λ₯Ό 썼고,
03:38
and the first time writing is used to explore deep, private emotions.
56
218317
5169
처음으둜 깊고 사적인 감정을 λ‹€λ£¨λŠ” κΈ€μ΄λΌλŠ” 것을 λ³΄μ—¬μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:43
After the death of Enheduanna’s father, King Sargon,
57
223486
3620
μ—”ν—€λ‘μ•ˆλ‚˜μ˜ 아버지인 사λ₯΄κ³€μ˜ 죽음 이후,
03:47
a general took advantage of the power vacuum and staged a coup.
58
227106
4012
ν•œ μž₯ꡰ이 ꢌλ ₯의 곡백을 μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ 쿠데타λ₯Ό μΌμœΌμΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:51
As a powerful member of the ruling family, Enheduanna was a target,
59
231118
4432
μ™•μ‘°μ˜ κ°•λ ₯ν•œ κ΅¬μ„±μ›μœΌλ‘œμ„œ, μ—”ν—€λ‘μ•ˆλ‚˜κ°€ ν‘œμ μ΄ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:55
and the general exiled her from Ur.
60
235550
2522
μž₯ꡰ은 κ·Έλ…€λ₯Ό 우λ₯΄μ—μ„œ μΆ”λ°©ν•΄λ²„λ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:58
Her nephew, the legendary Sumerian king Naram-Sin,
61
238072
4046
κ·Έλ…€μ˜ μ‘°μΉ΄, 전섀적인 μˆ˜λ©”λ₯΄μ˜ 왕인 λ‚˜λžŒμ‹ μ΄
04:02
ultimately crushed the uprising and restored his aunt as high priestess.
62
242118
5030
κ²°κ΅­ λ°˜λž€μ„ μ§„μ••ν–ˆκ³ , μ—¬μ‚¬μ œλ‘œμ„œμ˜ κ·Έλ…€μ˜ μ§€μœ„λ₯Ό λ˜μ°Ύμ•„ μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:07
In total, Enheduanna served as high priestess for 40 years.
63
247148
4605
톡틀어, μ—”ν—€λ‘μ•ˆλ‚˜λŠ” 40λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ μ—¬μ‚¬μ œμ˜ μž„λ¬΄λ₯Ό μˆ˜ν–‰ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:11
After her death, she became a minor deity,
64
251753
2710
κ·Έλ…€λŠ” 죽음 이후, μž‘μ€ 신성이 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:14
and her poetry was copied, studied, and performed throughout the empire
65
254463
4533
κ·Έλ…€μ˜ μ‹œλŠ” 제ꡭ μ „μ²΄μ—μ„œ 볡제되고 μ—°κ΅¬λ˜κ³ , λ‚­μ†‘λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:18
for over 500 years.
66
258996
2185
500년이 λ„˜λŠ” μ‹œκ°„ λ™μ•ˆμš”.
04:21
Her poems influenced the Hebrew Old Testament,
67
261181
3005
κ·Έλ…€μ˜ μ‹œλŠ” νžˆλΈŒλ¦¬μ–΄λ‘œ 된 ꡬ약성경,
04:24
the epics of Homer, and Christian hymns.
68
264186
3150
호머의 μ„œμ‚¬μ‹œ, 기독ꡐ 찬솑가에 영ν–₯을 μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:27
Today, Enheduanna’s legacy still exists,
69
267336
3220
였늘, μ—”ν—€λ‘μ•ˆλ‚˜μ˜ μœ μ‚°μ€ μ—¬μ „νžˆ μ‘΄μž¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:30
on clay tablets that have stood the test of time.
70
270556
2740
였랜 μ‹œκ°„μ„ 견뎌온 μ ν† νŒμ—μ„œμš”.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7