Is there any truth to the King Arthur legends? - Alan Lupack

3,021,451 views ใƒป 2018-09-11

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:07
โ€œHere lies Arthur, king who was, and king who will be.โ€
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"ืคื” ื ื— ืืจืชื•ืจ, ืžืœืš ืฉื”ื™ื”, ื•ืžืœืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื”."
00:12
So reads the inscription on King Arthurโ€™s gravestone
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ื›ืš ื ืจืื™ืช ื”ื—ืจื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืš ืืจืชื•ืจ
00:16
in Thomas Maloryโ€™s Le Morte dโ€™Arthur.
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ื‘"ืœื” ืžื•ืจื˜ ื“'ืืจืชื•ืจ" ืฉืœ ืชื•ืžืืก ืžืœื•ืจื™.
00:20
Writing in the 15th century,
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ื›ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืžืื” ื” 15,
00:22
Malory couldnโ€™t have known how prophetic this inscription would turn out to be.
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ืžืœื•ืจื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื“ืขืช ื›ืžื” ื ื‘ื•ืื™ืช ื”ื”ืงื“ืฉื” ื”ื–ื• ืชื”ื™ื”.
00:27
King Arthur has risen again and again in our collective imagination,
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ื”ืžืœืš ืืจืชื•ืจ ืขืœื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœื ื•,
00:31
along with his retinue of knights,
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืื•ืกืฃ ื”ืื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื•,
00:33
Guinevere,
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ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื‘ืจ,
00:34
the Round Table,
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ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ืขื’ื•ืœ,
00:35
Camelot,
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ืงืืžืœื•ื˜,
00:36
and of course, Excalibur.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืืงืกืงืœื™ื‘ืจ.
00:39
But where do these stories come from, and is there any truth to them?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืื™ืคื” ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื, ื•ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืืžืช?
00:44
King Arthur as we know him is a creation of the later Middle Ages,
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ื”ืžืœืš ืืจืชื•ืจ ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื™ื,
00:48
but his legend actually has its roots in Celtic poetry from an earlier time:
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืื’ื“ื” ืฉืœื• ื™ืฉ ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืงืœื˜ื™ืช ืžื–ืžื ื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ:
00:54
the Saxon invasions of Britain.
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ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ื”ืกืงืกื•ื ื™ืช ืœื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”.
00:57
After the Romans left Britain in 410 CE,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื ืขื–ื‘ื• ืืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื‘ 410 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”,
01:01
Saxon invaders from whatโ€™s now Germany and Denmark
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ื”ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื ื”ืกืงืกื•ื ื™ื ืžืžื” ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืŸ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื•ื“ื ืžืจืง
01:04
quickly capitalized on the vulnerability of the abandoned territory.
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ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื‘ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื ื˜ื•ืฉื•ืช.
01:09
The inhabitants of Britain fought fiercely against the invaders
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ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื ืœื—ืžื• ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื‘ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื
01:12
through several centuries of turmoil.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื‘ื•ืœืช.
01:15
There are hardly any written records from this time,
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ืื™ืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื,
01:18
so itโ€™s difficult to reconstruct an accurate history.
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ืื– ืงืฉื” ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงืช.
01:21
However, surviving poetry from the era gives us some clues.
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืฉืจื“ื” ืžื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœื ื• ื›ืžื” ืจืžื–ื™ื.
01:26
One of the poems, The Gododdin, contains the very first reference to Arthur,
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ืื—ืช ื”ืคื•ืืžื•ืช, ื”ื’ื•ื“ื•ื“ื™ืŸ, ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืื–ื›ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืืจืชื•ืจ,
01:31
though Arthur himself doesnโ€™t actually appear in it.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืืจืชื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื”.
01:34
It says a different warrior, named Gwawrddur,
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ื”ื™ื ืžืกืคืจืช ืฉืœื•ื—ื ืื—ืจ, ื‘ืฉื ื’ื•ื•ืื•ื•ืจื“ื•ืจ,
01:37
was skilled at slaying his enemies, but was no Arthur.
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ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ืžืŸ ื‘ืงื˜ื™ืœืช ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื•, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืืจืชื•ืจ.
01:42
Thatโ€™s not much to go on,
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœื™ื•,
01:43
but whoever this Arthur was,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืืจืชื•ืจ,
01:45
he mustโ€™ve been the gold standard of warriors.
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ื”ื•ื ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ ืœืœื•ื—ืžื™ื.
01:48
Whether he ruled anyone, or even lived at all is, unfortunately, less clear.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉืœื˜ ื‘ืžื™ืฉื”ื•, ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ื™ ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ ื–ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจ.
01:54
Despite this uncertainty,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื”ื–ื•,
01:56
references to Arthur caught the attention of an aspiring historian
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ืื–ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืœืืจืชื•ืจ ืœื›ื“ื• ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืืคืชืŸ
02:00
hundreds of years later.
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ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ.
02:01
In 1130, Geoffrey of Monmouth was a lowly cleric with grand ambitions.
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ื‘ 1130, ื’'ืคืจื™ ืžืžื•ื ืžืื•ืช' ื”ื™ื” ืคืงื™ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขื ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช.
02:08
Using Celtic and Latin sources,
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ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืงืœื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ื,
02:11
he spent years creating a lengthy chronicle
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื›ืจื•ื ื™ืงื” ืืจื•ื›ื”
02:13
titled, "The History of the Kings of Britain."
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ื‘ืฉื "ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื›ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”."
02:17
The centerpiece of this tome was King Arthur.
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ื’ื•ืœืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืœืš ืืจืชื•ืจ.
02:20
History is a generous term for Geoffreyโ€™s account.
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ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ื ื“ื™ื‘ ืœืชืขื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื’'ืื•ืคืจื™.
02:24
Writing six hundred years after the Saxon invasions,
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ื›ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉืฉ ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ื”ืกืงืกื•ื ื™ืช,
02:27
he cobbled together fragments of myth and poetry
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ื”ื•ื ืืกืฃ ื›ืžื” ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืจื”
02:30
to compensate for the almost complete lack of official records.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืฆื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื’ืžื•ืจ ื‘ืชืขื•ื“ ืจืฉืžื™.
02:34
A few of his sources contained mentions of Arthur,
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื• ืืช ืืจืชื•ืจ,
02:37
and some others were realistic accounts of battles and places.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืžื” ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืชืขื•ื“ื™ื ืจืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช.
02:40
But many featured mythic heroes fighting long odds
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืœืœื• ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ืฉื ืœื—ืžื• ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืงืœื•ืฉื™ื
02:43
with the help of magical swords and sorcery.
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื—ืจื‘ื•ืช ืงืกื•ืžื•ืช ื•ื›ื™ืฉื•ืฃ.
02:47
Geoffrey blended them all:
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ื’'ืื•ืคืจื™ ืขืจื‘ ืืช ื›ื•ืœืŸ:
02:48
A magical sword called Caledfwlch
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ื—ืจื‘ ืงืกื•ืžื” ื‘ืฉื ืงืœื“ืคื•ื•ื™ืฅ'
02:51
and a Roman fortress called Caerleon appeared in his source material,
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ื•ืžื‘ืฆืจ ืจื•ืžืื™ ื‘ืฉื ืงืืจืœื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืœื•,
02:55
so Geoffreyโ€™s Arthur ruled from Caerleon and wielded Caliburnus,
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ืื– ืืจืชื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื’'ืื•ืคืจื™ ืฉืœื˜ ืขืœ ืงืืจืœื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืงืืœื‘ื•ืจื ื•ืก,
03:00
the Latin translation of Caledfwlch.
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ื”ืชืจื’ื•ื ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ ืœืงืœื“ืคื•ื•ื™ืฅ'.
03:03
Geoffrey even added a wise counselor named Merlin,
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ื’'ืื•ืคืจื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื—ื›ื ื‘ืฉื ืžืจืœื™ืŸ,
03:06
based on the Celtic bard Myrrdin, to Arthurโ€™s story.
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ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ืงืœื˜ื™ ืžื™ื™ืจื“ื™ืŸ, ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืืจืชื•ืจ.
03:10
If Arthur did live, he would likely have been a military leader,
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ืื ืืจืชื•ืจ ื‘ืืžืช ื—ื™, ื”ื•ื ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืฆื‘ืื™,
03:14
but a castle-bound king better fit Geoffreyโ€™s regal history.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืœืš ืฉืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื˜ื™ืจื” ื”ืชืื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื’'ืื•ืคืจื™.
03:19
Geoffreyโ€™s chronicle got the attention heโ€™d hoped for,
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื’'ืื•ืคืจื™ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืœื” ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื•ื•ื”,
03:21
and was soon translated from Latin into French
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ื•ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืชื•ืจื’ื ืžืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืœืฆืจืคืชื™ืช
03:24
by the poet Wace around 1155 CE.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืกื‘ื™ื‘ 1155 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”.
03:28
Wace added another centerpiece of Arthurian lore to Geoffreyโ€™s sword,
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ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืชื•ืกืคืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ืชื”ื™ืœื” ืืจืชื•ืจื™ืื ื™ืช ืœื—ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื’'ืื•ืคืจื™,
03:32
castle,
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03:32
and wizard:
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ืœื˜ื™ืจื”,
ื•ืœืงื•ืกื:
03:34
the Round Table.
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ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ืขื’ื•ืœ.
03:35
He wrote that Arthur had the table constructed
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืืจืชื•ืจ ื“ืื’ ืฉื™ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ
03:38
so that all guests in his court would be equally placed,
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ื›ืš ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืฆืจื• ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืžื•ืงืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื”,
03:41
and none could boast that he had the highest position at the table.
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ื•ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื’ืื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ.
03:45
After reading Waceโ€™s translation, another French poet, Chrรฉtien de Troyes,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืงืจื ืืช ื”ืชืจื’ื•ื ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืฉืจื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื” ื˜ืจื•ื™ื™ืก,
03:51
wrote a series of romances that catapulted Arthurโ€™s story to fame.
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ื›ืชื‘ ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ืžื ื™ื ืฉื”ื–ื ื™ืงื• ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืืจืชื•ืจ ืœืชื”ื™ืœื”.
03:55
He introduced tales of individual knights like Lancelot and Gawain,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืœืื ืกืœื•ื˜ ื•ื’ืื•ื•ื™ืŸ,
04:00
and mixed elements of romance in with the adventures.
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ื•ืขื™ืจื‘ ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื•ืžืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ื”ืจืคืชืงืื•ืช.
04:03
He conceived Arthur,
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ื”ื•ื ืชืืจ ืืช ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืืจืชื•ืจ,
04:05
Lancelot,
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ืœืื ืกืœื•ื˜,
04:06
and Guinevereโ€™s love triangle.
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ื•ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื‘ืจ.
04:08
In addition to interpersonal intrigue, he also introduced the Holy Grail.
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืข ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ.
04:14
Chrรฉtien probably based his Grailโ€™s powers on magical objects in Celtic mythology.
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ืฉืจื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื ืจืื” ื‘ื™ืกืก ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื™ื ืงืกื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืงืœื˜ื™ืช.
04:21
He lived in the middle of the Crusades,
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ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืกืขื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื‘,
04:23
and others imposed the preoccupations of the time on the Grail,
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ืคื• ืืช ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืข,
04:28
casting it as a powerful relic from the crucifixion.
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ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืฉืจื™ื“ ื—ื–ืง ืžื”ืฆืœื™ื‘ื”.
04:31
Numerous adaptations in French and other languages
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ื”ืชืืžื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืกืคื•ืจ ื‘ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื•ืฉืคื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
04:34
followed from Chrรฉtienโ€™s work.
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ื‘ืื• ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืจื˜ื™ื™ืŸ.
04:37
In the course of these retellings, Caerleon became Camelot,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื”ืืœื”, ืงืจืœืื•ืŸ ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืงืžืœื•ื˜,
04:41
and Caliburnus was rechristened Excalibur.
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ื•ืงืœื™ื‘ื•ืจื ื•ืก ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืืงืกืงืœื™ื‘ืจ.
04:44
In the 15th century,
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ื‘ืžืื” ื” 15,
04:45
Sir Thomas Malory synthesized these stories in Le Morte Dโ€™arthur,
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ืกืจ ืชื•ืžืืก ืžืืœื•ืจื™ ืกื™ื ืชื– ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘"ืœื” ืžื•ืจื˜ ื“'ืืจืชื•ืจ,"
04:50
the basis of many modern accounts of King Arthur.
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ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชืขื•ื“ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืš ืืจืชื•ืจ.
04:53
In the thousand years since Arthur first appeared in a Celtic poem,
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ื‘ืืœืฃ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื– ืฉืืจืชื•ืจ ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืคื•ืืžื” ื”ืงืœื˜ื™ืช,
04:57
his story has transformed over and over
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื• ื”ืฉืชื ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘
05:00
to reflect the concerns of his chroniclers and their audiences.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืงืฃ ืืช ื”ื“ืื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืœืœื™ื• ื•ื”ืงื”ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
05:04
And weโ€™re still rewriting and adapting the legend today.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืื’ื“ื” ื”ื™ื•ื.
05:08
Whether or not the man ever lived,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืืžืช ืื™ ืคืขื ื—ื™,
05:10
loved,
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reigned,
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ืื”ื‘,
ืฉืœื˜,
05:11
or adventured,
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ืื• ื™ืฆื ืœื”ืจืคืชืงืื•ืช,
05:12
itโ€™s undeniable that the character has achieved immortality.
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ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื’ื” ืืœืžื•ื•ืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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