The origins of ballet - Jennifer Tortorello and Adrienne Westwood

1,121,889 views ใƒป 2016-03-07

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:09
Can you imagine a party where every movement,
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ื”ืื ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื” ื›ืœ ืชื ื•ืขื”,
00:12
from the slightest gesture to walking across the room,
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ืžื”ืžื—ื•ื•ื” ื”ื›ื™ ืงื˜ื ื” ืœื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ื—ื“ืจ,
00:15
and every visual detail,
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ื•ื›ืœ ืคืจื˜ ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™,
00:17
from furniture to hemline length,
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ืžืจื”ื™ื˜ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืžื›ืคืœืช,
00:19
were governed by a complex system of rules and procedures?
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ื ืฉืœื˜ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื?
00:24
For centuries, such rituals were commonplace for European nobility.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื, ื›ืืœื” ื˜ืงืกื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืืฆื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืืจื•ืคืื™ืช.
00:28
And while they've gone out of fashion,
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื ื™ืฆืื• ืžื”ืื•ืคื ื”,
00:30
we recognize the components under a familiar label:
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืชื—ืช ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช:
00:34
ballet.
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ื‘ืœื˜.
00:36
Ballet, from Italian "balletto," or little dance,
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ื‘ืœื˜, ืžื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช "ื‘ืœื˜ื•," ืื• ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ืงื˜ืŸ,
00:40
originated in Renaissance Italy as a combination of social dance
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ืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื ืกื ืก ื›ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™
00:44
and choreographed display at aristocratic gatherings.
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ื•ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ื›ื•ืจืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื.
00:49
In many aspects, it was a way of controlling people in court
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ืžื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื, ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื“ืจืš ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ืฆืจ
00:53
with acceptable forms of behavior,
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ืขื ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช,
00:55
such as the manner in which people stepped, bowed, or took someone's hand.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืขื“ื•, ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื•ื•, ืื• ืœืงื—ื• ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•.
01:00
It also involved rules governing everything from attire
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ื–ื” ื’ื ื›ืœืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืฉืœื˜ื• ื‘ื”ื›ืœ ืžืœื‘ื•ืฉ
01:03
to where one could walk or sit in relation to the King.
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ืœืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืœื›ืช ืื• ืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืœืš.
01:08
Over time, the study of ballet became a central element of court life,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื˜ ื”ืคืš ืœืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื”,
01:13
and proper grasp of the etiquette could make or break one's success as a courtier.
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ื•ืชืคื™ืกื” ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื™ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื• ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื›ืื™ืฉ ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื”.
01:19
Many of these court gestures can still be seen in modern ballet techniques.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ืœื˜ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช.
01:24
Ballet was brought to France in the 16th century
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ื‘ืœื˜ ื”ื•ื‘ื ืœืฆืจืคืช ื‘ืžืื” ื” 16
01:27
by Catherine de' Medici,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื˜ืจื™ืŸ ื“ื” ืžื“ื™ืฆ'ื™,
01:29
the Italian wife of King Henry II.
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ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื ืจื™ ื”ืฉื ื™.
01:32
As celebrations became more lavish, so did the dance,
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ื›ืฉื”ื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื•ืืจื•ืช ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ืจื™ืงื•ื“,
01:36
with dancing masters teaching elaborate steps to young nobles
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ืขื ืžืืกื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืืฆื™ืœื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื
01:39
and story elements providing a unifying theme.
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ื•ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืžืกืคืงื™ื ื ื•ืฉื ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ.
01:44
The focus shifted from participation to performance,
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ื”ืคื•ืงื•ืก ื ืข ืžื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืคืขื”,
01:47
and the form acquired more theatrical trappings,
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ื•ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืจื›ืฉื” ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชืื˜ืจืœื™ื,
01:51
such as professionally designed sets
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ื›ืžื• ืกื˜ื™ื ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช
01:53
and a slightly raised platform or stage with curtains and wings.
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ื•ื‘ืžื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ื”ืช ื›ืžืขื” ืขื ื•ื™ืœื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื.
01:58
But it was in the 17th century court of Louis XIV
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื—ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืœื•ืื™ ื” 14 ื‘ืžืื” ื” 17
02:02
that ballet was refined into the art we know today.
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ื‘ื” ื”ื‘ืœื˜ ืขื•ื“ืŸ ืœืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
02:07
Louis himself had been trained in ballet from childhood.
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ืœื•ืื™ ืขืฆืžื• ืื•ืžืŸ ื‘ื‘ืœื˜ ืžื™ืœื“ื•ืช.
02:10
His early role as the sun god Apollo at age fifteen
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ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ื ืฉืœื• ื›ืืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืืคื•ืœื• ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื—ืžืฉ ืขืฉืจื”
02:14
cemented the central role ballet would play during his reign.
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ืžื™ืฆืง ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉื‘ืœื˜ ื™ืฉื—ืง ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•.
02:18
It also earned him the title of Sun King,
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื–ื™ื›ื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืชื•ืืจ ืžืœืš ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
02:21
with his splendid golden costume and choreography
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ืขื ื”ืชืœื‘ื•ืฉืช ื”ื–ื”ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืช ืฉืœื• ื•ื”ื›ื•ืจืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”
02:24
that promoted the idea of the king as a divinely ordained ruler.
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ืฉืงื™ื“ืžื” ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืš ื›ืฉืœื™ื˜ ืžื•ืกืžืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืœื•ื”ื•ืช.
02:29
Louis would go on to perform 80 roles in 40 major ballets,
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ืœื•ืื™ ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื‘ืฆืข 80 ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ 40 ื‘ืœื˜ื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื,
02:33
either as a majestic lead,
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ืื• ื›ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™,
02:35
or sometimes playing minor or comedic parts
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ืื• ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืฉื™ื—ืง ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืื• ืงื˜ื ื™ื
02:37
before emerging in the lead role as the end.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ.
02:41
He trained daily in ballet,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืืžืŸ ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื ื‘ื‘ืœื˜,
02:43
as well as fencing and riding,
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื‘ืกื™ื™ืฃ ื•ืจื›ื™ื‘ื”,
02:44
and through his example,
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ื•ื“ืจืš ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉืœื•,
02:46
dancing became an essential skill for all gentlemen of the era.
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ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืคืš ืœื›ื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืœื›ืœ ื’'ื ื˜ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื.
02:51
But Louis XIV's main contribution to ballet was not as a performer.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืœื•ืื™ ื” 14 ืœื‘ืœื˜ ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ืžื•ืคื™ืข.
02:55
His founding of the Royal Academy of Dance in 1661
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ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ืช ืœืจื™ืงื•ื“ ื‘ 1661
02:59
shifted control of ballet from local guilds to the royal court.
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ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื‘ืœื˜ ืžื”ื’ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืœื—ืฆืจ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ืช.
03:04
As director,
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ื›ืžื ื”ืœ,
03:06
he appointed his personal ballet master and frequent performance partner
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ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื ื” ืืช ืžืืกื˜ืจ ื”ื‘ืœื˜ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื• ื•ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ืชื›ื•ืฃ
03:10
Pierre Beauchamp,
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ืคื™ื™ืจ ื‘ื•ืฉืืžืค,
03:12
who codified the five main positions of the body still used today.
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ืฉืงื™ื“ื“ ืืช ื—ืžืฉืช ื”ืชื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื™ื•ื.
03:16
Through is collaborations with Jean-Baptiste Lully,
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ื“ืจืš ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœื• ืขื ื–'ืืŸ ื‘ื˜ื™ืกื˜ ืœื•ืœื™,
03:20
the director of the Royal Music Academy,
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ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ืฉืœ ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ืช,
03:22
and famed playwright Moliรจre,
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ื•ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžื•ืœื™ื™ืจ,
03:24
Beauchamp helped establish ballet as a grand spectacle.
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ื‘ื•ืฉืืžืค ืขื–ืจ ืœื‘ืกืก ืืช ื”ื‘ืœื˜ ื›ืžื•ืคืข ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
03:28
And in 1669, a separate ballet academy was founded.
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ื•ื‘ 1669, ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ืช ื‘ืœื˜ ื ืคืจื“ืช ื ื•ืกื“ื”.
03:32
The Paris Opera Ballet survives today as the oldest ballet company in the world.
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ื‘ืœื˜ ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ืคืจื™ื–ืื™ืช ืฉื•ืจื“ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ืœื˜ ื”ื›ื™ ื•ืชื™ืงื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
03:39
Ballet moved away from the royal court to the theater
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ื”ื‘ืœื˜ ื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžื”ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ืช ืœืชืื˜ืจื•ืŸ
03:42
and survived the democratic revolutions and reforms
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ื•ืฉืจื“ ืืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช
03:46
that followed over the next century.
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ืฉืขืงื‘ื• ื‘ืžืื” ื”ื‘ืื”.
03:49
With the advent of the romantic movement,
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ืขื ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช,
03:51
fantasy and folklore themes became common motifs.
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ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ื•ืคื•ืœืงืœื•ืจ ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื.
03:55
And though the influence of ballet in France would decline,
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืœื˜ ื‘ืฆืจืคืช ืชืคื—ืช,
03:58
other countries, such as Russia,
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ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืจื•ืกื™ื”,
04:00
would play a major role in its further development.
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ื™ืฉื—ืงื• ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื•.
04:03
Fortunately, today most of us don't have to learn a complicated set of steps
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื”ื™ื•ื ืจื•ื‘ื ื• ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืกื˜ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฆืขื“ื™ื
04:07
just to socialize at a wedding.
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ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืขืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ืชื•ื ื”.
04:09
Instead, we can go to the theater to see professionals
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ืœืชืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื ื™ื
04:13
who spend their lives training rigorously
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ืฉืžื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื‘ืœื”ืชืืžืŸ ื‘ืงืคื“ื ื•ืช
04:15
to perform feats that would have been unimagineable in Louis XIV's day.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžืขืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืœื•ืื™ ื” 14.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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