The Egyptian myth of the death of Osiris - Alex Gendler

3,939,506 views ใƒป 2020-07-16

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:07
It was a feast like Egypt had never seen before.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืชื” ืฉืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ืœื ืจืืชื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ.
00:10
The warrior god Set and his wife, the goddess Nephtys,
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ื”ืืœ ื”ืœื•ื—ื ืกืช' ื•ืืฉืชื•, ื”ืืœื” ื ืคื™ื˜ื™ืก,
00:14
decorated an extravagant hall for the occasion,
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ืขื™ื˜ืจื• ืืช ื”ืื•ืœื ื”ืจืื•ื•ืชื ื™ ืœืžืื•ืจืข,
00:17
with a beautiful wooden chest as the centerpiece.
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ืขื ืืจื•ืŸ ืขืฅ ื™ืคื™ืคื” ื›ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™.
00:20
They invited all the most important gods, dozens of lesser deities,
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ื”ื ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืœื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื, ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื”ืืœื™ื ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื,
00:24
and foreign monarchs.
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ื•ืžืœื›ื™ื ื–ืจื™ื.
00:26
But no one caused as big a stir as Set and Nephtysโ€™s older brother Osiris,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื’ืจื ืœืžื”ื•ืžื” ื›ืžื• ืื—ื™ื• ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืกืชโ€ฒ ื•ื ืคื™ื˜ื™ืก,
00:32
the god who ruled all of Egypt and had brought prosperity to everyone.
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ื”ืืœ ืฉืฉืœื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ืœื›ื•ืœื.
00:37
Set announced a gameโ€”
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ืกืช' ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืขืœ ืžืฉื—ืง --
00:39
whoever could fit perfectly in the chest could have it as a gift.
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ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ืฉืœื ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ื›ืžืชื ื”.
00:43
One by one, the guests clambered in, but no one fit.
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ืื—ื“ ืื—ื“, ื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื”ืฉืชื—ืœื• ืคื ื™ืžื”, ืื‘ืœ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื”ืชืื™ื.
00:47
Finally, it was Osirisโ€™s turn.
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ื’ื™ืข ืชื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืกื™ืจื™ืก.
00:50
As he lay down, everyone could see it was a perfect fitโ€”
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืฉื›ื‘, ื›ื•ืœื ืจืื• ืืช ื”ื”ืชืืžื” ื”ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช --
00:53
another win for the god who could do no wrong.
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ื ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืืœ ืฉืœื ื™ื›ืœ ืœื˜ืขื•ืช.
00:57
Then Set slammed the lid down with Osiris still inside, sealed it shut,
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ืื– ืกืชโ€ฒ ื˜ืจืง ืืช ื”ืžื›ืกื” ื›ืฉืื•ืกื™ืจื™ืก ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ื, ื•ืื˜ื ืื•ืชื•,
01:03
and tossed it into the Nile.
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ื•ื–ืจืง ืื•ืชื• ืœื ื™ืœื•ืก.
01:05
The chest was a coffin.
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ื”ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืืจื•ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืจื”.
01:07
Set had constructed it specifically to trap his brother
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ืกืช' ื‘ื ื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ืืช ืื—ื™ื•
01:11
and planned the party to lure him into it.
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ื•ืชื›ื ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืœืชื•ื›ื•.
01:14
Set had long been jealous of his brotherโ€™s successful reign,
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ืกืชโ€ฒ ืงื™ื ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื‘ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฆืœื— ืฉืœ ืื—ื™ื•,
01:17
and hoped to replace him as the ruler of all Egypt.
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ื•ืงื™ื•ื•ื” ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืื•ืชื• ื›ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื.
01:22
The Nile bore the coffin out to sea and it drifted for many days
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ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก ื ืฉื ืืช ื”ืืจื•ืŸ ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืกื—ืฃ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื
01:26
before washing ashore near Byblos, where a great cedar grew around it.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืกื—ืฃ ืœื—ื•ืฃ ืœื™ื“ ื’ื‘ืœ, ืฉื ืืจื– ื’ื“ืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•.
01:31
The essence of the god within gave the tree a divine aura,
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ืชืžืฆื™ืช ื”ืืœ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื ืชื ื” ืœืขืฅ ื”ื™ืœื” ืงื“ื•ืฉื”,
01:35
and when the king of Byblos noticed it,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ืžืœืš ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื”,
01:37
he ordered the tree cut down and brought to his palace.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืจื” ืœื›ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืฅ ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœืืจืžื•ืŸ.
01:40
Unbeknownst to him,
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ืœืœื ื™ื“ื™ืขืชื•,
01:42
the coffin containing Egyptโ€™s most powerful god was still inside.
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ื”ืืจื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืืœ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ื–ืง ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ื.
01:47
Setโ€™s victory seemed complete, but he hadnโ€™t counted on his sisters.
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ื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกืชโ€ฒ ื ืจืื” ืžื•ืฉืœื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืœืงื— ืืช ืื—ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ.
01:51
Setโ€™s wife Nephtys was also his sister,
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ืืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ืกืช' ื ืคื™ื˜ื™ืก ื”ื™ืชื” ื’ื ืื—ื•ืชื•,
01:54
while their other sister, the goddess Isis,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื—ื•ืชื ื”ืื—ืจืช, ื”ืืœื” ืื™ืกื™ืก,
01:57
was married to their brother Osiris.
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ื ื™ืฉืื” ืœืื—ื™ื”ื ื”ืื—ืจ, ืื•ืกื™ืจื™ืก.
01:59
Isis was determined to find Osiris,
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ืื™ืกื™ืก ื”ื™ืชื” ื ื—ื•ืฉื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ืื•ืกื™ืจื™ืก,
02:02
and enlisted Nephtysโ€™s help behind Setโ€™s back.
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ื•ื’ื™ื™ืกื” ืืช ืขื–ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ื ืคื™ื˜ื™ืก ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื’ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืกืชโ€™.
02:05
The two sisters took the shape of falcons and travelled far and wide.
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ืฉืชื™ ื”ืื—ื™ื•ืช ืœืงื—ื• ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื–ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ืคืฉื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
02:10
Some children who had seen the coffin float by
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ื›ืžื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืจืื• ืืช ื”ืืจื•ืŸ ืฆืฃ ืœื™ื“ื
02:13
pointed them to the palace of Byblos.
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื• ืื•ืชืŸ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืืจืžื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ืœ.
02:16
Isis adopted a new disguise and approached the palace.
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ืื™ืกื™ืก ืื™ืžืฆื” ืชื—ืคื•ืฉืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ื ื™ื’ืฉื” ืœืืจืžื•ืŸ.
02:19
The queen was so charmed by the disguised goddess
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ื”ืžืœื›ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ื•ืงืกืžื” ืžื”ืืœื” ื‘ืชื—ืคื•ืฉืช
02:22
that she entrusted her with nursing the baby prince.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ื‘ื” ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื ืกื™ืš ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง.
02:26
Isis decided to make the child immortal by bathing him in flame.
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ืื™ืกื™ืก ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ืœื‘ืŸ ืืœืžื•ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื—ืฆืชื• ื‘ืืฉ.
02:31
When the horrified queen came upon this scene,
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ื›ืฉื”ืžืœื›ื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ืขืชืช ืจืืชื” ืืช ื”ืžื—ื–ื”,
02:34
Isis revealed herself and demanded the tree.
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ืื™ืกื™ืก ื’ื™ืœืชื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ื•ื“ืจืฉื” ืืช ื”ืขืฅ.
02:38
When she cut the coffin from the trunk and opened it,
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ืชื›ื” ืืช ื”ืืจื•ืŸ ืžื”ื’ื–ืข ื•ืคืชื—ื” ืื•ืชื•,
02:41
Osiris was dead inside.
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ืื•ืกื™ืจื™ืก ื”ื™ื” ืžืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื.
02:44
Weeping, she carried his body back to Egypt and hid it in a swamp,
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ื‘ื‘ื›ื™, ื”ื™ื ื ืฉืื” ืืช ื’ื•ืคื• ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื‘ื™ืื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื”,
02:48
while she set off in search of a means of resurrecting him.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืœื—ืคืฉ ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืชื•.
02:51
But while she was gone,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื,
02:53
Set found the body and cut it into many pieces,
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ืกืช' ืžืฆื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื” ื•ื—ืชืš ืื•ืชื” ืœื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช,
02:57
scattering them throughout Egypt.
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ื•ืคื™ื–ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื.
02:59
Isis had lost Osiris for the second time, but she did not give up.
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ืื™ืกื™ืก ืื™ื‘ื“ื” ืืช ืื•ืกื™ืจื™ืก ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ืชื™ื™ืืฉื”.
03:04
She searched all over the land, traveling in a boat of papyrus.
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ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ืคืฉื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื”ืคืœื™ื’ื” ื‘ืกื™ืจืช ืคืคื™ืจื•ืก.
03:08
One by one, she tracked down the parts
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ืื—ืช ืื—ืช, ื”ื™ื ืื™ืชืจื” ืืช ื”ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช
03:10
of her husbandโ€™s dismembered body in every province of Egypt,
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ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื—ื•ื– ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื,
03:15
holding a funeral for each piece.
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ื•ืงื™ื™ืžื” ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื” ืœื›ืœ ืคื™ืกื”.
03:17
At long last, she had recovered every piece but oneโ€”
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ื™ื ืžืฆืื” ื›ืœ ืคื™ืกื” ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืื—ืช --
03:21
his penis, which a fish in the Nile had eaten.
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ื”ืคื™ืŸ, ืฉื“ื’ ื‘ื ื™ืœื•ืก ืื›ืœ.
03:26
Working with what she had, Isis reconstructed and revived her husband.
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืขื ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื”, ืื™ืกื™ืก ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ืชื” ืืช ื‘ืขืœื”.
03:31
But without his penis, Osiris was incomplete.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืœื™ ืคื™ืŸ, ืื•ืกื™ืจื™ืก ื”ื™ื” ืœื ืฉืœื.
03:34
He could not remain among the living,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
03:36
could not return to his old position as ruler of Egypt.
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ืœื ื™ื›ืœ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ื›ืฉืœื™ื˜ ืžืฆืจื™ื.
03:40
Instead, he would have to rule over Duat, the realm of the dead.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื“ื•ืื˜, ืžืžืœื›ืช ื”ืžืชื™ื.
03:45
Before he went, though, he and Isis conceived a son to bear Osirisโ€™s legacyโ€”
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืœืš, ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื ื‘ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืกื™ืจื™ืก --
03:51
and one day, avenge him.
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ื•ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืœื ืงื•ื ืื•ืชื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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