Why are frogs disappearing? - Kerry M. Kriger

391,839 views ใƒป 2013-09-16

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:07
Have you ever heard the sound of frogs
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ื”ืื ืื™ ืคืขื ืฉืžืขืชื ืืช ืฆืœื™ืœ ื”ืฆืคืจื“ืขื™ื
00:08
calling at night?
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ื”ืงื•ืจืื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ืœื”?
00:10
For hundreds of millions of years,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
00:11
this croaking lullaby has filled the nighttime air.
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ื”ืงืจืงื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžื™ืœื ืืช ืฉืžื™ ื”ืœื™ืœื”.
00:15
But recent studies suggest
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืžืจืื™ื
00:16
that these frogs are in danger
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ืฉื”ืฆืคืจื“ืขื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืกื›ื ื”
00:18
of playing their final note.
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ืฉื™ื ื’ื ื• ืืช ื”ืชื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
00:20
Over the past few decades,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื,
00:21
amphibian populations have been rapidly disappearing worldwide.
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ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืชื“ืœื“ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
00:25
Nearly one-third of the world's amphibian species
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžืžื™ื ื™ ื”ื“ื• ื—ื™ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื
00:28
are endanger of extinction,
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ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ื”ื›ื—ื“ื”,
00:29
and over 100 species have already disappeared.
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืื” ืžื™ื ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืขืœืžื•.
00:32
But don't worry, there's still hope.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืœ ืชื“ืื’ื•, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืชืงื•ื•ื”.
00:35
Before we get into how to save the frogs,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืื™ืš ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืฆืคืจื“ืขื™ื,
00:37
let's start by taking a look
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื‘ื™ื˜
00:38
at why they're disappearing
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ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ื™ืขืœืžื•ืชืŸ,
00:40
and why it's important to keep them around.
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ื•ืœืžื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
00:42
Habitat destruction is the number one problem
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ื”ืจื™ืกืช ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืžื—ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช
00:44
for frog populations around the world.
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ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืฆืคืจื“ืขื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื.
00:47
There are seven billion humans on the planet,
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื‘ืขื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
00:49
and we compete with frogs for habitat.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ืจื™ื ืขื ื”ืฆืคืจื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื™ื”.
00:52
We build cities, suburbs, and farms
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืขืจื™ื, ืคืจื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ื—ื•ื•ืช
00:54
on top of frog habitat
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ืขืœ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืคืจื“ืขื™ื
00:55
and chop forests
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ื•ื›ื•ืจืชื™ื ื™ืขืจื•ืช
00:57
and drain the wetlands
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ื•ืžื ืงื–ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืช
00:58
that serve as home
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ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื›ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืžื—ื™ื”
00:59
for numerous amphibian populations.
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ืœืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื“ื• ื—ื™ื™ื.
01:01
Climate change alters precipitation levels,
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืงืœื™ื ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืงืขื™ื,
01:04
drying up ponds, streams, and cloud forests.
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ืžื™ื™ื‘ืฉ ืืช ื”ืฉืœื•ืœื™ื•ืช, ื”ื ื—ืœื™ื, ื•ืืช ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืขื ื ื™ื.
01:07
As the Earth's human population continues to grow,
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ื›ืฉืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ,
01:10
so will the threats amphibians face.
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ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ืื™ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ื“ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื’ื“ืœ.
01:13
There are a variety of other factors
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ื™ืฉ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
01:14
contributing to the frogs' decline.
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ืฉืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืคืจื“ืขื™ื.
01:17
Over-harvesting for the pet and food trade
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ืงืฆื™ืจ ื™ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืกืงื™ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืื•ื›ืœ
01:19
results in millions of frogs
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ื’ื•ืจื ืœื–ื” ืฉืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฆืคืจื“ืขื™ื
01:20
being taken out of the wild each year.
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ืžื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”.
01:23
Invasive species,
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ืžื™ื ื™ื ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื,
01:24
such as non-native trout and crawfish,
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ื›ืžื• ื˜ืจื•ื˜ื•ืช ืœื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืื• ืฉืคืžื ื•ื ื™ื,
01:26
eat native frogs.
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ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืฆืคืจื“ืขื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช.
01:28
Humans are facilitating the spread
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช
01:29
of infectious diseases
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ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืงื•ืช
01:30
by shipping over 100 million amphibians
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉืœื•ื— 100 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื• ื—ื™ื™ื
01:32
around the world each year
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ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”
01:34
for use as food, pets, bait,
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ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื›ืื•ื›ืœ, ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืžื“, ืคืชื™ื•ืŸ,
01:37
and in laboratories and zoos,
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ื•ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื•ื’ื ื™ ื—ื™ื•ืช,
01:38
with few regulations or quarantines.
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ืขื ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืื• ื”ืกื’ืจ.
01:41
One of these diseases,
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ืื—ืช ืžื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
01:42
chytridiomycosis,
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ืกื™ื˜ืจื™ื“ื™ื•ืžื™ืงื•ืกื™ืก,
01:44
has driven stream-dwelling amphibian populations
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ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื—ืœื™ื
01:46
to extinction
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ืœืกืฃ ื”ื”ื›ื—ื“ื”
01:47
in Africa,
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ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
01:48
Australia,
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ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”,
01:49
Europe,
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01:49
and North, Central, and South America.
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ืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
ื•ืฆืคื•ืŸ, ืžืจื›ื– ื•ื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
01:52
On top of all these problems,
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
01:54
we add hundreds of millions of kilograms of pesticides
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืงื™ืœื•ื’ืจืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ื˜ืœื™ ื—ืจืงื™ื
01:57
to our ecosystems each year.
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ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”.
01:59
And these chemicals are easily absorbed
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ื•ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ืกืคื’ื™ื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช
02:00
through amphibians' permeable skin,
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ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื•ืจ ื”ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื• ื—ื™ื™ื,
02:02
causing immunosuppression,
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ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ,
02:04
or a weakened immune system,
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ื•ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœืฉืช,
02:05
and developmental deformities.
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ื•ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืคื’ืžื™ื.
02:08
Okay, so why are these little green guys
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืื– ืœืžื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
02:10
worth keeping around?
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ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืžื™ืจื”?
02:12
Frogs are important for a multitude of reasons.
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ืฆืคืจื“ืขื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช.
02:14
They're an integral part of the food web,
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ื”ืŸ ื—ืœืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ ืžืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
02:16
eating flies, ticks, mosquitoes,
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ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื, ืงืจืฆื™ื•ืช, ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื,
02:18
and other disease vectors,
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ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื,
02:20
thus, protecting us against malaria,
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ืœื›ืŸ, ืžื’ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื ื• ืžืžืœืจื™ื”,
02:22
dengue fever,
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ืงื“ื—ืช ื“ื ื’ื™,
02:23
and other illnesses.
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ื•ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
02:25
Tadpoles keep waterways clean
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ืจืืฉื ื™ื ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ื ืงื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืžื™ื
02:27
by feeding on algae,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื›ื™ืœืช ืืฆื•ืช,
02:28
reducing the demand
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ื•ืžืคื—ื™ืชื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš
02:29
on our community's filtration systems
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ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืกื™ื ื•ืŸ
02:31
and keeping our cost of water low.
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ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื ืžื•ืš.
02:33
Frogs serve as a source of food
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ืฆืคืจื“ืขื™ื ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืžื–ื•ืŸ
02:35
for birds, fish, snakes, dragonflies, and even monkeys.
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ืœืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื“ื’ื™ื, ื ื—ืฉื™ื, ืฉืคื™ืจื™ื•ืช, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืงื•ืคื™ื.
02:39
When frogs disappear,
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ื›ืฉื”ืฆืคืจื“ืขื™ื ื ืขืœืžื•ืช,
02:40
the food web is disturbed,
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ืจืฉืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืคืจืขืช,
02:42
and other animals can disappear as well.
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ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืขืœื ื’ื ื”ืŸ.
02:45
Amphibians are also extremely important
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ื“ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื’ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ื“
02:47
in human medicine.
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ื‘ืจืคื•ืื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
02:48
Over ten percent of the Nobel prizes
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขืฉืจื” ืื—ื•ื– ืžืคืจืกื™ ื”ื ื•ื‘ืœ
02:50
in physiology and medicine
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ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืจืคื•ืื”
02:52
have gone to researchers
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ื”ืœื›ื• ืœื—ื•ืงืจื™ื
02:53
whose work depended on amphibians.
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ืฉื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื”ืกืชืžื›ื” ืขืœ ื“ื• ื—ื™ื™ื.
02:56
Some of the antimicrobial peptides
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืคืคื˜ื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืื ื˜ื™-ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ืืœื™ื™ื
02:58
on frog skin can kill HIV,
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ืขืœ ืขื•ืจ ื”ืฆืคืจื“ืขื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื•ื’ HIV,
03:00
some act as pain killers,
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ื›ืžื” ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื›ื›ื™ ื›ืื‘ื™ื,
03:01
and others serve as natural mosquito repellents.
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื•ื—ื™ ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื.
03:05
Many discoveries await us
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื›ื•ืช ืœื ื•
03:06
if we can save the frogs,
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ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฆืคืจื“ืขื™ื,
03:08
but when a frog species disappears,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืžื™ืŸ ืฆืคืจื“ืข ื ืขืœื,
03:10
so does any promise it holds
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ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉืœื•
03:11
for improving human health.
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ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืื“ื.
03:13
Fortunately, there are lots of ways you can help,
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ืœืžื–ืœื ื•, ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ,
03:16
and the best place to start
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ื•ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ
03:17
is by improving your ecological footprint
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ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื˜ื ืช ื˜ื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืจื’ืœ ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื
03:19
and day-to-day actions.
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ื•ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช.
03:21
The next time you listen to that nighttime lullaby,
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ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืืชื ืžืงืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืจ ื”ืขืจืฉ ื”ื”ื•ื,
03:24
don't think of it as just another background noise,
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ืืœ ืชืชื™ื—ืกื• ืืœื™ื• ื›ืืœ ืจืขืฉ ืจืงืข,
03:26
hear it as a call for help,
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ืฉืžืขื• ืื•ืชื• ื›ืงืจื™ืื” ืœืขื–ืจื”,
03:28
sung in perfect croaking harmony.
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ืฉืžื•ืฉืจืช ื‘ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ืžืงืจืงืจืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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