What makes tuberculosis (TB) the world's most infectious killer? - Melvin Sanicas

2,535,323 views ใƒป 2019-06-27

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:07
In 2008, archeologists uncovered two 9,000-year old skeletons.
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ื‘- 2008, ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ 9000 ืฉื ื”.
00:14
Thereโ€™s no definitive way of knowing what killed these ancient people,
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ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงืช ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ื”ืจื’ ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
00:17
but we do know their bones were infected by an all too familiar bacterium.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื ื’ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:24
The ancient Greeks knew its consumptive effects as phthisis;
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ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืžืขื›ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื›ืคืชื™ืกื™ืก;
00:28
the Incans called it chaky oncay; and the English called it tuberculosis.
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ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื™ื ืงื” ืงืจืื• ืœื–ื” ืฆ'ืืงื™ ืื•ื ืงื™ื™; ื•ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ื ืงืจืื• ืœื–ื” ืฉื—ืคืช.
00:34
Today, tuberculosis, or TB,
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉื—ืคืช, ืื• TB,
00:37
is still one of the worldโ€™s biggest infectious killers,
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ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืจื•ืฆื—ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืงื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
00:40
causing more deaths than malaria or even HIV and AIDS.
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ืฉื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ืชื•ืช ืžืžืœืจื™ื” ืื• HIV ื•ืื™ื™ื“ืก.
00:45
But what exactly is this disease, and how has this pathogen persisted for so long?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ื–ื•, ื•ืื™ืš ื”ืคืชื•ื’ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื” ืจื‘?
00:51
Typically, TB bacteria called mycobacterium tuberculosis, are airborne.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™, ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉื—ืคืช ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืžื™ืงื•ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ืจืงื•ืœื•ืกื™ืก, ื ื™ืฉืืช ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ.
00:57
They travel into our airways and infect our lungs.
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ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื•ืžื“ื‘ื™ืงื” ืืช ื”ืจื™ืื•ืช.
01:00
Here, immune cells called macrophages rush to the infection site,
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ืคื”, ืชืื™ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืžืืงืจื•ืคืื’ื™ื ืžืžื”ืจื™ื ืœืืชืจ ื”ื”ื“ื‘ืงื”,
01:05
attempting to absorb and break down the bacterial invaders.
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ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืกืคื•ื’ ื•ืœืคืจืง ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ืืœื™ื™ื.
01:09
In many cases, this response is enough to remove the bacteria.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžืกืคื™ืงื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื”.
01:13
But in individuals with other medical conditionsโ€“
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื --
01:16
ranging from malnutrition and HIV to diabetes and pregnancy
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ืฉื ืขื™ื ืžืชื–ื•ื ื” ืœืงื•ื™ื™ื” ื•ืื™ื™ื“ืก ื•ืขื“ ืกื›ืจืช ื•ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ
01:20
โ€“the immune response may not be strong enough to destroy the intruder.
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-- ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืœื ื—ื–ืงื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœืฉ.
01:25
If so, mycobacterium tuberculosis will reproduce inside those macrophages,
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ืื ื›ืš, ืžื™ืงื•ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ืจืงื•ืœื•ืกื™ืก ื™ืชืจื‘ื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืืงืจื•ืคืื’ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
01:31
and form colonies in the surrounding lung tissue.
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ื•ื™ืฆืจื• ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจืงืžืช ื”ืจื™ืื” ื”ืžืงื™ืคื”.
01:35
As they infect more cells,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžื“ื‘ื™ืงื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืชืื™ื,
01:36
the bacteria employ cell-degrading enzymes that destroy the infected tissue,
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ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื” ืžืคืขื™ืœื” ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ืžืคืจืงื™ ืชืื™ื ืฉืžืฉืžื™ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืงืžื” ื”ื ื’ื•ืขื”,
01:42
triggering chest pain, and causing patients to cough up blood.
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ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื›ืื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ื”, ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืขืœ ื“ื.
01:46
The damage to the lungs leads to oxygen deprivation.
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ื”ื ื–ืง ืœืจื™ืื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื—ืžืฆืŸ.
01:50
This begins a flood of hormonal changesโ€“
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ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืฉื™ื˜ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ืœื™ื™ื --
01:52
including a decrease in appetite and iron production.
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ืฉื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื”ืคื—ืชื” ื‘ืชื™ืื‘ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืจื–ืœ.
01:56
From here, microbes can spread to the skeletal system,
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ืžื›ืืŸ, ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืœื“,
01:59
causing back pain and difficulty moving;
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ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื›ืื‘ื™ ื’ื‘ ื•ืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”;
02:02
to the kidneys and intestines, causing abdominal pain;
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ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืžืขื™, ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื›ืื‘ื™ ื‘ื˜ืŸ;
02:05
and to the brain, causing headaches and even impaired consciousness.
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ื•ืœืžื•ื—, ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื›ืื‘ื™ ืจืืฉ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ื›ืจื” ืœืงื•ื™ื”.
02:10
These symptoms produce the classic image of TB:
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ื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื—ืคืช:
02:14
weight loss, a hacking, bloody cough, and ashen skin.
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ืื‘ื“ืŸ ืžืฉืงืœ, ืฉื™ืขื•ืœ ื—ื“ ื•ืžื“ืžื, ื•ืขื•ืจ ืืคื•ืจ.
02:19
This ghostly appearance earned TB the title of the โ€˜White Plagueโ€™
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ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ื–ื• ื–ื™ื›ืชื” ืืช ื”ืฉื—ืคืช ื‘ืชื•ืืจ "ื”ืžื’ืคื” ื”ืœื‘ื ื”"
02:23
in Victorian-era England.
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ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื”ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ืื ื™ืช.
02:25
During this period, tuberculosis was considered a โ€˜romantic disease,'
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื”ื™ื, ืฉื—ืคืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ืœ"ืžื—ืœื” ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช",
02:29
because it tended to affect poverty- stricken artists and poetsโ€“
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื˜ืชื” ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืืžื ื™ื ื•ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ื --
02:33
those with weaker immune systems.
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ืืœื” ืขื ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœืฉื•ืช.
02:36
TBโ€™s outward symptoms even helped fuel the popular myth of vampirism.
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ื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื—ืคืช ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื–ืจื• ืœืชื“ืœืง ืืช ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืก ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ืขืœ ืขืจืคื“ื™ื.
02:42
In spite ofโ€“ or perhaps because of these less than scientific concerns,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช, ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื“ืื’ื•ืช ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
02:47
this period also marked the first strides toward curing TB.
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ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื–ื• ืกื•ืžื ื” ื’ื ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื”ืฉื—ืคืช.
02:52
In 1882, the German physician Robert Koch
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ื‘- 1882, ื”ืจื•ืคื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืจื•ื‘ืจ ืงื•ืš
02:56
identified the diseaseโ€™s bacterial origins.
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ื–ื™ื”ื” ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ืืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื”.
02:59
13 years later, physicist Wilhelm Roentgenโ€ฏ discovered the X-ray,
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13 ืฉื ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืจื•ืคื ื•ื•ื™ืœื”ืœื ืจื ื˜ื’ืŸ ื’ื™ืœื” ืืช ืงืจื ื™ ื”- X,
03:04
enabling physicians to diagnose and track its progression through the body.
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ืฉืืคืฉืจื• ืœืจื•ืคืื™ื ืœืื‘ื—ืŸ ื•ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ.
03:09
These techniques allowed researchers to develop reliable and effective vaccinesโ€“
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ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืื™ืคืฉืจื• ืœื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืœืคืชื— ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืืžื™ื ื™ื ื•ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื --
03:14
first for smallpox, and again in 1921,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช, ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘- 1921,
03:18
when scientists developed the BCG vaccine to battle TB.
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ื›ืฉืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”- BCG ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืฉื—ืคืช.
03:23
These developments laid the groundwork for the modern field of antibioticsโ€“
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ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ื ื™ื—ื• ืืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืฉืœ ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” --
03:27
currently home to our most effective TB treatments.
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ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื ื• ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื—ืคืช.
03:31
But, antibiotics fail to address a major diagnostic complication:
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ืื‘ืœ, ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื ื›ืฉืœืช ื‘ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืš ืื‘ื—ื•ื ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ:
03:36
about 90% of people infected with TB donโ€™t show any symptoms.
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ื‘ืขืจืš 90% ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื“ื‘ืงื• ื‘ืฉื—ืคืช ืื™ื ื ืžืจืื™ื ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื.
03:41
In these latent infections, the TB bacterium may be dormant,
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ื‘ื”ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื”ืจื’ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื•, ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉื—ืคืช ืื•ืœื™ ืจื“ื•ืžื”,
03:46
only activating when someoneโ€™s immune system is too weak to mount a defense.
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ื•ืžื•ืคืขืœื•ืช ืจืง ื›ืฉืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื—ืœืฉื” ืžื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“.
03:51
This makes TB much harder to diagnose.
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืฉื—ืคืช ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื” ืœืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ.
03:54
And even when properly identified,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื–ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื”,
03:56
traditional treatments can take up to 9 months,
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ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืขื“ 9 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื,
04:00
requiring multiple drugs and a high potential for side effects.
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ื•ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™.
04:04
This discourages people from finishing the full course,
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ื–ื” ืžืจืชื™ืข ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืžืœื,
04:07
and partial treatment enables bacteria to develop resistance to these drugs.
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ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืคืชื— ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
04:13
Today, the disease is still prevalent in 30 countries,
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ืžื—ืœื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ 30 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช,
04:17
most of which face other health crises
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ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื
04:19
that exacerbate TB and trigger latent cases.
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ืฉืžื—ื–ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื—ืคืช ื•ืžืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื“ื•ืžื™ื.
04:24
Worse still, accessing treatment can be difficult in many of these countries,
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ื•ื’ืจื•ืข ืžื–ื”, ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
04:28
and the stigma towards TB can discourage people from getting the help they need.
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ื•ื”ืกื˜ื™ื’ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฉื—ืคืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืจืคื•ืช ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื–ืจื” ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื.
04:33
Health experts agree we need to develop better diagnostics,
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ืžื•ืžื—ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคืชื— ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:37
faster acting antibiotics, and more effective vaccines.
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ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืคื•ืขืœืช ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื.
04:41
Researchers have already developed a urine test that yields results in 12 hours,
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืคื™ืชื—ื• ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืฉืชืŸ ืฉืžื ื™ื‘ื” ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืชื•ืš 12 ืฉืขื•ืช,
04:46
as well as a new oral treatment that could cut treatment time by 75%.
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืฉื ืœืงื—ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืคื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืฆืจ ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ 75%.
04:52
Hopefully, with advancements like these,
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ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื”, ืขื ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืœื”,
04:54
weโ€™ll finally be able to make TB exclusively a thing of the past.
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืฉื—ืคืช ืœืžื—ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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