What makes tuberculosis (TB) the world's most infectious killer? - Melvin Sanicas

Translator: Arofat Akhundjanova Reviewer: Nazarbek Nazarov

In 2008, archeologists uncovered two 9,000-year old skeletons.

2008-yil arxeologlar 9000 yoshdagi 2 ta skelet qoldiqlarini topdilar.

There’s no definitive way of knowing what killed these ancient people,

Qadimgi odamlar o'limi sabablarini aniqlashning iloji yo'q, ammo

but we do know their bones were infected by an all too familiar bacterium.

ularning suyaklari bizga ma'lum bakteriya bilan kasallanganligi ayon bo'ldi.

The ancient Greeks knew its consumptive effects as phthisis;

Qadimgi yunonlar bu kasallikni phthisis (sil),

the Incans called it chaky oncay; and the English called it tuberculosis.

inklar chaki-onki, inglizlar esa tuberkulyoz deb yuritishgan.

Today, tuberculosis, or TB,

Bugungi kunda sil eng keng tarqalgan

is still one of the world’s biggest infectious killers,

yuqumli kasalliklardan biri bo'lib,

causing more deaths than malaria or even HIV and AIDS.

bezgak va hatto OIV va OITSdan ham ko'proq qurbonlarga sabab bo'lmoqda.

But what exactly is this disease, and how has this pathogen persisted for so long?

Sil aslida qanday kasallik va nima uchun bu patogenlar hali ham yo'q qilinmagan?

Typically, TB bacteria called mycobacterium tuberculosis, are airborne.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis deb ataluvchi patogenlar havo tomchilari orqali yuqadi.

They travel into our airways and infect our lungs.

Ular havo yo'llariga kirib, o'pkani kasallantiradi.

Here, immune cells called macrophages rush to the infection site,

Makrofag immun hujayralari infeksiyalangan joyga tezda yetib borib,

attempting to absorb and break down the bacterial invaders.

bakteriyalarni parchalashga harakat qiladi.

In many cases, this response is enough to remove the bacteria.

Ko'pincha immun tizimi bakteriyalarni yengish uchun yetarli bo'ladi.

But in individuals with other medical conditions–

Ammo kam ovqatlanish, OIV yoki diabet

ranging from malnutrition and HIV to diabetes and pregnancy

kasalliklari va homiladorlik tufayli immuniteti buzilgan kishilarda

–the immune response may not be strong enough to destroy the intruder.

immun tizimi patogen mikroblarga qarshi kurasha olmaydi.

If so, mycobacterium tuberculosis will reproduce inside those macrophages,

Bu holatda patogen makrofaglar ichida ko'paya boshlaydi va o'pka atrofidagi

and form colonies in the surrounding lung tissue.

to'qimalarda koloniyalar hosil qiladi. Hujayralar

As they infect more cells,

infeksiyalanishi bilan bakteriyalar

the bacteria employ cell-degrading enzymes that destroy the infected tissue,

shikastlangan to'qimalarni yo'q qiluvchi ferment hujayralarni ishlab chiqaradi.

triggering chest pain, and causing patients to cough up blood.

Bu bemorda ko'krak og'rig'i va yo'talganda qon qusishiga sabab bo'ladi.

The damage to the lungs leads to oxygen deprivation.

O'pkaning shikastlanishi kislorod tanqisligiga olib keladi.

This begins a flood of hormonal changes–

Bularning barchasi tanadagi gormonal o'zgarish zanjiri,

including a decrease in appetite and iron production.

jumladan, ishtaha buzilishi va temir moddasi kamayishini keltirib chiqaradi.

From here, microbes can spread to the skeletal system,

Mikroblar asta-sekin tayanch-harakat tizimiga kirib borib, bel og'rig'i

causing back pain and difficulty moving;

va harakatlanishga bog'liq muammolarni yuzaga keltiradi.

to the kidneys and intestines, causing abdominal pain;

Ular buyrak va ichaklarga kirib, qorin og'rig'iga,

and to the brain, causing headaches and even impaired consciousness.

so'ngra miyaga kirib, bosh og'rig'i va hatto ongni xiralashishiga sabab bo'ladi.

These symptoms produce the classic image of TB:

Sil kasalligi odatda vazn yo'qotish, qonli quruq yo'tal va

weight loss, a hacking, bloody cough, and ashen skin.

kulrang teri rangi kabi alomatlar bilan tavsiflanadi.

This ghostly appearance earned TB the title of the ‘White Plague’

Bemorlarning qo'rqinchli tashqi ko'rinishi sabab qirolicha Viktoriya davrida

in Victorian-era England.

Angliyada sil kasalligi "oq vabo" nomini olgan.

During this period, tuberculosis was considered a ‘romantic disease,'

O'sha paytlarda sil kasalligi "romantiklar kasalligi"

because it tended to affect poverty- stricken artists and poets–

deb ham yuritilgan, chunki u bilan, asosan, immuniteti zaif

those with weaker immune systems.

kambag'al rassom va shoirlar kasallangan.

TB’s outward symptoms even helped fuel the popular myth of vampirism.

Silning tashqi belgilari hatto vampirlar haqidagi afsonalarning ommalashishiga

In spite of– or perhaps because of these less than scientific concerns,

turtki bo'lgan. Kasallikka nisbatan bunday ilmiy asoslanmagan yondashuvlar sabab

this period also marked the first strides toward curing TB.

mazkur davrda silni davolash uchun dastlabki qadam qo'yildi.

In 1882, the German physician Robert Koch

1882-yil nemis shifokori Robert Kox

identified the disease’s bacterial origins.

kasallikning bakterial xususiyatini aniqladi.

13 years later, physicist Wilhelm Roentgen  discovered the X-ray,

13 yildan so'ng Vilgelm Rentgen rentgen nurlarini aniqlagach, shifokorlarda

enabling physicians to diagnose and track its progression through the body.

kasallikni tashxislash va uning rivojlani- shini kuzatish imkoni paydo bo'ldi.

These techniques allowed researchers to develop reliable and effective vaccines–

Ushbu kashfiyotlar olimlarga ishonchli va samarali vaksinalarni yaratishga

first for smallpox, and again in 1921,

imkon berdi: dastlab, chechakka qarshi, 1921-yilda esa

when scientists developed the BCG vaccine to battle TB.

virusologlar BSJ – silga qarshi vaksinani ishlab chiqdilar.

These developments laid the groundwork for the modern field of antibiotics–

Bu ilmiy topilmalar hozirda silni davolashning eng samarali ususli bo'lgan

currently home to our most effective TB treatments.

zamonaviy antibiotiklarga asos bo'lib xizmat qildi.

But, antibiotics fail to address a major diagnostic complication:

Ammo antibiotiklar kasallikni tashxislash muammosini hal qilolmaydi:

about 90% of people infected with TB don’t show any symptoms.

sil bilan og'rigan bemorlarning 90 foizida kasallik alomatlari kuzatilmaydi.

In these latent infections, the TB bacterium may be dormant,

Yashirin infeksiya shaklidagi bakteriya o'zini namoyon qilmaydi,

only activating when someone’s immune system is too weak to mount a defense.

immunitet zaiflashib, tanani himoya qila olmasagina faollashadi.

This makes TB much harder to diagnose.

Shuning uchun silni tashxislash juda qiyin.

And even when properly identified,

Ammo kasallik aniqlanganidan keyin ham

traditional treatments can take up to 9 months,

an'anaviy muolaja usuli 9 oy davom etib, ko'plab dorilar

requiring multiple drugs and a high potential for side effects.

qabul qilinadi va buning salbiy ta'siri bo'lishi mumkin.

This discourages people from finishing the full course,

Shu bois ko'pchilik muolajani to'liq o'tashni istamaydi va chala

and partial treatment enables bacteria to develop resistance to these drugs.

muolaja bakteriyalarga dorilarga nisbatan chidamliligini oshirishga imkon beradi.

Today, the disease is still prevalent in 30 countries,

Hozirda kasallik dunyoning 30 mamlakatida keng tarqalgan. Ularning aksariyatida

most of which face other health crises

sog'liqni saqlash tizimi muammolari mavjud bo'lib,

that exacerbate TB and trigger latent cases.

bular sil kasalligini avj oldirib, uning yashirin shakllarini kuchaytirmoqda.

Worse still, accessing treatment can be difficult in many of these countries,

Muolaja belgilashdagi qiyinchiliklar vaziyatni murakkablashtiradi,

and the stigma towards TB can discourage people from getting the help they need.

"silga chalingan bemor" tamg'asidan qo'rq- qan kishilar shifokorga murojaat qilishga

Health experts agree we need to develop better diagnostics,

jur'at etolmaydi. Tibbiyot mutaxassislari tashxisni yaxshilash, antibiotiklar-

faster acting antibiotics, and more effective vaccines.

ning ta'sirini kuchaytirish va vaksinalar- ning samaradorligini oshirish kerak degan

Researchers have already developed a urine test that yields results in 12 hours,

fikrni bildirmoqda. Olimlar allaqachon 12 soat ichida ta'sir beruvchi peshob

as well as a new oral treatment that could cut treatment time by 75%.

tahlili, shuningdek, muolaja vaqtini 75%ga qisqartiruvchi og'iz orqali davolashning

Hopefully, with advancements like these,

yangi usulini ishlab chiqdilar. Bunday ilmiy

we’ll finally be able to make TB exclusively a thing of the past.

siljishlar bilan biz sil kasalligidan butunlay forig' bo'lamiz deb umid qilamiz.