What makes tuberculosis (TB) the world's most infectious killer? - Melvin Sanicas

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2019-06-27 ・ TED-Ed


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What makes tuberculosis (TB) the world's most infectious killer? - Melvin Sanicas

2,458,886 views ・ 2019-06-27

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Bom lee κ²€ν† : Seunggyu Min
00:07
In 2008, archeologists uncovered two 9,000-year old skeletons.
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2008λ…„, κ³ κ³ ν•™μžλ“€μ΄ 2ꡬ의 κ³ λŒ€ 해골을 λ°œκ΅΄ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:14
There’s no definitive way of knowing what killed these ancient people,
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κ·Έ κ³ λŒ€μΈλ“€μ˜ μ£½μŒμ— κ΄€ν•΄ λͺ…ν™•ν•˜κ²Œ λ°ν˜€μ§„ 것은 μ—†μ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ
00:17
but we do know their bones were infected by an all too familiar bacterium.
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κ·Έ λΌˆλ“€μ΄ ν”ν•œ λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„μ— κ°μ—Όλ˜μ—ˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:24
The ancient Greeks knew its consumptive effects as phthisis;
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κ³ λŒ€ κ·Έλ¦¬μŠ€μΈμ€ νŽ˜κ²°ν•΅μ˜ 증상을 'μ‚¬μ΄μ‹œμŠ€'라고 λΆˆλ €κ³ ,
00:28
the Incans called it chaky oncay; and the English called it tuberculosis.
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μž‰μΉ΄μ—μ„œλŠ” 'μ± ν‚€ 온 케이'둜, μ˜μ–΄λ‘œλŠ” 'νŠœλ²„ν˜λ‘œμ‹œμŠ€'라고 λΆˆλ €μ£ .
00:34
Today, tuberculosis, or TB,
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ , 폐결핡, 즉 TBλŠ”
00:37
is still one of the world’s biggest infectious killers,
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아직도 μ„Έκ³„μ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ μ‹¬κ°ν•œ 전염병 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λ‘œμ„œ
00:40
causing more deaths than malaria or even HIV and AIDS.
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λ§λΌλ¦¬μ•„λ‚˜ HIV, μ—μ΄μ¦ˆλ³΄λ‹€λ„ 더 λ§Žμ€ 사망 μ›μΈμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:45
But what exactly is this disease, and how has this pathogen persisted for so long?
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그럼 이 병은 μ •ν™•νžˆ 무엇이며, μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 그리 였래 κ³„μ†λ˜μ—ˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
00:51
Typically, TB bacteria called mycobacterium tuberculosis, are airborne.
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보톡 λ§ˆμ΄μ½”λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„λΌ λΆˆλ¦¬λŠ” 결핡균은 곡기둜 μ΄λ™ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:57
They travel into our airways and infect our lungs.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹€ 기도λ₯Ό 타고 듀어와 폐 μ†μœΌλ‘œ μΉ¨νˆ¬ν•˜μ£ .
01:00
Here, immune cells called macrophages rush to the infection site,
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폐 μ†μ—μ„œ λŒ€μ‹ μ„Έν¬λΌλŠ” λ©΄μ—­ 세포가 재빨리 감염 λΆ€μœ„λ‘œ 이동해,
01:05
attempting to absorb and break down the bacterial invaders.
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μΉ¨μž…μž λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„λ₯Ό ν‘μˆ˜ν•˜μ—¬ λΆ„ν•΄ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:09
In many cases, this response is enough to remove the bacteria.
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λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ 이 정도 λŒ€μ‘μœΌλ‘œλ„ λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„λ₯Ό 없애기에 μΆ©λΆ„ν•˜μ£ .
01:13
But in individuals with other medical conditions–
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ‚¬λžŒλ§ˆλ‹€ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μ˜ν•™μ  쑰건을 가지며
01:16
ranging from malnutrition and HIV to diabetes and pregnancy
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μ˜μ–‘μ‹€μ‘°λ‚˜ HIVμ—μ„œλΆ€ν„° λ‹Ήλ‡¨λ‚˜ μž„μ‹ μ— 이λ₯΄κΈ°κΉŒμ§€ λ‹€μ–‘ν•˜λ―€λ‘œ
01:20
–the immune response may not be strong enough to destroy the intruder.
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λ©΄μ—­ μ„Έν¬μ˜ λŒ€μ‘μ΄ μΆ©λΆ„νžˆ κ°•ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ„ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:25
If so, mycobacterium tuberculosis will reproduce inside those macrophages,
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그럴 경우, λ§ˆμ΄μ½”λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„ 결핡균은 λŒ€μ‹μ„Έν¬ μ•ˆμ—μ„œ λ²ˆμ‹ν•˜μ—¬
01:31
and form colonies in the surrounding lung tissue.
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집단을 이루어 폐 쑰직을 λ‘˜λŸ¬μŒ‰λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:35
As they infect more cells,
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그듀이 λ§Žμ€ 세포λ₯Ό κ°μ—Όμ‹œν‚€λŠ” λ™μ•ˆ,
01:36
the bacteria employ cell-degrading enzymes that destroy the infected tissue,
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κ·Έ λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„λŠ” 세포λ₯Ό λΆ„ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” νš¨μ†Œλ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ 쑰직을 νŒŒκ΄΄ν•˜κ³ ,
01:42
triggering chest pain, and causing patients to cough up blood.
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κ°€μŠ΄μ˜ 고톡을 μœ λ°œν•˜λ©°, ν”Όλ₯Ό ν† ν•˜κ²Œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:46
The damage to the lungs leads to oxygen deprivation.
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폐의 손상은 μ‚°μ†Œ λΆ€μ‘±μœΌλ‘œ 이어지고,
01:50
This begins a flood of hormonal changes–
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곧 호λ₯΄λͺ¬ λ³€ν™”κ°€ ν™μˆ˜μ²˜λŸΌ μŸμ•„μ Έ
01:52
including a decrease in appetite and iron production.
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μ‹μš•μ΄ 쀄고, μ² λΆ„μ˜ 생산을 κ°μ†Œμ‹œν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:56
From here, microbes can spread to the skeletal system,
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이 λ•ŒλΆ€ν„° 결핡균은 κ³¨κ²©κ³„κΉŒμ§€ ν™•μ‚°λ˜μ–΄
01:59
causing back pain and difficulty moving;
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μš”ν†΅μ„ μœ λ°œν•˜κ³ , μ›€μ§μž„μ— 어렀움을 느끼게 되죠.
02:02
to the kidneys and intestines, causing abdominal pain;
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λ˜ν•œ μ‹ μž₯κ³Ό μž₯, λ³΅λΆ€μ˜ 고톡을 μ•ΌκΈ°ν•˜λ©°,
02:05
and to the brain, causing headaches and even impaired consciousness.
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두톡과 νŒλ‹¨ μž₯μ• λ§ˆμ € μΌμœΌν‚¬ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:10
These symptoms produce the classic image of TB:
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μ „ν˜•μ μΈ νκ²°ν•΅μ˜ 증상은 μ΄λ ‡μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:14
weight loss, a hacking, bloody cough, and ashen skin.
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체쀑 κ°μ†Œ, μΆœν˜ˆμ„ λ™λ°˜ν•œ κΈ°μΉ¨, 그리고 μ°½λ°±ν•΄μ§€λŠ” ν”ΌλΆ€ 등이죠.
02:19
This ghostly appearance earned TB the title of the β€˜White Plague’
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이 유령 같은 λͺ¨μŠ΅μ„ 보고
영ꡭ 빅토리아 μ‹œλŒ€μ—λŠ” νŒ¨κ²°ν•΅μ„ 두고 β€˜λ°±μƒ‰ νŽ˜μŠ€νŠΈβ€™λΌκ³  λΆ€λ₯΄κΈ°λ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:23
in Victorian-era England.
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02:25
During this period, tuberculosis was considered a β€˜romantic disease,'
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이 μ‹œλŒ€μ— 폐결핡은 β€˜λ‚­λ§Œμ μΈ λ³‘β€™μœΌλ‘œ μ—¬κ²¨μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:29
because it tended to affect poverty- stricken artists and poets–
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 이 병은 κ°€λ‚œμ— μ‹œλ‹¬λ¦¬λŠ” μ˜ˆμˆ κ°€λ‚˜ μ‹œμΈ 같은
02:33
those with weaker immune systems.
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면역체계가 μ•½ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ 영ν–₯을 미치기 쉬웠기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:36
TB’s outward symptoms even helped fuel the popular myth of vampirism.
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νκ²°ν•΅μ˜ 증상은 λŒ€μ€‘λ“€ μ‚¬μ΄μ—μ„œ λ±€νŒŒμ΄μ–΄ μ‹ ν™”λ₯Ό λΆ€μ±„μ§ˆν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:42
In spite of– or perhaps because of these less than scientific concerns,
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과학적 관심이 μ μ—ˆμŒμ—λ„ λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³ , ν˜Ήμ€ 였히렀 μ μ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬ΈμΈμ§€,
02:47
this period also marked the first strides toward curing TB.
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이 μ‹œλŒ€λŠ” κ²°ν•΅ 치료λ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ μ£Όμš”ν•œ 첫걸음의 μ‹œλŒ€μ΄κΈ°λ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:52
In 1882, the German physician Robert Koch
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1882λ…„, λ…μΌμ˜ λ‚΄κ³Ό μ˜μ‚¬μΈ 둜베λ₯΄νŠΈ μ½”νλŠ”
02:56
identified the disease’s bacterial origins.
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이 μ§ˆλ³‘μ„ μœ λ°œν•˜λŠ” λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„μ˜ 근원을 ν™•μΈν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:59
13 years later, physicist Wilhelm Roentgenβ€― discovered the X-ray,
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κ·Έλ‘œλΆ€ν„° 13λ…„ ν›„, λ¬Όλ¦¬ν•™μžμΈ λΉŒν—¬λ¦„ 뒴트겐이 X선을 λ°œκ²¬ν•˜μ—¬
03:04
enabling physicians to diagnose and track its progression through the body.
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μ˜μ‚¬λ“€μ΄ λͺΈμ† λ³‘μ˜ 진행을 μ§„λ‹¨ν•˜κ³  좔적할 수 있게 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:09
These techniques allowed researchers to develop reliable and effective vaccines–
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이 기술 덕뢄에 λ―Ώμ„λ§Œν•˜κ³  효과적인 백신을 κ°œλ°œν•  수 있게 λ˜μ—ˆμ£ .
03:14
first for smallpox, and again in 1921,
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μ²˜μŒμ—” μ²œμ—°λ‘ λ°±μ‹  κ°œλ°œμ— μ‚¬μš©λκ³ ,
1921λ…„μ—λŠ” 폐결핡과 μ‹Έμš°κΈ° μœ„ν•œ BCG 백신이 κ°œλ°œλ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:18
when scientists developed the BCG vaccine to battle TB.
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03:23
These developments laid the groundwork for the modern field of antibiotics–
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이런 λ°œμ „μœΌλ‘œ ν˜„λŒ€μ μΈ ν•­μƒλ¬Όμ§ˆ λΆ„μ•Όμ˜ ν† λŒ€κ°€ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ‘Œκ³ 
03:27
currently home to our most effective TB treatments.
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ν˜„μž¬ κ°€μž₯ 효과적인 폐결핡 치료제의 개발둜 μ΄μ–΄μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:31
But, antibiotics fail to address a major diagnostic complication:
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ, ν•­μƒλ¬Όμ§ˆμ€ 진단 문제λ₯Ό λ‹€λ£¨λŠ” λ°λŠ” μ‹€νŒ¨ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:36
about 90% of people infected with TB don’t show any symptoms.
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폐결핡에 κ±Έλ¦° μ‚¬λžŒ 쀑 μ•½ 90%κ°€ 아무 증상도 보이지 μ•Šμ•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
03:41
In these latent infections, the TB bacterium may be dormant,
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이런 μž λ³΅μ„± 감염, 즉 폐결핡균이 잠볡 μƒνƒœμ— μžˆλŠ” κ²½μš°μ—λŠ”
03:46
only activating when someone’s immune system is too weak to mount a defense.
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λ©΄μ—­ 체계가 λ°©μ–΄ν•  수 없을 μ •λ„λ‘œ 약해지면 증상이 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:51
This makes TB much harder to diagnose.
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이것은 폐결핡을 λ”μš± μ§„λ‹¨ν•˜κΈ° μ–΄λ ΅κ²Œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:54
And even when properly identified,
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κ²Œλ‹€κ°€ μ œλŒ€λ‘œ ν™•μΈν•˜λ €λ©΄
03:56
traditional treatments can take up to 9 months,
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전톡적인 μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•μœΌλ‘  9κ°œμ›”μ΄ 걸리며
04:00
requiring multiple drugs and a high potential for side effects.
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높은 λΆ€μž‘μš©μ˜ κ°€λŠ₯성이 μžˆλŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬ 가지 약이 ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:04
This discourages people from finishing the full course,
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μ΄λŠ” λͺ¨λ“  치료λ₯Ό ν¬λ§ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ μ’Œμ ˆν•˜κ²Œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:07
and partial treatment enables bacteria to develop resistance to these drugs.
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또 λΆˆμ™„μ „ν•œ μΉ˜λ£Œμ— μ˜ν•΄ λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„κ°€ 내성이 μƒκΈ°λŠ” 일도 있죠.
04:13
Today, the disease is still prevalent in 30 countries,
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ , 이 병은 30κ°œκ΅­μ— 널리 νΌμ ΈμžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:17
most of which face other health crises
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그쀑 λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ΄ 기타 μ§ˆλ³‘μ— λ…ΈμΆœλ˜μ–΄ μžˆλŠ”λ°,
04:19
that exacerbate TB and trigger latent cases.
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그둜 인해 폐결핡이 μ•…ν™”λ˜κ±°λ‚˜ 잠볡 쀑인 폐결핡을 깨울 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:24
Worse still, accessing treatment can be difficult in many of these countries,
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더 λ‚˜μœ 것은 아직도 이 λ‚˜λΌλ“€μ€ 치료λ₯Ό λ°›κΈ° 맀우 μ–΄λ €μš΄ ν™˜κ²½μ΄κ³ ,
04:28
and the stigma towards TB can discourage people from getting the help they need.
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폐결핡에 λŒ€ν•œ 였λͺ…은, 도움이 ν•„μš”ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒμ„ λ‹¨λ…ν•˜κ²Œ ν•  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:33
Health experts agree we need to develop better diagnostics,
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보건 전문가듀은 더 λ‚˜μ€ 진단과 λΉ λ₯Έ ν•­μƒμ œ,
04:37
faster acting antibiotics, and more effective vaccines.
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그리고 μ’€ 더 효과적인 λ°±μ‹ μ˜ 개발이 ν•„μš”ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” 데 λ™μ˜ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:41
Researchers have already developed a urine test that yields results in 12 hours,
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μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ€ 12μ‹œκ°„ μ•ˆμ— κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό 확인 κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ μ†Œλ³€ 검사와
04:46
as well as a new oral treatment that could cut treatment time by 75%.
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치료 μ‹œκ°„μ„ 75%κΉŒμ§€ 쀄일 수 μžˆλŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ ꡬ강 μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•μ„ κ°œλ°œν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:52
Hopefully, with advancements like these,
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λ°”λΌκ±΄λŒ€, 이런 λ°œμ „μ΄ κ³„μ†λœλ‹€λ©΄
04:54
we’ll finally be able to make TB exclusively a thing of the past.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 폐결핡을 단지 과거의 일둜만 λ‚¨κ²¨λ‘˜ 수 μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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