Why is it so hard to cure the common cold?

950,265 views ใƒป 2022-10-20

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Danielle Elbaz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:06
In 2000, a company called ViroPharma ran clinical trials of pleconaril,
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 2000, ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื ื•ื™ืจื•ืคืืจืžื” ืขืจื›ื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืคืœืฆื•ื ืืจื™ืœ,
00:11
a new pill designed to treat the common cold.
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ื’ืœื•ืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืฆื˜ื ื ื•ืช.
00:13
In many patients, the pill helped.
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ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื”ื’ืœื•ืœื” ืขื–ืจื”.
00:15
But in 7 of them, just a few days into the treatment,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืขื” ืžื”ื, ืจืง ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ,
00:18
researchers found mutated virus variants that were almost completely resistant
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ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืฆืื• ื•ืจื™ืื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ
00:23
to pleconaril.
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ืœืคืœืฆื•ื ืืจื™ืœ.
00:24
Viruses are always mutating, but this one mutated so quickly that it managed
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ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื”ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—
00:28
to outmaneuver years of research and development in just a few days.
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ืœื”ืขืจื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
00:33
If you didn't have an immune system and caught a cold,
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ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื›ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื—ื•ื˜ืคื™ื ืฆื™ื ื•ืŸ,
00:35
the infection would quickly spread deep into your lungs.
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ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืคืฉื˜ ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื.
00:38
Rampant viral replication would destroy tissue there,
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ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื•ืจืกืช ืฉื ืจืงืžื•ืช,
00:41
until your lungs couldnโ€™t supply your body with enough oxygen
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืกืคืง ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื,
00:44
and youโ€™d asphyxiate.
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื ื—ื ืงื™ื.
00:46
Unfortunately, for millions of people around the world who live
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ืœืจื•ืข ื”ืžื–ืœ, ืœืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื
00:49
with a less-than-fully-functional immune system
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ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ืขื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื ืžืชืคืงื“ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœื
00:51
or who are on immunosuppressant drugs,
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ืื• ืฉื”ื ืขืœ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืžื“ื›ืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช,
00:53
this is a real risk:
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ื–ื” ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืืžื™ืชื™:
00:55
โ€œminorโ€ infections can turn serious or even deadly.
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ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื โ€œืงืœื™ืโ€ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื—ืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืงื˜ืœื ื™ื™ื.
01:00
But if you're fortunate enough to have a fully functional immune system,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืืชื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื‘ืจื™ ืžื–ืœ ื•ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื ืžืชืคืงื“ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœื,
01:03
a cold will probably give you a few relatively mild symptoms.
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ื”ืฆื˜ื ื ื•ืช ื›ื ืจืื” ืชื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช.
01:07
On average, adults catch more than 150 colds throughout their lives.
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ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข, ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื—ื•ื˜ืคื™ื ืฆื™ื ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-150 ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื”ื.
01:10
And despite the fact that the symptoms are similar,
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื,
01:13
the cause could be different each time.
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ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืœื›ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื.
01:16
Common colds are caused by at least 8 different families of virus,
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ื”ืฆื˜ื ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื’ืจืžื•ืช ืžืœืคื—ื•ืช 8 ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื,
01:20
each of which can have its own species and subtypes.
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ืœื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื–ื ื™ื ื•ืชืชื™-ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืžืฉืœื”.
01:24
How can so many different viruses cause the same illness?
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ืื™ืš ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืื•ืชื” ืžื—ืœื”?
01:27
Well, viruses can only invade our bodies in a few ways:
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืœื•ืฉ ืœื’ื•ืคื™ื ื• ื‘ื›ืžื” ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“:
01:31
one is to come in on a breath.
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ื“ืจืš ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื ืฉื™ืžื”.
01:32
We have to breathe, so our immune system sets up a bunch of frontline defenses
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื ืฉื•ื, ืื– ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืชืฆื™ื‘ ื›ืžื” ื”ื’ื ื•ืช ื‘ืงื• ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช
01:37
and these are actually what produce many of the symptoms of a cold.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืœื” ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื˜ื ื ื•ืช.
01:41
Your mucus-y, dripping nose is your immune system trapping and flushing out virus.
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ื”ืืฃ ื”ืžื ื•ื–ืœ ื•ื”ืžื˜ืคื˜ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ื–ื” ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื ืœื•ื›ื“ืช ื•ืžื‘ืจื™ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืก.
01:46
Your fever is your immune system raising your body temperature
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ื”ื—ื•ื ืฉืœื›ื ื–ื” ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื ืžืขืœื” ืืช ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื
01:49
to slow down viral replication.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืื˜ ืืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ.
01:51
And your inflamed, well, everything,
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ื•ื”ืจื’ืฉืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ืจื” ืฉืœื›ื, ื‘ื”ื›ื•ืœ, ืœืžืขืฉื”,
01:53
thatโ€™s your immune system widening your blood vessels
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ื–ื• ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ืฉืœื›ื
01:56
and recruiting its white blood cell army to help kill the virus.
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ื•ืžื’ื™ื™ืกืช ืืช ืฆื‘ื ืชืื™ ื”ื“ื ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก.
02:00
So, if the common cold is caused by many different viruses,
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ืื– ืื ื”ืฆื˜ื ื ื•ืช ื ื’ืจืžืช ืžื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
02:03
is a cure even possible?
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ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื” ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ?
02:06
Hereโ€™s one fact in our favor:
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ืœื”ืœืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืื—ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื ื•:
02:07
a single family of viruses causes 30 to 50% of all colds:
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ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœ30% ืขื“ 50% ืžื›ืœืœ ืžืงืจื™ ื”ื”ืฆื˜ื ื ื•ืช:
02:12
rhinovirus.
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ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืก.
02:13
If we could eliminate all rhinovirus infections,
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ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืกืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืก,
02:16
weโ€™d be a long way towards curing the common cold.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืงืจื‘ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื”ื”ืฆื˜ื ื ื•ืช.
02:19
There are two main ways to fight a virus: vaccines and antiviral drugs.
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ื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืก: ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื•ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ื ื’ื™ืคื™ื.
02:24
The first attempt to create a rhinovirus vaccine was a successโ€”
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ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฆืœื—ื”-
02:28
but a short-lived one.
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ืืš ืœื ืฉืจื“ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘.
02:29
In 1957, William Price vaccinated 50 kids with inactivated rhinovirus
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ื‘-1957, ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ืคืจื™ื™ืก ื—ื™ืกืŸ 50 ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืžื•ืžืช ืฉืœ ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืก
02:34
and gave 50 others a placebo.
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ื•ื ืชืŸ ืœ-50 ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื“ืžื”.
02:37
Soon afterwards, a rhinovirus outbreak spread throughout the kids.
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ืงืฆืช ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื—ืœื” ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
02:40
In the vaccinated group, only 3 got sick.
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ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืžื—ื•ืกื ืช, ืจืง 3 ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื—ืœื•.
02:43
In the placebo group, 23 didโ€” almost 8 times as many.
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ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื“ืžื”, 23 ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื—ืœื•- ื›ืžืขื˜ ืคื™ 8 ืžื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืžื—ื•ืกื ืช.
02:47
And despite the small numbers, this was promising:
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—.
02:50
the immune systems of vaccinated kids were successfully
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ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืžื—ื•ืกื ื™ื
ื–ื™ื”ืชื” ื•ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ืฆืœื— ืœืจื™ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืก.
02:53
recognizing and responding to rhinovirus.
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02:55
But later trials of the vaccine showed no protection at allโ€” none.
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืœื ื”ืจืื• ืฉื•ื ื”ื’ื ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ- ื›ืœื•ื.
02:59
This wasnโ€™t Priceโ€™s faultโ€”
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ื–ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืฉืžืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ื™ืก-
03:01
no one at the time knew that rhinovirus had multiple subtypes.
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœืจื™ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ื™ื• ืชืชื™-ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื.
03:06
Priceโ€™s vaccine, for reasons we donโ€™t fully understand,
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ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ื™ืก, ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื,
03:09
didn't provide broad protection,
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ืœื ืกื™ืคืง ื”ื’ื ื” ืจื—ื‘ื”,
03:11
meaning it was only effective against one or maybe a few subtypes of rhinovirusโ€”
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ืขื™ืœ ื ื’ื“ ืื—ื“ ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ื›ืžื” ืชืชื™-ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืก-
03:15
out of 169 subtypes and counting.
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ืžืชื•ืš 169 ืชืชื™-ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื”ืœืื”.
03:19
Sometimes, when we make a vaccine, we get lucky.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื, ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ, ื”ืžื–ืœ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื™ื ื•.
03:22
The mRNA COVID vaccines, for example,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ื”-RNA ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”-COVID,
03:24
effectively protect us against severe disease and death
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ืžื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื ื• ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืžืงืจื” ืงืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื” ืื• ืžื•ื•ืช
03:27
across the original virus and variants too.
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ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื•ื’ื ื”ื•ื•ืจื™ืื ื˜ื™ื.
03:30
But we have yet to create a broadly protective vaccine against rhinovirus,
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ืืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ืฆืจื ื• ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืžื’ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื ื’ื“ ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืก.
03:34
or any other virus that causes the common cold.
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ืื• ื ื’ื“ ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื”ืฆื˜ื ื ื•ืช.
03:38
Okay, what about antiviral drugs?
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื•ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ื ื’ื™ืคื™ื?
03:40
Viruses hijack human cellular machinery to replicate and spread,
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ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ืžืชื‘ื™ื™ืชื™ื ืขืœ ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืชื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜.
03:44
so itโ€™s hard to make a molecule thatโ€™s toxic to the virus
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ืื– ื–ื” ืงืฉื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ืจืขื™ืœื” ืœื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืก,
03:47
without also being toxic to the human.
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื’ื ืจืขื™ืœื” ืœืื“ื.
03:50
And even if you manage to do that,
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ื•ื’ื ืื ืืชื” ื›ืŸ ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช,
03:52
the virus could mutate out of reach of the drug.
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ื”ื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื•ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื”.
03:55
Viruses are slippery beasts.
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ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ื”ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืขืจืžื•ืžื™ื•ืช.
03:57
We have, though, had some incredible successes:
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืŸ ื ื—ืœื ื• ื›ืžื” ื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช.
03:59
we eradicated smallpox thanks to an effective vaccine,
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ื—ื™ืกืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื™ืขื™ืœ,
04:03
the fact that it canโ€™t hide out in other species,
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ื”ืŸ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืกืชืชืจ ื‘ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
04:05
and its relatively low mutation rate.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื ืžื•ืš ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื”.
04:07
HIV, on the other hand, mutates so quickly that in an untreated individual,
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, HIV ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื”ื™ืจ ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืฉืœื ืขื‘ืจ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ,
04:12
every possible single-letter mutation in the virusโ€™s genetic code
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ื›ืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืงื•ื“ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืก
04:16
could, in theory, be produced in a single day.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื”, ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื”, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“.
04:19
Despite trying for decades, we still donโ€™t have a vaccine.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ.
04:22
But we do have an effective cocktail of HIV drugs
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืงื•ืงื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื™ืขื™ืœ ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืœ-HIV
04:25
that the virus canโ€™t easily mutate away from.
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ืฉื”ื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคื™ื›ื” ืœืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื”.
04:28
Unfortunately, we are stuck with colds for now.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืชืงื•ืขื™ื ืขื ื”ืฆื˜ื ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืขืช ืขืชื”.
04:30
But the last few decades have featured some entirely game-changing
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื™ืฆืื• ื›ืžื” ืคืจื™ืฆื•ืช ื“ืจืš ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช
04:33
medical breakthroughs, like mRNA vaccines and CRISPR.
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ื”ืžืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง, ื›ืžื• ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ ื”-RNA ื•-CRISPR.
04:37
CRISPR could be particularly promising as an antiviral agent,
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CRISPR ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ื ื’ื™ืคื™ื,
04:40
because it originally evolved in bacteria as an immune defense against viruses.
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืคืชื— ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ื›ื”ื’ื ื” ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช ื ื’ื“ ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื.
04:45
In fact, early in the COVID-19 pandemic,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืžื’ื™ืคืช ื”COVID-19,
04:47
a research team showed that a CRISPR system could degrade
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ืฆื•ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืจืื” ืฉืžืขืจื›ืช ื”-CRISPR ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฉ
04:50
coronavirus and influenza genomes in our lung cells.
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ืืช ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ื•ืืช ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืคืขืช ื‘ืชืื™ ื”ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
04:53
They called their system prophylactic antiviral CRISPR in human cells.
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ื”ื ืงืจืื• ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœื”ื CRISPR ื ื•ื’ื“ ื ื’ื™ืฃ ืžื ื™ืขืชื™ ื‘ืชืื™ ืื“ื.
04:58
Or, for short, PAC-MAN.
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ืื• ื‘ืงืฆืจื”, PAC-MAN.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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