Why is it so hard to cure the common cold?

832,665 views ใƒป 2022-10-20

TED-Ed


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: ์Šน์ด ์ฐจ ๊ฒ€ํ† : DK Kim
00:06
In 2000, a company called ViroPharma ran clinical trials of pleconaril,
0
6961
4421
2000๋…„, ๋ฐ”์ด๋กœํŒŒ๋งˆ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„ํš๋œ ์‹ ์•ฝ์ธ
ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ฝ”๋‚˜๋ฆด์˜ ์ž„์ƒ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:11
a new pill designed to treat the common cold.
1
11382
2503
00:13
In many patients, the pill helped.
2
13968
1794
๋งŽ์€ ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์•˜์ฃ .
00:15
But in 7 of them, just a few days into the treatment,
3
15845
2794
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์‹œ์ž‘ ๋ฉฐ์น  ๋งŒ์— ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ํ™˜์ž ์ค‘ ์ผ๊ณฑ ๋ช…์—๊ฒŒ์„œ
00:18
researchers found mutated virus variants that were almost completely resistant
4
18765
4296
๋ณ€์ด๋œ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์ข…์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๊ณ 
์ด ๋ณ€์ข…์€ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ฝ”๋‚˜๋ฆด์— ๋‚ด์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:23
to pleconaril.
5
23061
1042
00:24
Viruses are always mutating, but this one mutated so quickly that it managed
6
24395
3879
๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€์ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹น์—ฐํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋Š” ๋ณ€์ด ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋นจ๋ผ์„œ
00:28
to outmaneuver years of research and development in just a few days.
7
28274
4213
๋‹จ ๋ฉฐ์น  ๋งŒ์— ์ˆ˜๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ด๋ค„์˜จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ํ—ˆ๋ฅผ ์ฐŒ๋ฅด๊ณ  ๋ง์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:33
If you didn't have an immune system and caught a cold,
8
33237
2545
๋ฉด์—ญ ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๋ฉด
00:35
the infection would quickly spread deep into your lungs.
9
35782
3003
๊ฐ์—ผ์ด ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ๋กœ ํผ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:38
Rampant viral replication would destroy tissue there,
10
38785
3003
๊ฑท์žก์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ด ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ณต์ œํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์ง์„ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•˜๋‹ค ๋ณด๋ฉด
00:41
until your lungs couldnโ€™t supply your body with enough oxygen
11
41788
3086
ํ๋Š” ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๋ชธ์— ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ 
00:44
and youโ€™d asphyxiate.
12
44874
1460
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์งˆ์‹ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:46
Unfortunately, for millions of people around the world who live
13
46459
2961
์•ˆํƒ€๊น๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋ช…์ด ๋ฉด์—ญ ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
00:49
with a less-than-fully-functional immune system
14
49420
2336
00:51
or who are on immunosuppressant drugs,
15
51756
2085
๋ฉด์—ญ ์–ต์ œ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ณต์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ์œ„ํ—˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:53
this is a real risk:
16
53841
1460
00:55
โ€œminorโ€ infections can turn serious or even deadly.
17
55426
4505
๊ฒฝ์ฆ์˜ ๊ฐ์—ผ์ด ์ค‘์ฆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๋ชฉ์ˆจ์ด ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:00
But if you're fortunate enough to have a fully functional immune system,
18
60014
3420
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šด์ด ์ข‹์•„์„œ ๋ฉด์—ญ ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
01:03
a cold will probably give you a few relatively mild symptoms.
19
63434
3087
๊ฐ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฑธ๋ ค๋„ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋ฒผ์šด ์ฆ์ƒ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ ์ •๋„๋งŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:07
On average, adults catch more than 150 colds throughout their lives.
20
67146
3587
ํ‰๊ท ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ์ธ์€ ์‚ด๋ฉด์„œ 150๋ฒˆ ์ด์ƒ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:10
And despite the fact that the symptoms are similar,
21
70817
2460
๊ฐ๊ธฐ ์ฆ์ƒ์€ ๋Š˜ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
01:13
the cause could be different each time.
22
73277
2837
๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์›์ธ์€ ๋งค๋ฒˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:16
Common colds are caused by at least 8 different families of virus,
23
76614
4213
๊ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋Š” ์ ์–ด๋„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
01:20
each of which can have its own species and subtypes.
24
80952
2878
์ด๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ณ ์œ ํ•œ ์ข…๊ณผ ์•„ํ˜•์ด ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:24
How can so many different viruses cause the same illness?
25
84413
3170
์ดํ† ๋ก ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์ข…๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ™์€ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ๊นŒ์š”?
01:27
Well, viruses can only invade our bodies in a few ways:
26
87834
3169
๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ธ์ฒด์— ์นจ์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ํ†ต๋กœ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ง€ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:31
one is to come in on a breath.
27
91087
1835
๊ทธ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ํ˜ธํก์„ ํ†ตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:32
We have to breathe, so our immune system sets up a bunch of frontline defenses
28
92922
4296
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์ˆจ์„ ์‰ฌ์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋‹ˆ ๋ฉด์—ญ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์–ด ์ „์„ ์„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฟ ๋‘๋Š”๋ฐ
01:37
and these are actually what produce many of the symptoms of a cold.
29
97218
3795
๊ฐ๊ธฐ ์ฆ์ƒ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ด ๋ฐฉ์–ด ์ „์„ ๋“ค์ด ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:41
Your mucus-y, dripping nose is your immune system trapping and flushing out virus.
30
101514
4504
์ฝง๋ฌผ์ด ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฉด์—ญ ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žก์€ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ์”ป์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:46
Your fever is your immune system raising your body temperature
31
106018
3129
์—ด์ด ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฉด์—ญ ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ฒด์˜จ์„ ๋†’์—ฌ์„œ
01:49
to slow down viral replication.
32
109147
2002
๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๋ณต์ œ๋ฅผ ๋Šฆ์ถ”๋Š” ์ž‘์šฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:51
And your inflamed, well, everything,
33
111149
2585
๋ชธ ์ „์ฒด์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์—ผ์ฆ ๋ฐ˜์‘์€
01:53
thatโ€™s your immune system widening your blood vessels
34
113734
2503
๋ฉด์—ญ ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์„ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๊ณ 
01:56
and recruiting its white blood cell army to help kill the virus.
35
116237
3712
๋ฐฑํ˜ˆ๊ตฌ ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ ๋ชจ์•„ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ด๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:00
So, if the common cold is caused by many different viruses,
36
120283
3420
๊ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํžˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค๋ฉด,
02:03
is a cure even possible?
37
123911
1752
์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ธด ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
02:06
Hereโ€™s one fact in our favor:
38
126122
1585
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ชฝ์— ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:07
a single family of viruses causes 30 to 50% of all colds:
39
127790
4671
๋‹จ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์ข…๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์ „์ฒด ๊ฐ๊ธฐ์˜ 30~50%๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:12
rhinovirus.
40
132545
1126
๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฆฌ๋…ธ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:13
If we could eliminate all rhinovirus infections,
41
133754
2628
๋ฆฌ๋…ธ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๊ฐ์—ผ์„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ง‰์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
02:16
weโ€™d be a long way towards curing the common cold.
42
136382
2586
๊ฐ๊ธฐ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ํฐ ๋ฐœ์ „์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:19
There are two main ways to fight a virus: vaccines and antiviral drugs.
43
139468
4463
๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์™€ ๋งž์„œ ์‹ธ์šฐ๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ๊ณผ ํ•ญ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์ œ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:24
The first attempt to create a rhinovirus vaccine was a successโ€”
44
144390
4004
๋ฆฌ๋…ธ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒซ ์‹œ๋„๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ณต์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
02:28
but a short-lived one.
45
148394
1251
์˜ค๋ž˜๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:29
In 1957, William Price vaccinated 50 kids with inactivated rhinovirus
46
149729
5130
1957๋…„ ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ํ”„๋ผ์ด์Šค๋Š” ์•„์ด๋“ค ์‰ฐ ๋ช…์—๊ฒŒ
๋ถˆํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ๋ฆฌ๋…ธ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ 
02:34
and gave 50 others a placebo.
47
154859
2127
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‰ฐ ๋ช…์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์œ„์•ฝ์„ ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:37
Soon afterwards, a rhinovirus outbreak spread throughout the kids.
48
157069
3254
์–ผ๋งˆ ์ง€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ๋ฆฌ๋…ธ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํผ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:40
In the vaccinated group, only 3 got sick.
49
160323
2794
๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ๋งž์€ ์ชฝ์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ธ ๋ช…์ด ๊ฐ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฑธ๋ ธ๊ณ 
02:43
In the placebo group, 23 didโ€” almost 8 times as many.
50
163242
4171
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ชฝ์—์„œ๋Š” ์Šค๋ฌผ์„ธ ๋ช…์ด ๊ฑธ๋ ธ์œผ๋‹ˆ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿ ๋ฐฐ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:47
And despite the small numbers, this was promising:
51
167538
2753
์‹คํ—˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฝค ์œ ๋งํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:50
the immune systems of vaccinated kids were successfully
52
170291
2711
๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ๋งž์€ ์•„์ด๋“ค์˜ ๋ฉด์—ญ ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€
๋ฆฌ๋…ธ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
02:53
recognizing and responding to rhinovirus.
53
173002
2544
02:55
But later trials of the vaccine showed no protection at allโ€” none.
54
175671
4129
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ดํ›„์˜ ๋ฐฑ์‹  ์ž„์ƒ ์‹œํ—˜์—์„œ๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:59
This wasnโ€™t Priceโ€™s faultโ€”
55
179884
1543
ํ”„๋ผ์ด์Šค์˜ ์ž˜๋ชป์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:01
no one at the time knew that rhinovirus had multiple subtypes.
56
181427
3504
๋‹น์‹œ์—๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ๋ฆฌ๋…ธ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์— ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์•„ํ˜•์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ชฐ๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:06
Priceโ€™s vaccine, for reasons we donโ€™t fully understand,
57
186057
2961
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ ํ”„๋ผ์ด์Šค์˜ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์€
03:09
didn't provide broad protection,
58
189018
2169
๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
03:11
meaning it was only effective against one or maybe a few subtypes of rhinovirusโ€”
59
191187
4713
๋ฆฌ๋…ธ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ ์•„ํ˜• ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€์—๋งŒ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:15
out of 169 subtypes and counting.
60
195900
3170
๋ฆฌ๋…ธ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ ์•„ํ˜•์€ 169๊ฐœ์ธ๋ฐ ๊ณ„์† ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:19
Sometimes, when we make a vaccine, we get lucky.
61
199779
2669
๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•  ๋•Œ ์šด์ด ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:22
The mRNA COVID vaccines, for example,
62
202448
1877
์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜19 mRNA ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์€
03:24
effectively protect us against severe disease and death
63
204325
3378
์›๋ž˜ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ณ€์ข…์—๊นŒ์ง€ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ
03:27
across the original virus and variants too.
64
207703
2753
์‹ฌํ•œ ์งˆํ™˜๊ณผ ์ฃฝ์Œ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€์ผœ๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:30
But we have yet to create a broadly protective vaccine against rhinovirus,
65
210706
3963
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฆฌ๋…ธ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋‚˜ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์—๋Š”
03:34
or any other virus that causes the common cold.
66
214669
2961
๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ์•„์ง ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:38
Okay, what about antiviral drugs?
67
218172
2002
๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ํ•ญ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์ œ๋Š” ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
03:40
Viruses hijack human cellular machinery to replicate and spread,
68
220258
4212
๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ ๋ณต์ œ์™€ ํ™•์‚ฐ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์„ธํฌ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋นผ์•—๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
03:44
so itโ€™s hard to make a molecule thatโ€™s toxic to the virus
69
224637
3086
์ธ๊ฐ„์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋ฌดํ•ดํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์—๋Š” ์œ ํ•ดํ•œ ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ
03:47
without also being toxic to the human.
70
227723
2378
๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๊ธฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:50
And even if you manage to do that,
71
230309
1710
์–ด์ฐŒ์ €์ฐŒํ•ด์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋”๋ผ๋„
03:52
the virus could mutate out of reach of the drug.
72
232019
2753
๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€์ดํ•˜์—ฌ ์•ฝ์ด ๋“ฃ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:55
Viruses are slippery beasts.
73
235439
1752
๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋Š” ์•ฝ์‚ญ๋น ๋ฅธ ๋…€์„๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:57
We have, though, had some incredible successes:
74
237316
2419
๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์„ฑ๊ณต์„ ๊ฑฐ๋‘๊ธด ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:59
we eradicated smallpox thanks to an effective vaccine,
75
239735
3420
์ฒœ์—ฐ๋‘๋ฅผ ๊ทผ์ ˆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ๊ณผ
04:03
the fact that it canโ€™t hide out in other species,
76
243155
2336
ํ•ด๋‹น ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…์—๋Š” ์ž ๋ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ,
04:05
and its relatively low mutation rate.
77
245491
2085
์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด์œจ ๋•๋ถ„์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:07
HIV, on the other hand, mutates so quickly that in an untreated individual,
78
247743
4463
๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— HIV๋Š” ๋ณ€์ด๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋นจ๋ผ์„œ
์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฐœ์ฒด ์•ˆ์—์„œ
04:12
every possible single-letter mutation in the virusโ€™s genetic code
79
252206
3879
๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์œ ์ „ ์•”ํ˜ธ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋‹จ์ผ ๋ฌธ์ž ๋ณ€์ด๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์—
04:16
could, in theory, be produced in a single day.
80
256085
2878
์ด๋ก ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹จ ํ•˜๋ฃจ๋ฐ–์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:19
Despite trying for decades, we still donโ€™t have a vaccine.
81
259088
3462
์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„์˜ ์‹œ๋„์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:22
But we do have an effective cocktail of HIV drugs
82
262550
2919
๋Œ€์‹ ์— ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ HIV ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
04:25
that the virus canโ€™t easily mutate away from.
83
265469
2419
๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€์ดํ•˜์—ฌ ๋„๋ง์น  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋„๋ก ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:28
Unfortunately, we are stuck with colds for now.
84
268306
2544
์œ ๊ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋‹น์žฅ์€ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋ณ„๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:30
But the last few decades have featured some entirely game-changing
85
270850
3128
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ตœ๊ทผ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ mRNA ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ด๋‚˜ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ ๊ฐ™์€
04:33
medical breakthroughs, like mRNA vaccines and CRISPR.
86
273978
2919
ํŒ์„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋’คํ”๋“œ๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ํ•™์  ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:37
CRISPR could be particularly promising as an antiviral agent,
87
277189
3295
ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ๋Š” ํŠนํžˆ ํ•ญ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์ œ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์€๋ฐ
04:40
because it originally evolved in bacteria as an immune defense against viruses.
88
280484
4797
๋ณธ๋ž˜ ์„ธ๊ท ์—์„œ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฉด์—ญ ๋ฐฉ์–ด๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:45
In fact, early in the COVID-19 pandemic,
89
285448
2335
์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜19 ๋Œ€์œ ํ–‰ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์—
04:47
a research team showed that a CRISPR system could degrade
90
287783
2795
ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํŒ€์€ ํ ์„ธํฌ ์† ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์™€ ์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž ๋ณ‘์›๊ท ์„
04:50
coronavirus and influenza genomes in our lung cells.
91
290578
3086
ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ €ํ•˜์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜๊ณ 
04:53
They called their system prophylactic antiviral CRISPR in human cells.
92
293831
4463
๊ทธ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฆ„ ๋ถ™์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ธ๊ฐ„ ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด ํ•ญ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ.
04:58
Or, for short, PAC-MAN.
93
298419
2044
๋˜๋Š” ์ค„์—ฌ์„œ โ€˜ํŒฉ๋งจโ€™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7