Mysteries of vernacular: Lady - Jessica Oreck and Rachael Teel

128,943 views ใƒป 2013-11-21

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Zeeva Livshitz
00:06
Mysteries of vernacular:
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ืžืกืชืจื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™:
00:08
Lady,
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ืœื™ื™ื“ื™,
00:10
woman.
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ืื™ืฉื”.
00:11
Lady is tied to a number of words
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ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืžืกืคืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื
00:14
that seem at first glance
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ืฉื ืจืื•ืช ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
00:15
etymologically unrelated.
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ืœื ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืื˜ื™ืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
00:18
She traces her roots back
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ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื” ื‘ืื™ื
00:19
to the Old English words hlaf,
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ืžื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื”ืœืืฃ,
00:22
which referred to a loaf of bread
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ืฉืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœื›ื™ื›ืจ ืœื—ื
00:25
and is the direct ancestor of our modern word loaf,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืื‘ ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืœื•ืืฃ,
00:29
and daege,
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ื•ื“ื™ื™ื’',
00:30
which meant maid
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ืฉืžืฉืžืขื” ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื–ืจืช
00:32
and is the root of our word dairy,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืฉืœื ื• ื“ื™ื™ืจื™,
00:34
the place where the dairymaid works.
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ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ื—ื•ืœื‘ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช.
00:38
Together, hlaf and daege became hlafdige,
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ื™ื—ื“, ื”ืœืืฃ ื•ื“ืื™ื™ื’' ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื”ืœืืคื“ื™ื’',
00:43
literally loaf maid,
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ืฉืžืฉืžืขื” ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœื—ื,
00:46
or, more figuratively, kneader of bread.
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ืื•, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฆื™ื•ืจื™, ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื”ืœื—ื.
00:50
As early as the ninth century,
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ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ืช,
00:52
hlafdige was the name for a mistress of servants,
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ื”ืœืืคื“ื™ื’ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉื ืœืื—ืจืื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืจืชื™ื,
00:56
or the female head of the household.
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ืื• ื”ืืฉื” ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช.
01:00
The Old English word for a male head of household
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ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืžืžื™ืŸ ื–ื›ืจ
01:03
was hlafweard,
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืœืืคื•ื•ืืจื“,
01:05
a compound of hlaf, loaf,
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ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืœืืฃ, ืœื•ืืฃ,
01:08
and weard,
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ื•ื•ื•ืืจื“,
01:09
which meant keeper
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ืฉืžืฉืžืขื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืžืจ
01:11
and is the word of modern words
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช
01:13
like ward and warden.
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ื›ืžื• ื•ื•ืืจื“ ื•-ื•ื•ืืจื“ืŸ.
01:17
Both hlafweard, the breadwinner,
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ื’ื ื”ืœืืคื•ื•ืืจื“, ืžื‘ื™ื ื”ืœื—ื,
01:20
and hlafdige, the bread kneader,
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ื•ื”ืœืืคื“ื™ื’, ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื”ืœื—ื,
01:23
came to be titles of respect,
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ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืชืืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“,
01:25
referring to citizens of higher social standing.
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ื•ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืžืžืขืžื“ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:29
Through a process known as syncopation,
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ื“ืจืš ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืกื™ื ืงื•ืคื”,
01:32
both words lost their internal sounds
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ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ
01:35
to become lord and lady, respectively.
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ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืœื•ืจื“ ื•ืœื™ื™ื“ื™, ื‘ื”ืชืืžื”.
01:39
Though still an expression of courtesy,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช,
01:42
lady has since moved
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ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืจื“ื” ืžืื–
01:44
down the ladder of social standing
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ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ืกื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืžืขืžื“ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™
01:47
and is now often used
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืœืจื•ื‘
01:48
to mean simply a woman.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืืจ ืื™ืฉื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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