What causes economic bubbles? - Prateek Singh

1,150,057 views ใƒป 2015-05-04

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
How much would you pay for a bouquet of tulips?
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ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืขืœ ื–ืจ ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื?
00:09
A few dollars? A hundred dollars?
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ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื? ืžืื” ื“ื•ืœืจ?
00:12
How about a million dollars?
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ืžื” ืขื ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ?
00:14
Probably not.
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืœื.
00:16
Well, how much would you pay for this house,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื–ื”,
00:19
or partial ownership of a website that sells pet supplies?
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ืื• ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื—ืœืงื™ืช ืขืœ ืืชืจ ืฉืžื•ื›ืจ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืžื“?
00:23
At different points in time,
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ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ,
00:25
tulips, real estate and stock in pets.com
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ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื, ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื•ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ pets.com
00:28
have all sold for much more than they were worth.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื ืžื›ืจื• ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ื•ื™ื.
00:32
In each instance, the price rose and rose and then abruptly plummeted.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืขืœื” ื•ืขืœื” ื•ืื– ืฆื ื— ื‘ืคืชืื•ืžื™ื•ืช.
00:38
Economists call this a bubble.
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ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” ื‘ื•ืขื”.
00:40
So what is exactly is going on with a bubble?
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ืื– ืžื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืขื ื”ื‘ื•ืขื”?
00:43
Well, let's start with the tulips to get a better idea.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:47
The 17th century saw the Netherlands enter the Dutch golden age.
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ื”ืžืื” ื” 17 ืจืืชื” ืืช ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ื ื›ื ืกืช ืœืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™.
00:51
By the 1630s, Amsterdam was an important port and commercial center.
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ืขื“ 1630, ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื ืžืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืžืจื›ื– ืžืกื—ืจื™.
00:57
Dutch ships imported spices from Asia in huge quantities
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ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ื•ืช ื™ื‘ืื• ืชื‘ืœื™ื ื™ื ืžืืกื™ื” ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื•ืช
01:01
to earn profits in Europe.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
01:03
So Amsterdam was brimming with wealthy, skilled merchants and traders
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ืื– ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื ืฉืคืขื” ื‘ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื ื™ื
01:07
who displayed their prosperity by living in mansions
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ืฉื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื—ื•ื–ื•ืช
01:11
surrounded by flower gardens.
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ืžื•ืงืคื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื ื™ ืคืจื—ื™ื.
01:14
And there was one flower in particularly high demand:
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ืคืจื— ืื—ื“ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”:
01:17
the tulip.
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ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™.
01:18
The tulip was brought to Europe on trading vessels
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ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ื‘ื ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืขืœ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืžืกื—ืจ
01:21
that sailed from the East.
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ืฉื”ืคืœื™ื’ื• ืžื”ืžื–ืจื—.
01:23
Because of this, it was considered an exotic flower
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื”, ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืคืจื— ืืงื–ื•ื˜ื™
01:26
that was also difficult to grow,
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ืฉื’ื ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ,
01:28
since it could take years for a single tulip to bloom.
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœื•ืงื— ืฉื ื™ื ืœืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืœืคืจื•ื—.
01:32
During the 1630s, an outbreak of tulip breaking virus
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 30 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื” 17, ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืฉื•ื‘ืจ ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื
01:36
made select flowers even more beautiful
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ื’ืจืžื” ืœืคืจื—ื™ื ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ืคื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:39
by lining petals with multicolor, flame-like streaks.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื‘ื™ืขืช ืขืœื™ ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื‘ืคืกื™ื ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื”.
01:43
A tulip like this was scarcer than a normal tulip
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ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ ื›ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ื“ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ
01:47
and as a result, prices for these flowers started to rise,
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ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื”, ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืœืคืจื—ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืขืœื•ืช,
01:51
and with them, the tulip's popularity.
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ื•ืื™ืชื, ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื.
01:54
It wasn't long before the tulip became a nationwide sensation
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ื–ื” ืœื ืœืงื— ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืขื“ ืฉื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ ื”ืคืš ืœืกื ืกืฆื™ื” ืœืื•ืžื™ืช
01:57
and tulip mania was born.
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ื•ืฉื’ืขืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื ื ื•ืœื“ื”.
02:00
A mania occurs when there is an upward movement of price
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ื˜ืจื•ืฃ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื›ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ
02:03
combined with a willingness to pay large sums of money
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ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืขื ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืฉืœื ืกื›ื•ืžื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืกืฃ
02:07
for something valued much lower in intrinsic value.
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ืœืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืขืœ ืขืจืš ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืžื”ื•ืชื™ื™ื.
02:11
A recent example of this is the dot-com mania of the 1990s.
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ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืขื“ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื’ืขื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื•ื˜.ืงื•ื ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 90.
02:16
Stocks in new, exciting websites were like the tulips of the 17th century.
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ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืชืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืจื’ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื›ืžื• ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื” 17.
02:21
Everybody wanted some.
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ื›ื•ืœื ืจืฆื• ืžื”ื.
02:23
The more people who wanted the tulip, the higher the price could go.
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจืฆื• ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืœื”.
02:27
At one point, a single tulip bulb
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ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช, ืคืงืขืช ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”
02:29
sold for more than ten times the annual salary of a skilled craftsman.
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ื ืžื›ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื™ ืขืฉืจ ืžื”ืžืฉื›ื•ืจืช ื”ืฉื ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžื™ื•ืžืŸ.
02:35
In the stock market,
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ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช,
02:36
the price of stock is based on the supply and demand of investors.
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ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฆืข ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื.
02:41
Stock prices tend to rise
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ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื ื˜ื• ืœืขืœื•ืช
02:42
when it seems like a company will earn more in the future.
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ื›ืฉื ืจืื” ืฉื—ื‘ืจื” ืชืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
02:46
Investors might then buy more of the stock,
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ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืงื ื• ืื– ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืžื ื™ื”,
02:49
raising the prices even further due to an increased demand.
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ื•ื™ืขืœื• ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ื”ืขื•ืœื”.
02:53
This can result in a feedback loop where investors get caught up in the hype
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื•ืœืืช ืžืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื” ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื ืœื›ื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ื™ืค
02:57
and ultimately drive prices far above intrinsic value,
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ื•ื‘ืœืกื•ืฃ ืžืขืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืžืขืœ ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืื™ื ื”ืจื ื˜ื™,
03:01
creating a bubble.
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ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื•ืขื”.
03:03
All that is needed for a mania to end and for a bubble to burst
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ื“ืจื•ืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืžืื ื™ื” ืชื™ื’ืžืจ ื•ืฉื”ื‘ื•ืขื” ืชืชื ืคืฅ
03:07
is the collective realization that the price of the stock,
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ื–ื” ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื™ื”,
03:11
or a tulip, far exceeds its worth.
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ืื• ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™, ืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืขืจืš.
03:14
That's what happened with both manias.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ืขื ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžืื ื™ื•ืช.
03:16
Suddenly the demand ended.
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ืคืชืื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื.
03:19
Prices were pushed to staggering lows,
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ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื ื“ื—ืคื• ืœืฉืคืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
03:21
and pop!
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ื•ืคื•ืค!
03:22
The bubbles burst, and the market crashed.
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ื”ื‘ื•ืขื” ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื”, ื•ื”ืฉื•ืง ืงืจืก.
03:26
Today, scholars work long and hard trying to predict what causes a bubble
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื•ืงืฉื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืžื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื‘ื•ืขื”
03:31
and how to avoid them.
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ื•ืื™ืš ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžื”ืŸ.
03:33
Tulip mania is an effective illustration
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ืฉื™ื’ืขื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื’ืžื” ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช
03:35
of the underlying principles at work in a bubble
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ืฉืœ ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืขื”
03:39
and can help us understand more recent examples
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื”ืขื“ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:42
like the real estate bubble of the late 2000s.
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 2000 ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช.
03:46
The economy will continue to go through phases
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ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืชืžืฉื™ืš ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื
03:48
of booms and busts.
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ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื ืคื™ืœื•ืช.
03:50
So while we wait for the next mania to start,
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ืื– ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื ื• ืžื—ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื’ืขื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ืฉื™ืชื—ื™ืœ,
03:52
and the next bubble to burst,
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ื•ื”ื‘ื•ืขื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืชืชื ืคืฅ,
03:54
treat yourself to a bouquet of tulips
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ืคื ืงื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ื‘ื–ืจ ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื
03:57
and enjoy the fact that you didn't have to pay an arm and a leg for them.
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ื•ืชื”ื ื• ืžื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืืชื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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